ORIGINAL PAPER

Recent ostracods from the tidal flats of the coastof Aden City, Yemen

Munif Mohammed & Dietmar Keyser

Received: 15 November 2010 /Revised: 29 May 2011 /Accepted: 19 January 2012 /Published online: 28 February 2012# Senckenberg, Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer 2012

Abstract A total of 45 genera and 64 species of ostracodshave been identified from nine shallow marine sedimentsranging in depth from 0.40 to 1 m, collected along the coastline of Aden, Little Aden and Amran volcanic peninsulas. Asystematic study of these ostracods is presented in thispaper. One new genus, Microhoweina, is erected, and fivenew species, Corallicythere adenensis, Cytherella brettingi,Microhoweina elongata, Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis andParacytheroma abyanensis, are described. The fauna showsa close similarity to other ostracod assemblages of the Indo-Pacific, East and West African coasts and Red Sea regions.Tanella gracilis Kingma 1948 and Kotoracythere inconspi-cua (Brady 1880) are the most abundant species.

Keywords Gulf of Aden . Shallowmarine . New species .

New genus .Microhoweina

Introduction

Ostracods are small crustaceans characterized by a bivalveshell hinged along the dorsal margin. The shell in mostspecies is calcareous and smooth or ornamented. They areknown to inhabit a wide variety of aquatic environmentssuch as marine, brackish, freshwater, terrestrial and evenparasitic. They have specific ecological limitations, particu-larly in respect to salinity, temperature, substrate and depth.

Ostracods of the Gulf of Aden and the southern coast ofYemen are inadequately studied. The major contributions toour knowledge of ostracods from these regions are byBonaduce (1985) and Bonaduce and Russo (1990), whichfocused on the Recent marine ostracods from Somalia to theGulf of Aden, as well as Mohammed (2004) who studied theRecent ostracods from shallow core samples drilled on thecoast of Aden city, and some surface samples taken from thetidal flats of the eastern coastal areas of the city of Aden. Onthe other hand, there are some studies on the Recent marineostracods of the Red Sea. Bonaduce et al. (1976, 1980) studiedthe Recent benthic ostracods from the Gulf of Aqaba–RedSea, Basha (1983, 1987) provided data on foraminifers andostracods from Holocene sediments in the Jordanian part ofthe Gulf of Aqaba, and Helal and Abd El-Wahab (2004)investigated Recent marine ostracods in the Safaga Bay alongthe Red Sea coast. Publications of Hartmann (1974) andJellinek (1993) dealt with the East African littoral and reef-dwelling ostracods, while Hartmann (1964), Schornikov(1980), and Malz (1986, 1987) gave interesting results of theostracod fauna of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

General settings and sampling area

The present paper provides data on the Recent shallowmarine ostracods, collected from surface sediment samplesof the tidal flats off the coast of Aden city. Aden city islocated in the south western part of Yemen at the Gulf ofAden (Fig. 1). The volcanic peninsulas, Aden, Little Adenand Amran, are connected with the city by a sandy shore-line. Rocky and sandy beaches and semi-sheltered baysoccur along the coast. They generate different environmen-tal conditions which influence of ostracod assemblagesinhabiting these areas. The coastal plains include morpho-structures of fluvial–marine and marine origins, for example

M. MohammedDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences,Faculty of Science, Sanaa University,Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, PO Box: 2912, Sana’a, Yemene-mail: munifoo@yahoo.com

D. Keyser (*)Zoological Institute and Museum, Hamburg University,Martin-Luther-King Platz 3,20146 Hamburg, Germanye-mail: keyser@zoologie.uni-hamburg.de

Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280DOI 10.1007/s12526-012-0112-9

sabkhas, beaches, and littoral plains. Most of the beach sedi-ment consists of fine-grained beach sand. Only in areas wherethe shore is bordered by volcanic rocks, for example Adencity, Little Aden and Amran volcanic peninsulas, the beachesfeature coarse grained deposits, such as gravel and sandygravel (Gottvald et al. 1988). Khormaksar and Khorahmadare small bays located in the eastern and western parts of theGulf of Tawahi. They are surrounded by shallow evaporationbasins used for salt production.

Tuban Valley is the main intermittent valley with floodsoccurring only during high rainy season. The area north ofAden is divided by rivers Wadi Al Kabir, flowing in the SE–Sdirection, and Wadi Al Saghir, flowing in the E–SE direction.

Climate and water temperatures are subtropical. The annualaverage temperature in Aden attains 28.7°C and the averageannual humidity is approximately 68.5%. The rainfall is veryirregular. Often, there are periods of several years without anyrainfall (Gottvald et al. 1988). The region is influenced by the

northeast (October–April) and the southwest (June–August)monsoons.

Materials and methods

Samples were taken from the tidal flats on the eastern andwestern parts of the coastline of Aden city, includingKhormaksar and Khorahmad bays. Samples were collectedfrom the bottom sediments of the tidal flats at low tide, atdepths ranging from 0.40 to about 1 m using a plastic 200-μmmesh net. Samples were collected during June and August2007. The sample locations along with geographical coordi-nates and the salinity and temperature of the water are given inTables 1 and 2.

Ostracod shells were extracted from the sediments bymaking turbulent movement of the sea water and the sedi-ment sample inside a plastic container. The shells separate

Fig. 1 Locations of sampling sites

Table 1 Sample locations,water salinity, temperature anddepth

Sample Date Latitude Longitude Water salinity Water temperature Depth

AD01 10.07.2007 12° 50′34″N 45° 1′49″E 48‰ 31°C 0.40 m

AD02 10.07.2007 12° 51′17″N 45° 3′32″E 34‰ 31°C 0.50 m

AD03 10.07.2007 12° 53′15″N 45° 4′16″E 34‰ 31°C 0.50 m

AD04 10.07.2007 12° 46′33″N 44° 53′41″E 36‰ 31°C 0.40 m

AD05 10.07.2007 12° 46′36″N 44° 53′55″E 36‰ 31°C 0.40 m

AD06 10.08.2007 12° 44′57″N 44° 53′39″E 34‰ 31°C 1.00 m

AD07 10.08.2007 12° 46′06″N 44° 48′59″E 34‰ 31°C 1.00 m

AD08 10.08.2007 12° 45′34″N 44° 44′35″E 34‰ 31°C 0.50 m

AD09 10.08.2007 12° 45′42″N 44° 43′57″E 34‰ 31°C 0.50 m

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Table 2 Station list and collected ostracod species

Genus Species AD01 AD02 AD03 AD04 AD05 AD06 AD07 AD08 AD09

Aglaiella sp. 1 2 4

Aglaiocypris complanata 2 7

Aglaiocypris sp. 1 1

Alocopocythere reticulata 4 2 2

Bosasella dubia 2

Callistocythere arcana 6 68 32 3 6 4

Callistocythere sp. D 15 7 9 4 3

Caudites javana 14 3 5 3 10 59

Caudites levis 2 4

Caudites knysnaensis 2 2

Chartocythere cf. tramontanoi 8 8 4 10 6

Chrysocythere keiji 13 3 13 20 3 2

Copytus posterosulcus 2

Corallicythere sp. 6 72

Corallicythere adenensis 52 22

Cyprideis torosa 15 56 3 185 26

Cytherella brettingi 21

Cytherura sp.1 2 16

Cytherura sp.2 6 38

Falsocythere terryi 2

Gambiella caelata 8

Hemicytherura aegyptica 1

? Neohornibrookella sp. A 2 2

Hiltermannicythere compacta 21 2 3 11

Hiltermannicythere rubrimaris (f. Kenia) 3 2 2

Indimoosella fossata 5 18 14 2 4

Keijia demissa 8 10 1

Keijcyoidea dissimilis 2

Keijcyoidea rubrimaris 1

Kotoracythere inconspicua 5 5

Lankacythere multifora 1 2 2

Loxoconcha ornatovalvae 2 29 38 25 2

Loxoconcha gurneyi 50 4 18 26 18

Loxoconcha ghardaqensis 10

Loxoconcha australis 3 3 4

Loxoconcha peterseni 2 32 4 112 42 3 10

Microhoweina elongata 15 18

Moosella striata 9 5

Mutilus splendideornatus 2 9 21

Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis 1 4 9 12 2

Neomonoceratina porocostata 1

Neonesidea michaelseni 3

Neonesidea schulzi 1 1

Neosinocythere indowestpacifica 2

Paracytheridea albatros 14 5 12 5 1 24

Paracytheroma abyanensis 4 1 5 8

Paranesidea handeli 1 1

Paratanella scindata 4 4 2

Patrizia nucleuspersici 10 3

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and float on the water surface because of their density. Theostracods were then separated under the binocular micro-scope and placed into microslides.

Some of the valves were coated with gold and scannedunder the LEO 1525 SEM and studied in the ZoologicalInstitute and Museum, Hamburg University.

A small number of living animals belonging to the spe-cies Cyprideis torosa Jones (1850) and Pontoparta salinaHarding (1954) were found; the rest are dead animals withno remnants of soft parts.

The original holotype materials of the species MutilussplendideornatusHartmann (1974) and Loxoconcha peterseniHartmann (1974) were available, which enabled us to make acomparison with our specimens and prove accurateidentification.

Systematic classification

In the present study, the classification given in the Treatiseon Invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, Ostracoda Moore(1961), Hartmann and Puri (1974) and Martens and Horne(2009) was followed. The material is deposited in the Zoo-logical Museum, Hamburg University (ZMH). Measurementsare given in millimeters. Abbreviations used: RV right valve,LV left valve, C carapace, V valve, L length, H height.

