Reciprocal Teaching

Reciprocal TeachingReciprocal Teaching

OverviewOverview

What is Reciprocal Teaching?

Why use this strategy?

Strategies (Predict, Clarify, Question, Summarize).

How to to implement Reciprocal Teaching effectively.

How do I get started?

What is Reciprocal Teaching?What is Reciprocal Teaching?

• RT is a framework for teaching the skills necessary for good comprehension.

• It is conversation based.

• The teacher acts as the facilitator - modeling the use of 4 key strategies to the pupils.

• Gradually, with teacher support, pupils’ confidence and competency will increase and adult input will decrease.

Reciprocal Teaching – aReciprocal Teaching – a Research-based Instructional Practice Research-based Instructional Practice

‘The original reciprocal teaching model was developed by Palinscar and Brown (1984)*.

They found that when reciprocal teaching was used with a group of students for just fifteen to twenty days, the students’ reading on a comprehension assessment increased from 30 percent to 80 percent.

The students were also able to function more independently in the classroom, were able to summarise verbally, write contextually accurate summaries, predict questions and detect incongruities in texts.

Not only did the students show these improvements in English and literature, they also improved their test scores in science and social studies on an average from 20 percent to 50 to 60 percent.’

Reciprocal Reading Reciprocal Reading OROR Reciprocal Teaching? Reciprocal Teaching?

Reciprocal Teaching is the preferred term

Reciprocal implies that the responsibility for reading a challenging text is “mutual” or “shared”

Teaching refers to the fact that the students take turns to “be the teacher” leading their peers in making sense of a challenging text

Reciprocal Teaching?Reciprocal Teaching?

Reciprocal Teaching uses four comprehension strategies, which are:

PredictingQuestioningClarifying: andSummarizing

The four steps can be done in any order, but the summarising step could be done by an individual student on their own after the group has completed its discussion.

Reciprocal Teaching: The StrategiesReciprocal Teaching: The Strategies

PredictPredict

Predicting allows students to connect what they already know, to help anticipate what they will read

Predicting happens during reading as well as prior to reading

The language that students may use with predicting includes the following phrases

I think… I’ll bet…I wonder if...I imagine…I suppose…I predict...


ClarifyClarify Clarifying helps students monitor their comprehension.

Leader helps students identify:-unfamiliar or difficult words-unclear IDEAS

The language of clarification includes: I can’t figure out…This is a tricky word because…

I didn’t understand the part where...


QuestionQuestion

Students create questions to ask one another that are based on important points in the reading.

Questioning increases students’ awareness of the important ideas in the text.

The language of questioning may include the question words: who, what, where, when, why, how, and what if.


SummarizeSummarize

Summarizing requires students to recognise the important ideas in a text.

Students determine the important points of non- fiction recall and arrange them in logical order.

Reciprocal Teaching – a videoReciprocal Teaching – a video

Reciprocal Teaching Reciprocal Teaching Where does it fit?Where does it fit?

Text ConsiderationsText Considerations

RT is used primarily for Factual Texts

Choose texts at students instructional level

Use a variety of texts – books, magazines, webpages, newspaper articles etc

Reciprocal Teaching: Building BlocksReciprocal Teaching: Building Blocks

The building blocks to successful reciprocal teaching instruction are

scaffolded instruction, scaffolded instruction, think-alouds performed by the teacher and students,think-alouds performed by the teacher and students,metacognition, andmetacognition, andcooperative learningcooperative learning

Shared Reading is particularly useful for introducing students to the individual skills of predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarising

Reciprocal Teaching: Getting StartedReciprocal Teaching: Getting Started

Before Reading

Determine stopping points in the text for applying comprehension strategies and discussing the text.

Activate students’ background knowledge about topic or theme.

Preview the title, illustrations, headings, tables, etc. Teacher models predicting and invites students to predict.

Record predictions on a graphic organizer.

Remind students of the four strategies and have prompt cards for the students

Reciprocal Teaching: During ReadingReciprocal Teaching: During Reading

Leader identifies stopping point.

Asks for predictions

All read the text. Vary this to include : individual oral , choral reading, whisper reading with buddy, or silent reading.

Students develop questions and identify words and passages for clarifying.

Students collaboratively identify main points and summarise before moving on to the next text “chunk”

Reciprocal Teaching: After ReadingReciprocal Teaching: After Reading

Return to predictions. Teacher models how to check predictions. Teacher and students check the other predictions.

Teacher models clarifying and invites students to share words and passages that need clarifying.

Teacher models question asking and invites students to ask and discuss their questions.

Teacher models summarizing or guides the students in creating a summary.

Reflect on the usefulness of the strategies.

Reciprocal Teaching _ further considerationsReciprocal Teaching _ further considerations

Teacher models process during Shared Reading .

Every student practices each role and contributes to discussion

When students are ready to assume full responsibility for reciprocal teaching, small groups are formed.

The teacher remains with the group to ensure high level discussion and to monitor and assess student progress

Reciprocal Teaching: AssessmentReciprocal Teaching: Assessment

Look for each student’s ability to:

define each strategy and explain how it helps reading comprehension

use each strategy

orchestrate all four strategies

Resources for Reciprocal TeachingResources for Reciprocal TeachingReciprocal Teaching Prompt Cards

Reciprocal Teaching Strategies that Work by Lori Ozcus – Chapter 1

MLMT Ning http://national-partnership.ning.com/

Education Victoria _ Guided Reading: Reciprocal Teaching Video Clips

http://www.education.vic.gov.au/studentlearning/teachingresources/english/literacy/strategies/guidereadvideos.htm

Documents

Reciprocal Teaching