Subclass Ostracoda Latreille 1806.Order Podocopa G.W.Müller 1894.Suborder Podocopida Sars 1866.Superfamily Cytherelloidea Sars 1866.Family Cytherellidae Sars 1866.Genus Keijcyoidea Malz, 1981.Keijcyoidea dissimilisMalz and Jellinek 1989 (Fig. 1: 1, 2).

1989 Keijcyoidea dissimilis Malz & Jellinek, p.201, Taf.2, fig. 16; Taf. 3, fig. 17–21; pl.4, fig. 25–29.

1998 Cytherelloidea praecipua Hussain, pp. 2–3, pl.1,figs. 2–3.

1998 Keijcyoidea praecipua (Van Den Bold) Hussain,pp. 20–21, pl. 1, figs. C, D.

2002 Keijcyoidea praecipua (Van Den Bold) Sridhar etal., pp. 17–39, pl. 1, fig. 3.

Material: Two valves.Size: RV0L –0.75 mm, H 0.43 mm; LV0L 0.58 mm,

H 0.31 mmOccurrence: AD05.Geographical distribution: Kenya, Indian Ocean, southeast

coast of India.Remarks: Keijcyoidea dissimilis is easily confused with

the type species of the genus Keijcyoidea praecipua (VanDen Bold 1963) from the Carribean. Therefore, we considerthe material of K. praecipua reported by Hussain (1998) andSridhar et al. (2002) from the south-east coast of India assynonyms of K. dissimilis. Hartmann and Kühl (1978) andMalz and Jellinek (1989) showed that Cytherellidae some-times possess a high level of the carapace ornament varia-tion. The present distribution of K. dissimilis from theKenyan barrier reef to the Gulf of Aden also support ourview that Keijcyoidea dissimilis is not conspecific withKeijcyoidea praecipua, which is distributed in the Carribeanand the Atlantic ocean (Van Den Bold 1963).

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42524.Keijcyoidea rubrimarisMalz and Jellinek, 1989 (Fig. 2: 3).1989 Keijcyoidea rubrimaris Malz & Jellinek, p. 203,

Taf. 6, figs. 45–47.Material: 1 RV.Size: RV L 0.59 mm, H 0.33 mm

Table 2 (continued)

Genus Species AD01 AD02 AD03 AD04 AD05 AD06 AD07 AD08 AD09

Pontoparta salina 82 72 10 1

Propontocypris bengalensis 4 2

Paraquadracythere (Tenedocythere) deltoides 2

Semicytherura contraria 2 2

Semicytherura favorum 1 9 1

Semicytherura sp.1 2 1 2

Semicytherura sp.2 1

Strobilocythere (Strobilocythere ) mtwapaensis 10

Tanella gracilis 9 48 2 81 104 9 14 9

Thalmannia sp. 8 2

Xestoleberis rotunda 14 34 22 12 17 43

Xestoleberis ghardaqae 3 4 5 4 5 20

Xestoleberis sp.1 2 1

Xestoleberis sp.2 10

Xestoleberis sp.3 21 2 2 7 8 9

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Occurrence: AD08.Geographical distribution: Red Sea (Hurghada)Remarks: The single specimen resembles K. rubrimaris

in lateral outline, but differs slightly in the arrangement ofpunctae in the posterodorsal and posteroventral margins.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42525.Genus Cytherella Jones, 1849.Cytherella brettingi n.sp. (Fig. 2: 4–6).Derivatio nominis: In honour of Prof. Dr. Hagen Bretting,

a well-known German physiologist who helped us severaltimes during ostracod study.

Holotype: One adult male carapace; ZMH K-42510.Paratype: One adult female carapace; ZMH K-42511;

5RV, LV, 1C, 7 larvae; ZMH K-42512.Material: 4 ♂C, 3 ♀C, 7 valves, 7 larvae.Size: ♂ RV L 0.64 mm, H 0.31 mm; ♂ LV L 0.60 mm, H

0.31 mm; ♀ RV L 0.62 mm, H 0.32 mm; ♀LV L 0.60 mm,H 0.29 mm

Occurrence: AD02.Diagnosis: An elongated Cytherella with a rounded pos-

terior end and a mesh-like surface ornamentation. In lateralview anterior end lower than posterior. Distinct angle in theposterior half of the dorsal margin of LV.

Description: Carapace elongate to ovate in lateral viewwith anterior end being narrower than posterior. Dorsalmargin in LV slightly angled at the highest point, situatedbehind the middle. Ventral margin of RV broadly roundeduntil the middle. Right valve slightly larger than LV. Orna-mentation covering the entire shell surface with cell-likestructure.

Sexual dimorphism present. Male lower than female.Muscle scars typical for the genus.Pore canals present only at crosspoints of cell-like

ornamentation.Remarks: This species resemblesCytherella fragum Jellinek

(1993) in ornamentation, but the shape and the size are differ-ent. The shape is more comparable to C. dictyon Malz andJellinek (1989), but the posterior end is more rounded andhigher than the anterior.

Superfamily Bairdioidea Sars 1888Family Bairdiidae Sars 1888Genus Neonesidea Maddocks, 1969aNeonesidea aff. michaelseni Hartmann, 1982 (Fig. 2: 7, 8).1982 Neonesidea michaelseni Hartmann, p. 133, text,

figs. 47–49, pl. 6, figs. 5–10.1984 Neonesidea michaelseni Hartmann, p. 122, text,

figs. 25–28, pl. 1, figs. 1–4.Material: Three female valves.Size: ♀ L 0.64–0.67 mm; H 0.32–0.34 mm.Occurrence: AD08.Geographical distribution: Australia, Polynesia.Remarks: The outline of the shell of this species resem-

bles that of N. michaelseni. The inner margin is similar. On

the other hand, the shells of our species are considerablysmaller than the ones from Polynesia and especially fromthe type-material from Australia. However, Hartmann(1984) reported smaller size specimens of this species fromPolynesia. Whether this is really dependent from the west–east distance as he thought is questionable (ibid. p. 143).

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42526Neonesidea schulzi (Hartmann 1964) (Fig. 2: 9).1964 Triebelina schulzi Hartmann, p. 44, pl. 4–5, figs.

14–22.1966 species BA Maddocks, p. 47, fig. 22.1969a Neonesidea schulzi (Hartmann) Maddocks, p. 20,

figs. 4a–d, 5–6.?1976 Neonesidea schulzi (Hartmann) Holden, p. 12,

pl. 7, figs. 9–11.1976 Neonesidea schulzi (Hartmann) Bonaduce et al.,

p. 376, pl. 4, fig. 6.1983 Neonesidea schulzi (Hartmann) Basha, pl. IV, fig. 2.1988 Neonesidea schulzi (Hartmann) Titterton&Whatley,

pp. 144,118, pl. 2, text, figs. 1–10, figs. 4–5.Material: 2 valves.Size: L 0.90 mm, H 052 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05.Geographical distribution: Gulf of Aden, east coast of

Africa, Red Sea, Indo-Pacific region.Remarks: This species can be easily distinguished from

the other representatives of the genus by its pointed posterialend and slightly backwardly curved anterior-ventral margin.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42527.Genus Paranesidea Maddocks, 1969.Paranesidea handeli Holden, 1976 (Fig. 2: 10).?1880 Bairdia fortificata Brady, p. 59, pl. 11, figs. 4a, b.?1976 Bairdia fortificata Brady, Puri and Hulings, p. 64,

pl. 5, figs. 7–9.1976 Paranesidea handeli Holden, p. 16, pl. 8, figs. 20–22.1993 Paranesidea handeli Holden, Jellinek, p. 110, pl. 3,

figs. 61, 62.Material: 1 valve.Size: L 0.96 mm, H 0.44 mm.Occurrence: AD09.Geographical distribution: Hawaii and Kenya.Remarks: This species is characterized by a strong orna-

mentation on the whole carapace, a snout-like anterior and astep-like posterior margin.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42528.Superfamily Cypridoidea Baird 1845.Family Eucandonidae Swain 1961.Genus Pontoparta Vavra, 1901.Pontoparta salina Harding, 1954 (Fig. 2: 11–14).1954 Pontoparta salina Harding (1954), pp. 63–64,

fig. 1–13.Material: 46 carapaces, 20 valves.Size: L 0.71–0.74 mm, H 0.33–0.35 mm.

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Occurrence: AD01, AD04, AD05, AD08.Geographical distribution: Northern desert of Libya and

Egypt.Remarks: This species could be found with soft parts in

the samples. Distribution range of this brackish water spe-cies is now extended from the Egyptian deserts to the desertregions of the Arabian Peninsula.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42529.Family Paracyprididae Sars 1923.Genus Aglaiella Daday, 1910.Aglaiella sp. (Fig. 2: 15, 16)Material: 1 carapace, 3 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.7 mm, H 0.32.Occurrence: AD07, AD08, AD09.Remarks: The lateral outline of this species resembles

Gardaglaia triebeli Hartmann (1964) but the latter is largerin size (L 0.78 mm–0.93 mm, H 0.35 mm–0.42 mm), andhas a wider inner lamella. The posterior end is broadlyrounded, while in Gardaglaia it is pointed.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42530.Genus Aglaiocypris Sylvester-Bradley 1946.Aglaiocypris complanata (Brady and Robertson, 1869)

(Fig. 2: 17, 18).1869Aglaia complanataBrady and Robertson, p. 94, pl. 4 ,

fig. 28.1894 AglaiaG.W.Müller, p. 245, pl. 12, figs. 10–11, 40–42.1971 Aglaiocypris complanata (Brady and Robertson)

Barbeito-Gonzalez (1971), p. 271.1978 Aglaiocypris complanata (Brady and Robertson)

Yassini, p. 377, pl. 2, figs. 7–8.2004 Aglaiocypris complanata (Brady and Robertson)

Mohammed, pl. 1, figs. 6–7.Material: 1 Carapace, 1 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.75–0.82 mm, H 0.37 mm.Occurrence: AD06, AD09.Geographical distribution: Mediterranean, Gulf of Nea-

pel, Pacific Ocean, Algerian coast, Gulf of Aden.Remarks: The present species resembles A. pellucida

reported by Mostafawi (2003) from the Persian Gulf, butthe posteoventral margin of the former is well rounded,while it is curved upwardly in the latter species. Mohammed(2004) already reported this species from the shallow watersof the Gulf of Aden.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42531.Aglaiocypris sp. (Fig. 2: 19–21).2001 Aglaiocypris sp. Mostafawi, pl. 1188, text fig. 2.Material: 1 RV, 1 LV.Size: LV, L 0.88 mm, H 0.45 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD09.Geographical distribution: Persian Gulf.Remarks: Mostafawi (2001) reported a similar species

from the Persian Gulf. Unfortunately, we did not have enoughmaterial to confirm this and to name the present species.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42532.Genus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley 1946,Propontocypris bengalensis Maddocks, 1969 (Fig. 3:

22–24).1969b Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) bengalensis

Maddocks, pp. 37–38, figs. 31A, C, F.1998 Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) bengalensis

Maddocks, Hussain, p. 14, pl. 3, fig. 18.2001 Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) bengalensis

Maddocks, Mohan et al., p. 8, pl. 4, fig. 21.2004 Propontocypris (Schedopontocypris) bengalensis

Maddocks, Hussain et al., p. 115, pl. 1, fig. 18.Material: 1 carapace, 1 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.58 mm, H 0.3 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05.Geographical distribution: Indian Ocean, southeast and

west coasts of India.Remarks: Besides some immature shells, we only found

an adult carapace and two valves with small holes, whichwere probably drilled by a mollusc. It can be easilydistiguished by its laterally compressed and small cara-pace. This species has been reported by different authorsfrom the Indian Ocean (Hussain et al. 2004; Mohan et al.2001).

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42533.Superfamily Cytheroidea Baird 1850.Family Cytheridae Baird 1850.Subfamily Cytherinae Baird 1850.Tribus Cytherini Baird 1850.Genus Corallicythere Hartmann, 1974.Corallicythere sp. (Fig. 3: 25, 26).1993 Corallicythere ?sp. Jellinek, p. 111, pl. 8, figs. 180–

183.Material: 2 C, 1 RV, 2 LV.Size: L 0.47 mm, H 0.19 mm.Occurrence: AD04, AD05.Geographical distribution: Kenya.

Fig. 2 1 Keijcyoidea dissimilis Malz and Jellinek, 1989, RV, externalview, AD05; 2 Keijcyoidea dissimilis Malz and Jellinek, 1989, LV,external view, AD05; 3 Keijcyoidea rubrimaris Malz and Jellinek,1989, RV, external view, AD08; 4 Cytherella brettingi n.sp. ♀, LV,internal view, AD02; 5 Cytherella brettingi n.sp. ♂, RV, external view,AD02; 6 Cytherella brettingi n.sp. ♀, LV, external view, AD02; 7Neonesidea aff. michaelseni Hartmann, 1982, RV, internal view,AD08; 8 Neonesidea aff. michaelseni Hartmann, 1982, RV, externalview, AD08; 9 Neonesidea schulzi Hartmann, 1964, LV, external view,AD02; 10 Paranesidea handeli Holden, 1976, RV, external view,AD09; 11 Pontoparta salina Harding, 1959, RV, external view,AD04; 12 Pontoparta salina Harding, 1959, LV, external view,AD04; 13 Pontoparta salina Harding, 1959, RV, internal view,AD04; 14 Pontoparta salina Harding, 1959, LV, internal view,AD04; 15 Aglaiella sp., RV, external view, AD09; 16 Aglaiella sp.,LV, internal view, AD09; 17 Aglaiocypris complanata (Brady andRobertson, 1889), LV, external view, AD06; 18 Aglaiocypris compla-nata (Brady and Robertson, 1889), RV, internal view, AD09

b

252 Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280

Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280 253

Remarks: This species is closely related to C. adenensisn.sp., but can be easily differentiated from the Kenyanspecimens by a smaller rounded anterior end. The postero-ventral margin is ventrally more rounded and the caudalprocess is narrower. These are also the characteristics ofthe species that Jellinek (1993) reported from Kenya; there-fore, we consider that the two findings belong to the samespecies. We refrain from errecting a new species as thematerial is not sufficient.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42534.Corallicythere adenensis n.sp. (Fig. 3: 27–32).Derivatio nominis: The species is named after the city

Aden from where it was collected.Holotype: An adult male RV and LV, ZMH K-42513.Paratype: Two adult females C, ZMH K-42514; ♀ 1 RV,

1 C, 2 larvae, ZMH K-42515.Type locality: Sample AD04, 12°46.33′, 044°53.411′.Material: 23 ♀ C and 29 RV, 16 LV.Size: Holotype ♂ L 0.55 mm, H 0.23 mm.Paratypes ♀ L 0.50 mm, H 0.24 mm.Occurrence: AD05, AD08.Diagnosis: Elongate to ovate carapace in lateral view,

smooth surface with horizontally ridges extending abovethe ventral margin.

Description: Carapace elongate to ovate in lateral view,the greatest H lying behind middle L. Dorsal margin isslightly arched and parallel to ventral margin which isconcave ventromedialy, rounded anterior and posterior mar-gins. but posterior slightly oblique ventrally and lower thanthe anterior margin. Hinge antimerodont. A row of fouradductor muscle scars and a V-shaped frontal muscle scarpresent. Inner lamella wide anteriorly with a well-developedvestibule, narrow ventrally and posteriorly. Marginal porecanals numerous, but simple and straight, concentrated onthe antero-ventral margin.

LV larger than and overlapping RV. Surface smooth withsome weak ornamentation along the anterior and ventralmargin. Sexual dimorphism prominent, female higher andshorter than male.

Remarks: The elongate carapace of this species resem-bles Corallicythere ?sp. Jellinek 1993, but the postero-ventral margin of this species is narrower. The presentspecies differs in surface structure from the type species C.verrucosa Hartmann, 1974, as well as from C.dianiensisJellinek, 1993. ? Corallicythere arcanis Behrens, 1991 fromAustralia misses the caudal process.

Genus Thalmannia Le Roy, 1939Thalmannia sp. (Fig. 3: 196–198).1971 Thalmannia sp. Bate, p. 246, pl. 1, fig. 2x.1993 Genus B sp. Jellinek, pp. 144, 145, pl. 23, figs.

384–387.2004 Thalmannia sp. Bate, Helal and Abd El-Wahab,

p.89.

Material: 2 LV, 1 RV.Size: L 0.51 mm, H 0.31 mm.Occurrence: AD06, AD08.Geographical distribution: Arabian Gulf, Kenyan barrier

reef, Red Sea.Remarks: This species was originally recorded by Bate

(1971) from the Arabian Gulf, Jellinek (1993) reported itfrom Kenyan coasts and postulated that it may represent anew genus. Helal and Abd El-Wahab (2004) also reportedthe species from Safaga Bay, Egypt. We refrain from errect-ing a new species as the material is not sufficient.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42579.Family Cytherideidae Sars 1925.Subfamily Cytherideinae Sars 1925.Tribus Cyprideidini Kollmann 1960.Genus Cyprideis Jones, 1856.Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) (Fig. 3: 33–36).1850 Candona torosa Jones, p. 27, pl. 3, figs. 6a–e.1856 Cyprideis torosa (Jones) Jones, p. 21, pl. 11,

figs. 1a–i.1868 Cytheridea torosa (Jones) Brady, pp. 424–427, pl.

28, figs. 7–12.1997 Cyprideis torosa (Jones) Al-Jumaily and Al-

Shiekhly (1997), pp. 482–489, pl. 1, figs. 1–152002 Cyprideis torosa (Jones) Wouters, pp. 131–137,

pl. 137, figs. 1a–4d.2004 Cyprideis torosa (Jones) Mohammed, p. 73, pl .2,

figs. 1, 2.Material: more than 800 carapaces and valves including

males, females and juveniles.Size: ♂ LV, L 0.93 mm, H 0.47 mm, ♀ LV, L 0.82 mm,

H 0.47 mm.Occurrence: AD01, AD02, AD03, AD04, AD05.Geographical distribution: Mauritius, England, North

Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, CaspianSea, Southern Mesopotamian Basin (Iraq), Gulf of Aden.

Remarks: We identified Cyprideis torosa using carapaceand soft parts. Wouters (2002) reported from the Seychelles

Fig. 3 19 Aglaiocypris sp, LV, internal view, AD02; 20 Aglaiocyprissp., RV, internal view, AD09; 21 Aglaiocypris sp., RV, external view,AD09; 22 Propontocypris bengalensis Maddocks, 1969, RV, externalview, AD02; 23 Propontocypris bengalensis Maddocks, 1969, LV,internal view, AD02; 24 Propontocypris bengalensis Maddocks,1969, LV, external view, AD02; 25 Corallicythere sp., LV, externalview, AD04; 26 Corallicythere sp., RV, internal view, AD04; 27Corallicythere adenensis n.sp. ♂, RV, external view, AD05; 28 Cor-allicythere adenensis n.sp.♂, LV, external view, AD05; 29 Corallicy-there adenensis n.sp. ♂, RV, internal view, AD05; 30 Corallicythereadenensis n.sp. ♀, LV, external view, AD05; 31 Corallicythere adenen-sis n.sp.♀, RV, external view, AD05; 32 Corallicythere adenensis n.sp.♀, RV, internal view, AD05; 33 Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) ♂, LV,external view, AD02; 34 Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) ♂, RV, exter-nal view, AD02; 35 Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) ♀, RV, externalview, AD02; 36 Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) ♀, LV, external view,AD02

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only animals without the spine at the posterior ventralangle of the RV. Some of our specimens, both larvaeand adult, do have such spines, but the spines are muchreduced.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42535.Family Neocytherideididae Puri 1957.Subfamily Neocytherideidinae Puri 1957.Genus Copytus Skogsberg, 1939.Copytus posterosulcus Wang, 1985 (Fig. 4: 37).1985 Copytus posterosulcus Wang, in Zhao et al., p. 211,

pl. 21, figs. 9–13.1987 Copytus posterosulcus Wang, Whatley and Zhao,

pp. 345–346, pl. 4, figs. 6–81993 Copytus cf. posterosulcus Wang, Jellinek, p. 122,

pl. 8, figs. 184–185.Material: 1 C.Size: L 0.48 mm, H 0.14 mm.Occurrence: AD05.Geographical distribution: South China Sea, Malaya

Straits, Kenya, Persian Gulf.Remarks: This species was represented only by one car-

apace in the studied area.Repository of the material: ZMH K-42536.Family Cytheruridae G.W.Müller 1894.Subfamily Cytherurinae G.W.Müller 1894.Genus Cytherura Sars, 1866.Cytherura sp.1 (Fig. 4: 38, 39).Material: 5 Carapaces, 3 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.34 mm, H 0.18 mm.Occurrence: AD03, AD05.Remarks: This species resembles Semicytherura sp.A

Witte, 1993 from Bakau, Gambia, in general shape, but itdiffers in size and the dorsal margin is more convex. Werefrain from erecting a new species because we think thatespecially in Cytherura the soft parts are the only possibilityto avoid misidentification.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42537.Cytherura sp.2 (Fig. 4: 40–43)Material: 17 C, 6 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.37 mm, H 0.19 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD 05.Remarks: The present species resembles Cytherura sand-

bergi Morales (1967) in outline and ornamentation, but theanterior margin of the latter is broader. It is also close toSemicytherura sp. Sridhar et al. (2002) in the external fea-tures, but the anterior margin in the present specimens isnarrower and obliquely rounded. There are also differencesin the curvature of the postero-ventral margin. We refrainfrom erecting a new species because we think that especiallyin Cytherura the soft parts are the only possibility to avoidmisidentification.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42538.Genus Hemicytherura Elofson, 1941.

Hemicytherura aegyptica Hartmann 1964 (Fig. 4: 44).1964 Hemicytherura videns aegyptica Hartmann, pp. 20,

50, pl. 13, figs. 61, 62, 66.1975 Hemicytherura videns I. R. Hoskin, pp. 7, 92, text

fig. 1.1981 Hemicytherura aegyptica Hartmann, Gurney

(1981), pp. 7–12Material: 1 LV.Size: L 0.28 mm, H 0.17 mm.Occurrence: AD05.Geographical distribution: Red Sea, Persian Gulf and

Indian Ocean.Remarks: This species is closely related to H. videns (G.

W.Müller 1984) although there are slight differences espe-cially at the posterior end of the vertral rib.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42539.Genus Semicytherura Wagner, 1957.Semicytherura ?contraria Zhao and Whatley, 1989

(Fig. 4: 51, 52).1989 Semicytherura contraria Zhao and Whatley, pp.

173–174, pl. 1, figs. 10–14.1998 Semicytherura contraria Zhao and Whatley,

Hussain, p. 12, pl. 3, fig. 42001 Semicytherura contraria Zhao and Whatley, Mohan

et al., pl. 4, figs. 5–6.2002 Semicytherura sp. cf. S. contraria Zhao andWhatley,

Sridhar et al., p. 31, pl. 3, fig. 17.Material: 1 LV, 1 RV.Size: L 0.29 mm, H 0.15 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05.Geographical distribution: Sedili River and Jason Bay

(Malay Peninsula), and southeast coast of India.Remarks: The present species is very similar to the forms

recorded in India by Hussain (1998), Mohan et al. (2001)and Sridhar et al. (2002), but it differs from the originaldescription (Zhao and Whatley 1989) in having a straighterdorsal margin and less pointed posterior end.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42541.

Fig. 4 37 Copytus posterosulcus Wang, 1985, LV, external view,AD05; 38 Cytherura sp.1, RV, external view, AD03; 39 Cytherurasp.1, LV, internal view, AD03; 40 Cytherura sp.2, RV, external view,AD02; 41 Cytherura sp.2, LV, external view, AD02; 42 Cytherurasp.2, LV, internal view, AD02; 43 Cytherura sp.2, RV, internal view,AD02; 44 Hemicytherura aegyptica Hartmann, 1964, LV, externalview, AD05; 45 Paracytheridea albatros Pugliese et al., 1984, RV,external view, AD02; 46 Paracytheridea albatros Pugliese et al., 1984,LV, external view, AD02; 47 Paracytheridea albatros Pugliese et al.,1984, LV, internal view, AD02; 48 Paracytheridea albatros Pugliese etal., 1984, RV, internal view, AD02; 49 Semicytherura ?contrariaQuanhong and Whatley, 1989, LV, external view, AD02; 50 Semi-cytherura favorum Bonaduce et al., 1976, RV, external view, AD02;51 Semicytherura sp.1, RV, external view, AD02; 52 Semicytherurasp.1, LV, internal view, AD02; 53 Semicytherura sp.2, LV, externalview, AD02; 54 Gambiella caelata Witte, 1985, RV, external view,AD04

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Semicytherura favorum Bonaduce et al., 1976 (Fig. 4:50).

1976 Semicytherura favorum Bonaduce et al., p. 387, pl.7, figs. 10–13.

Material: 4 C, 2 RV, 1LV.Size: L 0.31 mm, H 0.15 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05, AD08.Geographical distribution: Gulf of Aqaba.Remarks: This species is characterized by the longitudi-

nal ridges on the carapace, a puntate ornamentation andslightly ventrally lying caudal process.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42542.Semicytherura sp.1 (Fig. 4: 49).Material: 3 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.31 mm, H 0.17 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05, AD06.Remarks: This species resembles S. costata (G.W.Müller

1894) in lateral outline but differs in having coarserreticulation.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42543.Semicytherura sp.2 (Fig. 4: 53).Material: 1 LV.Size: L 0.38 mm, H 0.22 mm.Occurrence: AD02.Remarks: The present species is very similar to S. spon-

giosa Bonaduce et al. (1976), but the latter has coarserornamentation. It also resembles S.rara (G.W. Müller1894), but its ventral margin is more concave and the caudalprocess is well developed.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42544.Genus Microhoweina n.gen.Type species: Microhoweina elongata n.sp.Derivatio nominis: Micro ( Greek “small”) and Howeina.Diagnosis: Small, elongated shaped valves in lateral view

with a weakly developed caudal process and ventral bulbousbroadening in the posterior part. Hinge protodont, sequenceof tooth, socket, median furrow and socket tooth. In the LVwith two notched elongated pits, with median bar smoothand terminally thickened. In the RV with two terminal teeth,smooth anterior tooth and notched posterior one, which areconnected by a furrow that terminally deepens. Four verti-cally arranged adductor muscle scars with a feeble scar infront. Distinct broad inner lamellae.

Microhoweina resembles Semicytherura but it differs inhaving a smooth median part of the hinge, and a moreelongate, narrower carapace. It differs from Cytherura inhaving much wider inner lamella and an extremely broadzone of concrescence.

Microhoweina elongata n.sp. (Fig. 5: 56–62).Derivatio nominis: Referring to the elongated shape of

the valves.Holotype: adult female carapace, ZMH K-42516.Paratype: 12 C and 1 V. ZMH K-42517, K-42518.

Type locality: Sample AD05: 12°46.364′N, 44°53.553′E.Material: 14 ♀ C, 5 ♂ C and 4 LV, 3 RV.Size: Holotype, female L 0.30 mm, H 0.12 mmParatype, female L 0.30 mm, H 0.11 mm, male L

0.32 mm, H 0.10 mmOccurrence: AD04, AD05.Diagnosis: Elongate carapace characterized by the exis-

tence of a broad and irregular inner lamellae.Description: Carapace small, elongate to ovate in lateral

view with slightly convex dorsal margin, merging intoobliquely rounded anterior margin, ventral margin concavemerging to convex posteromedian, weakly developed sub-dorsal caudal process. LV larger than RVextending dorsallyand anterodorsally over margins; zone of concrescence ex-tremely broad. Line of concrescence and inner margin mostlycoincident. Marginal pore canals very few, mostly straight onlysome branched, concentrated in the antero-ventral margin.Surface pitted with a slight network of ridges. Sexual dimor-phism pronounced. Four vertically arranged adductor musclescars with a feeble scar in front.

Family Paracytherideidae Puri 1957.Subfamily Paracytherideinae Puri 1957.Genus Paracytheridea G.W. Müller, 1894.Paracytheridea albatros Pugliese et al., 1984 (Fig. 5:

45–48).1984 Paracytheridea albatros Pugliese et al. (1984), p. 6,

pl. 2, figs. 1–6.Material: 28 RV, 27 LV.Size: RV, L 0.68–0.65 mm, H 0.34–0.32 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04 AD05, AD06, AD07, AD08.Geographical distribution: Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea), Gulf

of Aden.Remarks: This species is very close to P. remaneiHartmann

1964 in general outline, but it differs in ornamentation.Repository of the material: ZMH K-42540.Family Leptocytheridae Hanai 1957.Subfamily Leptocytherinae Hanai 1957.

Fig. 5 55 Gambiella caelataWitte, 1985, LV, internal view, AD04; 56Microhoweina elongata n.gen. n.sp., ♀, LV, external view, AD05; 57Microhoweina elongata n.gen. n.sp., ♀, LV, external view, AD05; 58Microhoweina elongata n.gen. n.sp., ♀, RV, internal view, AD05; 59Microhoweina elongata n.gen. n.sp., ♀, LV, internal view, AD05; 60Microhoweina elongata n.gen. n.sp., ♂, RV, external view, AD05; 61Microhoweina elongata n.gen. n.sp., ♂, LV, internal view, AD05; 62Microhoweina elongata n.gen. n.sp., ♂, RV, internal view, AD05; 63Caudites javana Kingma, 1948, LV, external view, AD08; 64 Cauditesjavana Kingma, 1948, RV, external view, AD08; 65 Caudites javanaKingma, 1948, RV, internal view, AD08; 66 Caudites javana Kingma,1948, LV, internal view, AD08; 67 Caudites cf.C. knysnaensisHartmann,1974, LV, external view, AD02; 68 Caudites cf. C. knysnaensisHartmann, 1974, RV, external view, AD08; 69 Caudites cf. C. knysnaen-sis Hartmann, 1974, LV, internal view, AD08; 70 Caudites cf C. knys-naensis Hartmann, 1974, RV, internal view, AD02; 71 Caudites levisHartmann, 1964, LV, external view, AD02; 72 Caudites levis Hartmann,1964, RV, internal view, AD02

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Genus Callistocythere Ruggieri, 1953.Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce et al., 1976 (Fig. 6:

79–84).1976 Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce et al., p. 378, pl.

3, figs. 3–9.1993 Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce et al., Jellinek, p.

116, pl. 5, figs. 111–113.2003 Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce, Mostafawi, p.

58, fig. 11.2004 Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce et al . ,

Mohammed, p. 42, pl. 2, fig. 12.Material: 17 ♂ C, 35 ♀ C and 8 RV, 9 LV.Size: male, L 0.5 mm, H 0.23 mm, female, L 0.44 mm, H

0.24 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD06, AD07, AD08.Geographical distribution: Red Sea, Kenya, Gulf of

Aden, Persian Gulf.Remarks: The specimens found in Aden are slightly

larger than the ones from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)(Bonaduce et al. 1976).

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42550.Callistocythere sp.D. (Fig. 6: 85–88).1993 Callistocythere sp.D Jellinek, p. 117, pl. 6, figs.

126–128.Material: 13 C and 5 RV, 5 LV.Size: RV, L 0.5 mm, H 0.24 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD08, AD09.Geographical distribution: Kenya.Remarks: The current specimen is longer than those

recorded from Kenya; this is probably due to the fact thatour specimen is not a female as the ones described until nowbut a male carapace. We think that the material is notadequate to describe a new species.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42551.Genus Paratanella Jellinek 1993.Paratanella scindata Jellinek, 1993 (Fig. 7: 93–96).1988 Leptocythere sp. Whatley and Zhao, p. 6. pl. 6,

fig. 4.1989 Leptocythere pulchra Zhao and Whatley, p. 173, pl.

1, figs. 5–6.1993 Paratanella scindata Jellinek, p. 118, pl. 7, figs.

138–142.2007 Leptocythere pulchra Zhao and Whatley,

Goplalakrishna et al., pl. 1, fig. 12.Material: 3 C and 2 RV, 2 LV.Size: LV, L 0.36 mm, H 0.18 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD06, AD08.Geographical distribution: Malaya Straits, Sedili River

and Jason Bay (Malay Peninsula), Kenya and southeastcoast of India.

Remarks: Zhao and Whatley (1989) described two dif-ferent species under one name, which they called Leptocy-there pulchra. Jellinek (1993) separated these taxa and

erected a new species Paratanella scindata. Our specimensbelong to the same species which Jellinek (1993) describedunder the name P. scindata.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42553.Genus Tanella Kingma, 1948.Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948 (Fig. 7: 97–100).1948 Tanella gracilis Kingma, p. 88, pl. 10, fig. 7.1971 Tanella cf. gracilis, Bate, p. 46, pls. 1–3, fig. 11.1976 Tanella aff. gracilis Kingma, Paik, p. 36, pl. 2, figs.

35–37.1978 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Hartmann, p. 80, pl. 4–13,

text figs. 108–113.1978 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Jain, pl. 2, figs. J 2–4.1980 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Hartmann, p. 126, pl. 7,

figs. 11–18.1981 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Hartmann, p. 103, pl. 3,

figs. 3–7.1982 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Al-Abdul- Razzaq, et al.,

p. 67, fig. 7.1988 Tanella sp. cf. T. gracilis, Kingma, Whatley and

Zhao, p. 6, pl. 6, figs. 5–6.1989 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Howe and McKenzie,

p. 31, fig. 93.1989 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Whatley and Keeler, p.

72, pl. 3, fig. 17, pl.4, figs. 3–4.1993 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Witte, pp.31–32, pl. 4,

figs. 13–15.1997 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Kumar and Hussain

(1997), pp. 133–134, pl. 1, fig. 7.1998 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Hussain, p. 6, pl. I, fig. 18.2000 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Hussain and Mohan, p.

26, pl. I, fig. 10.2002 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Sridhar et al., p. 3, pl. II,

fig. 2.2003 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Arul et al. (2003), pl. 1,

figs. 5–6.

Fig. 6 73 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, 1974, RV, externalview, AD04; 74 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, 1974, LV, exter-nal view, AD04; 75 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, 1974, LV,internal view, AD04; 76 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, 1974,RV, internal view, AD04; 77 Bosasella dubia Jellinek, 1993, LV,external view, AD02; 78 Bosasella dubia Jellinek, 1993, RV, internalview, AD02; 79 Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce et al., 1978, ♂, RV,external view, AD05; 80 Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce et al., 1978,♂, LV, external view, AD05; 81 Callistocythere arcana Bonaduce etal., 1978, ♂, LV, internal view, AD05; 82 Callistocythere arcanaBonaduce et al., 1978, ♂, RV, internal view, AD05; 83 Callistocytherearcana Bonaduce et al., 1978, ♀, LV, external view, AD05; 84 Callis-tocythere arcana Bonaduce et al., 1978, ♀, RV, external view, AD05;85 Callistocythere sp.D, RV, external view, AD04; 86 Callistocytheresp.D, LV, external view, AD04; 87 Callistocythere sp.D, RV, internalview, AD04; 88 Callistocythere sp.D, LV, internal view, AD05; 89Chartocythere ?tramontanoi Bonaduce et al., 1990, LV, external view,AD04; 90 Chartocythere ?tramontanoi Bonaduce et al., 1990, RV,external view, AD04

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2004 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Helal and Abd El-Wahab,p. 84, pl. 1, fig. 6.

2006 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Hussain et al., fig. 6, 5.2007 Tanella gracilis Kingma, Gopalakrishna et al., pl. I,

fig. 14.Material: 127 C and 22 RV, 19 LV.Size: RV L 0.4–0.45 mm, H 0.18–0.23 mm.Occurrence: AD01, AD02, AD03, AD04, AD05, AD06,

AD08, AD09.Geographical distribution: Gulf of Oman, Sulaibikhat

Bay (Kuwait), Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Safaga Bay(Red Sea), west African coast, Kenya, Malaya Straits andMalayan region, Andaman Islands, southeast and westCoast of India, Reunion Islands, north-western Australia.

Remarks: Specimens reported from the Indo-Pacific andthe West African regions showed no morphological differ-ences to the ones.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42554.Family Cushmanideidae Puri 1973.Subfamily Cushmanideinae Puri 1973.Genus Chartocythere Buryndina, 1969.Chartocythere cf. tramontanoi Bonaduce et al., 1990

(Figs. 6: 89, 90, and 7: 91, 92).1990 Sylvestra tramontanoi Bonaduce et al., p. 287, pl. 2,

figs. 10–14.1993 Chartocythere ?tramontanoi (Bonaduce et al.)

Jellinek, p. 119, pl. 7, figs. 151–153.Material: 21 C and 3 RV, 2 LV.Size: LV, L 0.44 mm, H 0.21 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD7, AD08.Geographical distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Kenya.Remarks: The present species is very similar to the ones

reported from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden by Bonaduce etal. (1990) besides being more weakly ornamented. They arealso slightly larger than those recorded from Kenya (Jellinek1993) (♀ L 0.42–0.43 mm H 0.21–0.22 mm; ♂ L 0.40–0.41 mm H 0.20–0.21 mm).

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42552.Family Pectocytheridae Hanai 1957.Subfamily Pectocytherinae Hanai 1957.Genus Kotoracythere Ishizaki, 1966.Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady, 1880) (Fig. 7: 101–

104).1880 Cythere inconspicua Brady, p. 70, pl. 13, figs. 1a–d.1905 Cythere inconspicua Brady, Scott (1905), p. 377.1953 Leptocythere inconspicua (Brady), Key (1953), p.

354, pl. 1, fig. 4.1968 Leptocythere inconspicua (Brady), Guha, pp.60–

62, pl. 4, fig. 10.1975 Morkhovenia inconspicua (Brady), Teeter, p. 435,

figs. 70q, 80c.1982 Morkhovenia inconspicua (Brady), Krutak, p. 271,

pl. 4, figs. 13–16.

1980Morkhovenia inconspicua (Brady), Bonaduce et al.,p. 144, pl. 5, figs. 10–14.

1988 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Titterton andWhatley, p. 776.

1989 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Whatley andKeeler, p. 76, pl. 5, figs. 5–7.

1990 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Gou, p. 26, pl.3, fig. 37.

1991 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Witte and VanHarten, p. 434, figs. 3–5

1991 Morkhovenia inconspicua (Brady), Hartmann,p. 171, pl. 2, fig. 14b.

1991Morkhovenia inconspicua (Brady), Behrens (1991),p. 113, pl. 2, figs. 10–11.

1993 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Jellinek,p. 121, pl. 7, figs. 157–165, pl. 8, figs. 166–170.

1993 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Witte, p. 25,pl. 3, figs. 19–22; p. 156, pl. 2, figs. 17–24.

1998 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Sridhar et al.,p. 193, fig. 3b.

2002 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Sridhar et al.,p. 22, pl. I, figs. 17–20.

2006 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady), Hussain et al.,fig. 7, 5.

Material: 1 C and 7 RV, 3 LV.Size: L 0.42 mm, H 0.21 mm.Occurrence: AD04, AD06.Geographical distribution: Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Manila

(Philippines), southeast coast of India, Andaman Islands,Reuneon Islands, Hainan Island (South China Sea), South-East Asia, Kenya, West African coast, Gulf of Mexico, and asfossils from Neogene, Andaman Islands.

Remarks: There is a small difference in the carapace sizeof the specimens reported from different geographicalregions. We consider this as an interspecific variability.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42555.Genus Keijia Teeter, 1975.

Fig. 7 91 Chartocythere ?tramontanoi Bonaduce et al., 1990, LV,internal view, AD04; 92 Chartocythere ?tramontanoi Bonaduce etal., 1990, RV, internal view, AD04; 93 Paratanella scindata Jellinek,1993, LV, external view, AD06; 94 Paratanella scindata Jellinek,1993, RV, external view, AD06; 95 Paratanella scindata Jellinek,1993, RV, internal view, AD06; 96 Paratanella scindata Jellinek,1993, LV, internal view, AD06; 97 Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948,LV, external view, AD05; 98 Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948, RV,external view, AD05; 99 Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948, LV, internalview, AD05; 100 Tanella gracilis Kingma, 1948, RV, internal view,AD05; 101 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady, 1880), RV, externalview, AD06; 102 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady, 1880), LV, exter-nal view, AD06; 103 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady, 1880), RV,internal view, AD06; 104 Kotoracythere inconspicua (Brady, 1880),LV, internal view, AD06; 105 Keijia demissa (Brady, 1868), LV,external view, AD05; 106 Keijia demissa (Brady, 1868), RV, externalview, AD05; 107 Keijia demissa (Brady, 1868), RV, internal view,AD05; 108 Keijia demissa (Brady, 1868), LV, internal view, AD05

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Keijia demissa (Brady, 1868) (Fig. 7: 105 – 108).1868 Cythere demissa Brady, p. 18, pl. 12, figs. 1–2.1973 Leptocythere demissa (Brady), Teeter, p. 51, figs.

2a–g.1975 Keijia demissa (Brady), Teeter, p. 436–437, figs.

7r–s, 8e.1982 Keijia demissa (Brady), Krutak, p. 272, pl. 3, figs.

17–20.1987 Keijia demissa (Brady), Whatley and Zhao, p. 353,

pl. 5, figs. 27–28.1988 Aenigmocythere hirundo Bonaduce et al., p. 380,

pl. 4, figs. 1–11.1989 Keijia demissa (Brady), Whatley and Keeler, p. 73,

pl. 4, figs. 12–14.1992 Keijia demissa (Brady), Mostafawi, p. 140, pl. 2,

fig. 44.1993 Keijia demissa (Brady), Witte, p 26, pl. 4, figs. 10–

12.1993 Keijia demissa (Brady), Jellinek, p. 121, pl. 8, figs.

171–172.1998 Keijia demissa (Brady), Hussain, p. 6, pl. I, fig. 16.1990 Keijia demissa (Brady), Gou, p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 38.2002 Keijia demissa (Brady), Sridhar et al., p. 23, pl. II,

fig. 1.Material: 5 C and 5 RV, 2 LV.Size: L 0.45 mm, H 0.22 mm.Occurrence: AD04, AD05, AD06.Geographical distribution: Britain, Gulf of Mexico,

Malaya straits, Red Sea, Gulf of Suez, Reunion Islands,west African coast, Kenya, southeast coast of India andHainan Island (South China Sea).

Remarks: The species is similar to Keijia sp. (Jellinek,1993) from Kenia, but the latter is larger in size (L-0.47 mm-H-0.24 mm) and differs in the arrangement ofthe punctae. It seems that this species has a very widedistribution.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42556.Genus Gambiella Witte, 1985.Gambiella caelata Witte, 1985 (Figs. 4: 54, and 5: 55).1985 Gambiella caelata Witte, pp. 141–148.1993 Gambiella caelata Witte, p. 35, pl. 2, figs. 19–22.Material: 6 C.Size: L 0.36 mm, H 0.16 mm.Occurrence: AD04.Geographical distribution: West African (Gambia and

Senegal).Remarks: This species resembles G. caudata (Alison and

Holden 1971) but the dorsal margin of G. caelata isstraighter and smaller in size than in G. caudata (L-0.54 mm-H-0.23 mm). Until now known only from Africa .

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42557.Family Loxoconchidae Sars 1925.Subfamily Loxoconchinae Sars 1825.

Genus Loxoconcha Sars, 1866.Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, 1964 (Fig. 8: 109–

116)1964 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, p. 58, pl. 20

figs. 92–100.1971 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, Bate, pp.

245–248, pl. 1, figs. 1k, 2k, pl. 2, fig. 3k, pl. 3, figs. 2k, 3k.1976 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, Bonaduce et

al., p. 395, pl. 10, fig. 9.1981 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, Bate and

Gurney, p. 236, fig. 2a.2001 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, Mostafawi,

p. 1189.2003 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, Mostafawi, p.

66, fig. 32.Material: 10 ♂ C, 20 ♀ C and 13 RV, 12 LV.Size:♂, L 0.44 mm, H 0.23 mm.♀, L 0.39 mm, H 0.25 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD08, AD09.Geographical distribution: Red Sea and Persian Gulf.Remarks: The species is closely related to L. multiornata

Bate and Gurney (1981), but they differ in the lateral orna-mentation especially in the postero-ventral part, present in L.multiornata.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42558.Loxoconcha gurneyi Bate and Gurney, 1981 (Fig. 8:

117–120).1981 Loxoconcha gurneyi Bate and Gurney, pp. 238,

240, figs. 3A–K, 4, 11.Material: 14 ♂ C, 31♀ C and 12 RV, 13 LV.Size: ♂, L 0.47–0.49 mm, H 0.25–27 mm. ♀, L 0.47 mm,

H 0.3 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD03, AD04, AD05, AD08.Geographical distribution: Persian Gulf.Remarks: The present specimens are relatively smaller in

size than originally reported (Bate and Gurney 1981). It

Fig. 8 109 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, 1964, ♂, RV, exter-nal view, AD05; 110 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, 1964, ♂,LV, external view, AD05; 111 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann,1964, ♂, LV, internal view, AD05; 112 Loxoconcha ornatovalvaeHartmann, 1964, ♂, RV, internal view, AD05; 113 Loxoconcha orna-tovalvae Hartmann, 1964, ♀, RV, external view, AD05; 114 Loxocon-cha ornatovalvae Hartmann, 1964, ♀, LV, external view, AD05; 115Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, 1964, ♀, RV, internal view,AD05; 116 Loxoconcha ornatovalvae Hartmann, 1964, ♀, LV, internalview, AD05; 117 Loxoconcha gurneyi Bate and Gurney, 1981, ♂, LV,external view, AD02; 118 Loxoconcha gurneyi Bate and Gurney, 1981,♂, RV, external view, AD02; 119 Loxoconcha gurneyi Bate and Gur-ney, 1981, ♂, RV, internal view, AD02; 120 Loxoconcha gurneyi Bateand Gurney, 1981, ♂, LV, internal view, AD02; 121 Loxoconchaghardaqensis Hartmann, 1964, ♀, LV, external view, AD04; 122Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann, 1964, ♀, RV, external view,AD04; 123 Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann, 1964, ♀, RV, internalview, AD04; 124 Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann, 1964, ♀, LV,internal view, AD04; 125 Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann, 1964,♂, RV, external view, AD04; 126 Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann,1964, ♂, LV, external view, AD04

b

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Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280 265

differs from its closest relative, L.paiki Whatley and Zhao,1987, in the punctation, which is more pronounced in themedian region and getting weaker towards the dorsalmargin.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42559.Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann 1964 (Fig. 8: 121 –

126).1964 Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann, p. 52, pl. 15,

figs. 67–72; pl. 16, figs. 73–76; pl. 17, figs. 77–79; pl. 18,figs. 80–82.

1971 Loxocorniculum ghardaqensis (Hartmann), Bate,p. 254.

1983 Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann, Basha, pl. IV,fig. 13.

2004 Loxocorniculum ghardaqensis (Hartmann), Helaland Abd El-Wahab, p. 87, pl. 1, fig. 13.

Material: 1♀ and 4 RV, 4 LV.Size: ♂, L 0.61 mm, H 0.36 mm, ♀, L 0.52 mm,

H 0.34 mm.Occurrence: AD04.Geographical distribution: Arabian Gulf and Red Sea.Remarks: Loxoconcha ghardaqensis Hartmann (1964) is

most closely related to L. heronislandensis Hartmann(1984), and it can be distinguished by the outline and somecharacters of the lateral ornamentation.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42560.Loxoconcha australis Brady, 1880 (Fig. 9: 127–129).1880 Loxoconcha australis Brady, p. l19, pl. 28, fig. 3a–

d, fig. 5a–f1967 Loxoconcha australis Brady; McKenzie, p. 86,

pl. 12, figs. 10–11, fig. 3n–o1988 Loxoconcha australis Brady, Yassini & Wright,

p. 169, fig. 7p.2004 Loxoconcha australis Brady, Mohammed, p. 44,

pl. 3, fig. 4. Material: 6 RV, 3 LV.Size: ♂, L 0.6 mm, H 0.35 mm, ♀, L 0.53 mm,

H 0.35 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05, AD08.Geographical distribution: Australia, Gulf of Aden.Remarks: The present species resembles L. gurneyi Bate

and Gurney (1981), but is larger in size. It can also becompared with L. mandviensis Jain (1978), but the caudalprocess of the present species is less distinct.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42561.Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann, 1974 (Fig. 9: 130–

137).1974 Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann, p. 296, pl. 64,

figs. 477–487, pl. 151, figs. 3, 4.2005 Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann, Mostafawi et al.,

p. 135, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6.Material: 49 ♂ C, 89 ♀ C, 45 RV, 59 LV.Size: ♂, L 0.6–0.56 mm, H 0.36 mm; ♀, L 0.49 mm,

H 0.34 mm.

Occurrence: AD01, AD02, AD03, AD04, AD05, AD07,AD09.

Geographical distribution: West African coast offAngola, Bali (Indonesia).

Remarks: The present specimens were compared with thetype material, since the measurements provided by Hartmann(1974) were incorrect (L 0.67–0.68 mm, H 039 mm). Thespecies is widely distributed in the study area.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42562.Family Cytheromatidae Elofson 1939.Subfamily Cytheromatinae Elofson 1939.Genus Paracytheroma Juday, 1907.Paracytheroma abyanensis n.sp. (Fig. 9: 138–141)Derivatio nominis: The species is named after the Abyan

Coast, from where it was collected.Holotype: Adult male, ZMH K-42519.Paratype: 18 ♀ C 4 V; ZMH K42520, 6 ♂ C; ZMH

K-42521.Type locality: Sample AD02, 12°51′17″N, 45°03′32″E.Material: 13 ♂ C, 19 ♀ C and 10 RV, 14 LV.Size: Holotype, ♂ L 0.542 mm, H 0.26 mm.Paratypes: ♂, L 0.54 mm, H 0.26 mm; ♀, L 0.52 mm,

H 0.24 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD03, AD04, AD05.Diagnosis: A species of Paracytheroma characterized by

its straight dorsal margin, and the triangular-shaped part ofthe inner lamella in the ventral side.

Description: Medium carapace, elongate, subreniform inlateral view, highest behind the middle, dorsal marginstraight, ventral margin sinuous with well developed con-cavity in front of the middle, and broad convexity behindthe middle of the carapace. Well rounded anterior end andobliquely rounded slightly narrowed posterior end. Surfacesmooth. Hinge lophodont, RV with long approximatelystraight groove and two terminal elements. Four adductormuscle scars aligned in a subvertical row with a heart-

Fig. 9 127 Loxoconcha australis Brady, 1880., ♂, RV, external view,AD02; 128 Loxoconcha australis Brady, 1880, ♂, LV, internal view,AD02; 129 Loxoconcha australis Brady, 1880, ♀, LV, external view,AD02; 130 Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann, 1974, ♂, RV, externalview, AD04; 131 Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann, 1974, ♂, LV,external view, AD04; 132 Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann, 1974, ♂,RV, internal view, AD04; 133 Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann, 1974,♂, LV, internal view, AD04; 134 Loxoconcha peterseni Hartmann,1974, ♀, RV, external view, AD04; 135 Loxoconcha peterseni Hart-mann, 1974, ♀, LV, external view, AD04; 136 Loxoconcha peterseniHartmann, 1974, ♀, RV, internal view, AD04; 137 Loxoconcha peter-seni Hartmann, 1974, ♀, LV, internal view, AD04; 138 Paracytheromaabyanensis n.sp., LV, external view, AD02; 139 Paracytheroma abya-nensis n.sp., RV, external view, AD02; 140 Paracytheroma abyanensisn.sp., RV, internal view, AD02; 141 Paracytheroma abyanensis n.sp.,LV, internal view, AD02; 142 Neomonoceratina porocostata Howeand Mckenzie, 1989, RV, external view, AD05; 143 Neosinocythereindowestpacifica Zhao and Whatley, 1993, RV, external view, AD09;144 Neosinocythere indowestpacifica Zhao and Whatley, 1993, LV,internal view, AD09

b

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shaped frontal one. Inner lamella wide with broad vestibuleanteriorly and postero-ventrally a triangular-shaped part ofthe inner lamella in the ventral side extends upward justbehind the middle region, marginal pore canals short andsimple, some bifurcating. Sexual dimorphism pronouncedmales more elongate and longer than females.

Remarks: This species is most closely related to P. ven-trosinuosa Zhao and Whatley (1989) recorded from thesoutheast Malaya peninsula, but it is larger and it has adifferent shape of the inner lamella.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42563.Family Schizocytheridae Mandelstam 1960.Genus Neomonoceratina Kingma, 1948.Neomonoceratina porocostata Howe and McKenzie,

1989 (Fig. 9: 142).1989 Neomonoceratina porocostataHowe and McKenzie,

pp. 12–14, figs. 60–61.1998 Neomonoceratina porocostataHowe and McKenzie,

Hussain, p. 4, pl. III, fig. 13.2000 Neomonoceratina porocostataHowe and McKenzie,

Hussain and Mohan, p. 26, pl. 1, fig. 6.2001 Neomonoceratina porocostataHowe and McKenzie,

Mohan et al., p. 8, pl. I, fig. 9.2002 Neomonoceratina porocostataHowe and McKenzie,

Sridhar et al., p. 22, pl. I, fig. 13.2003 Neomonoceratina porocostataHowe and McKenzie,

Arul et al. (2003), p. 57, pl. 1, fig. 3.Material: 1 RV.Size: L 0.38 mm, H 0.2 mm.Occurrence: AD05.Geographical distribution: North-western Australia,

southeast coast of India, Gulf of Aden..Remarks: The present specimens are slighly smaller than

in the original description from Australia (Howe andMcKenzie 1989), and also from those reported from Gulfof Mannar (Hussain 1998). But due to the very pronouncedparallel running curved ridges in the posterior dorsal fromthe median ridge, this species is easy to identify. In generalshape, it resembles N. bataviana (Brady, 1868) (seeWhatley and Zhao, 1987) and also N. iniqua (Brady,1968) inMostafawi (1992), but differs in the ornamentation. Itdiffers also in the outline from N. macropora Kingma (1948).

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42564.Family Sinocytheridae Huang 1985.Genus Neosinocythere Huang, 1985.Neosinocythere indowestpacifica Zhao and Whatley,

1993 (Fig. 9: 143, 144).1987 ? Sinocythere superba (Guan), Whatley and Zhao,

p. 341, pl. 2, fig. 27.1989 ? Caudites sp. Whatley and Keeler, p. 71, pl. 2, figs.

14, 15, 17.1993 Neosinocythere indowestpacifica Zhao and Whatley,

p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 18, pl. 2, figs. 1–3.

Material: 1 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.44 mm, H 0.23 mm.Occurrence: AD09.Geographical distribution: Malacca Straits, Reunion

Islands, Indian and west Pacific regions.Remarks: This species differs from its closest congener,

N. dekrooni (Kingma, 1948), by its reticulate ornamentationand by the shape of the caudal process which is upturned atthe postero-ventral margin.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42565.Family Hemicytheridae Puri 1953.Subfamily Orionininae Puri 1953.Genus Caudites Coryell and Fields, 1937.Caudites javana Kingma, 1948 (Fig. 5: 63–66)1948 Caudites medialis var. javana Kingma, p. 85, pl. X,

fig. 5.1953 Caudites javana Kingma, Key, p. 159, pl. 1, figs.

8a–c and 9.1968 Caudites javana Kingma, Guha, p. 64, pl. 5, figs.

13 and 16.1978 Caudites javana Kingma, Jain, vol. 11, no. 2, p.

122, figs. 4f1–3.1989 Caudites cf. javana Kingma, Howe and McKenzie,

p. 39, fig. 162.1998 Caudites javana Kingma, Hussain, pp. 11–12, pl. 2,

fig. 15.2000 Caudites javana Kingma, Hussain and Mohan, p.

62, pl. II, fig. 9.2001 Cauites javana Kingma, Mohan et al., pl. 3, fig. 11.2002 Caudites javana Kingma, Sridhar et al., p. 28, pl.

III, fig. 2.2004 Caudites javana Kingma, Mohammed, p. 38, pl. 2,

fig. 5.Material: 44 C and 5 RV, 4 LV.Size: L 0.53 mm, H 0.26 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD06, AD07,

AD08.Geographical distribution: Malayan Region, Manila

(Philippines), southeast, southwest and west coast of India,north-west Australia, Gulf of Aden and as fossils, fromNeogene Andaman Islands.

Remarks: This species is widely distributed in the Gulf ofAden and Indo-Pacific region, but with no records from theRed Sea and Africa, which could mean that the species isextending its distribution to the west and has not yet reachedthe African continent.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42545.Caudites cf. C. knysnaensis Hartmann, 1974 (Fig. 5: 67–

70).1974 Caudites cf. C. knysnaensis Hartmann, p. 263, pl.

60, figs. 449–458, pl.150, fig. 4.1998 Caudites sublevis Bonaduce, Hussain, p. 12, pl. II,

fig. 16.

268 Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280

2004 Caudites sublevis Bonaduce, Mohammed, p. 39, pl.2, fig. 6

Material: 2 C and 2 RV, 2 LV.Size: L 0.49 mm 0.51 mm, H 0.255 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD08.Geographical distribution: West African coast off

Angola, Gulf of Aden, southeast and west coast of India.Remarks: There are slight differences between the pres-

ent species and C. knysnaensis Hartmann, 1974. The direc-tion of the median transverse and the anterior ribs differs inboth species. Hussain (1998) and Mohammed (2004) mis-identified this species as C. sublevis Bonaduce et al. (1980),which differs from Caudites cf. C. knysnaensis in having awell-developed median transverse rib on the lateral surface

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42546.Caudites levis Hartmann, 1964 (Fig. 5: 71, 72).1964 Caudites levis Hartmann p. 117–119, pl. 55, figs.

311–316Material: 1 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.48–0.5 mm, H 0.25 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD08.Geographical distribution: Red Sea, Gulf of AdenRemarks: The differences Bonaduce et al. 1980 found

between Caudites levis and C. sublevis were critically eval-uated using the type material. We came to the conclusionthat the differences are so minor if at all present that we dohave here only one species. But due to the fact that no softparts are available for C. sublevis, we did not put both insynonym at this time..

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42547.Subfamily Hemicytherinae Puri 1953.Genus Mutilus Neviani, 1928.Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, 1974 (Fig. 6: 73–

76).1974 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, p. 417, pl. 49,

text figs. 375–381, p. 418, pl. 50, text figs. 382–384, pl.151, fig. 9.

1989 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, Whatley andKeeler, p. 71, pl. 3, figs. 1–3.

1989 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, Howe andMcKenzie, p. 38, figs. 111–113.

2004 Mutilus splendideornatus Hartmann, Mohammed,p. 39, pl. 2, figs. 7–8.

Material: 12 C and 6 RV, 8 LV.Size: L 0.58 mm, H 0.33 mm.Occurrence: AD03, AD04, AD05.Geographical distribution: South Africa, Mozambique,

Reunion Islands, north-western Australia, Gulf of Aden.Remarks: We compared our material with the Holotype

and confirmed the identification of this species.Repository of the material: ZMH K-42548.Subfamily Thaerocytherinae Hazel 1967.Genus Bosasella Bonaduce, 1985.

Bosasella dubia Jellinek, 1993 (Fig. 6: 77, 78)1993 Bosasella dubia Jellinek, p. 152, pl. 26, figs. 413–

420.Material: 1 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.58 mm, H 0.32 mm.Occurrence: AD02.Geographical distribution: Kenya.Remarks: Bosasella dubia is a small representative of

Bosasella and as Jellinek (1993) already noted is groupedbetween B. borchersi (Hartmann, 1964) and B. malucabre-vis ( Jelinek, 1993). One of its striking pecularity is themicroornamentation present in many Bosasella, as, e.g., inB. borchersi figured by Bonaduce (1985).

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42549.Genus Neohornibrookella Jellinek, 1993.? Neohornibrookella sp. A (Fig. 10: 145–149).2004 Hermanites aff. sp. Mohammed, p.46, pl.3, figs. 9–

11. Material: 1 C, 2 RV, 2 LV.Size: L 0.6 mm, H 0.3 mm.Occurrence: AD05, AD06.Remarks: The species can be distinguished by the pres-

ence of three tubercles: subcentral, postero-dorsal and nearlypostero-ventral tubercle. A transversal rib connects the sub-central tubercle with the posterodorsal one. It is tentativelyplaced in the genus Neohornibrookella Jellinek (1993). Itcould also be compared with the genus Hermanites(Hermanites reticulata (Puri 1954) but the latter is lackingthe transverse rib of the carapace.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42566.Genus Paraquadracythere Jellinek, 1993.Paraquadracythere deltoides (Brady, 1890) (Fig. 10:

150, 151).1890 Cythere deltoides Brady, p. 501, pl. 2, figs. 17–18.1976 Quadracythere fabianae Bonaduce et al., p. 382, pl.

5, figs. 3–6.1981 Quadracythere sp. (Heron Island 174) Hartmann, p.

109, pl. 6, fig. 3.1981 Radimella parviloba (Hu) Hu (1981), p. 185, pl. 4,

figs. 13, 16, 18.1986 Tenedocythere deltoides (Brady) McKenzie, pl. 1,

fig. 22.1989 Quadracythere (Tenedocythere) deltoides(Brady)

Whatley and Keeler, p. 78, pl. 5, figs. 8–10.1990 Hermanites deltoides (Brady) Gou, p.28, pl. 2, figs.

17–18.1993 Paraquadracythere deltoides (Brady) Jellinek, p.

155, pl. 28, figs. 444–465.Material: 1 RV, 1 LV.Size: L 0.58 mm, H 0.3 mm.Occurrence: AD06.Geographical distribution: South Sea Islands, Red Sea,

Australia, south Taiwan, Reunion Islands, Hainan Island(south China Sea), Kenya

Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280 269

Remarks: Titterton and Whatley (2008) postulated thatthe present species is a synonym of Tenedocythere deltoides.We disagree with the authors because T. deltoides has awell-developed subcentral tubercle and more pronouncedeye tubercle, and it differs in the distribution of the reticu-lation ornamentation on the postero-ventral margins, and theshape of muri ridges near the anterior margin.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42567.Family Trachyleberididae Sylvester-Bradley 1948.Subfamily Buntoniinae Apostolesco 1961.Genus Lankacythere Bhatia and Kumar, 1979.Lankacythere multifora Mostafawi, 1992 (Fig. 10: 152).1971 Genus B sp. Bate, p. 245, pl. 1, fig. 1p, 2p, pl. 2, fig.

3p, pl. 3, fig. 3p.1977 Cythere ?cribiformis Paik, p. 40, pl. 1, figs. 9–11,

pl. 8, fig. 149.1978 Indet. Genus A sp. Jain, p. 119, pl. 5, fig. Q1–4.1988 Lankacythere coralloides Whatley and Zhao, p. 17,

pl. 8, figs. 19–22.1992 Lankacythere multifora Mostafawi, p. 148, pl. 4,

figs. 85–88.1993 Lankacythere multifora Mostafawi, Jellinek, pp.

127–128, pl. 17, figs. 317–321.Material: 3 RV, 2 LV.Size: L 0.57 mm, H 0.3 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05, AD08.Geographical distribution: Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman,

west coast of India, Malacca Straits and Kenya.Remarks: Mohammed (2004) recorded 62 valves and 2

carapaces of this species from the study area. The lownumber we were able to collect and study may be due tothe monsoon which affected this region recently.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42568.Genus Chrysocythere Ruggieri, 1961.Chrysocythere keiji Jain, 1978 (Fig. 10: 153 158).1976 Chrysocythere sp. Paik, p. 61, text figs. 27–28, pl.

4, figs. 65–67.1977 Chrysocythere sp. Paik, p. 40, pl. 9, fig. 160.1978 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, pp. 113–114, figs. 3L1–2,

6K.1998 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, Hussain, p. 9, pl. II, fig. 8.2004 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, Mohammed, p. 47, pl. 3,

fig. 12, pl. 4, fig. 1.2007 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, Gopalakrishna et al., p.

62, pl. II, fig. 8.Material: 5♂ C, 5♀ C, 21 RV, 18 LV.Size: ♂ LV, L 0.63–0.62 mm, H 0.325–0.3 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD03, AD04, AD05, AD06, AD08.Geographical distribution: Gulf of Oman, southeast and

southwest coast of India.Remarks: The distribution of this species is restricted to

the area extending from the southern Red Sea, Gulf of Aden,to the southeast and southwest coast of India. No records

from the northern region of the Red Sea and African coastsare known.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42569.Subfamily Phacorhabdotinae Gründel 1969.Tribus Strobilocytherini Jellinek 1993.Genus Strobilocythere (Strobilocythere ) Jellinek, 1990.Strobilocythere (Strobilocythere) mtwapaensis mtwa-

paensis Jellinek, 1990 (Figs. 10: 159 162, and 11: 163)1990 Strobilocythere (Strobilocythere ) mtwapaensis

Jellinek, p. 41, pl. 1, figs. 1–4.1993 Strobilocythere (Strobilocythere ) mtwapaensis

mtwapaensis Jellinek, p. 130, pl. 13, figs. 251–252.2004 Strobilocythere (Strobilocythere ) mtwapaensis

mtwapaensis Jellinek, Mohammed, p. 49, pl. 4, figs. 4–5. Material: 2 RV, 3 LV.

Size: L 0.98 mm, H 0.45 mm.Occurrence: AD05.Geographical distribution: Kenya, Madagascar.Remarks: This species differs from Strobilocythere

karyon Jellinek, 1990 and S. skini Jelinek, 1990 by itsornamentation, which is not so pronounced, and the pres-ence of two deep pits vertically arranged behind the eyespot, and from the type species S. extrema Jellinek, 1990 bythe one anterior ribs and the arrangement of the posteriormeshes and the larger size.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42570.Genus Neocytheromorpha Guan, 1978.Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis n.sp. (Fig. 12: 188 –

192).Derivatio nominis: The species was named after its type

locality the Gulf of Tawahi, in Aden.Holotype: An adult individual, ZMH K-42522.Paratype: 2 C and 5 valves. ZMH K-42523.Type locality: Sample AD05, 12°46.364′N, 044°53.553′

E. Material: 1 C (adult), 5 C (juveniles) and 9 RV, 13 LV.Size: Holotype: L 0.74 mm, H 0.36 mm.Paratype: L 0.71 mm, H 0.34

Fig. 10 145 ? Neohornibrookella sp. A, RV, external view, AD06; 146? Neohornibrookella sp. A., LV, external view, AD06; 147 ? Neo-hornibrookella sp. A, RV, internal view, AD05; 148 ? Neohornibroo-kella sp. A, LV, internal view, AD05; 149 ? Neohornibrookella sp. A,ventral view, AD04; 150 Paraquadracythere deltoides (Brady, 1890),LV, external view, AD06; 151 Paraquadracythere deltoides (Brady,1890), RV, external view, AD06; 152 Lankacythere multifora (larvae),Mostafawi, 1992, RV, external view, AD05; 153 Chrysocythere keijiJain, 1978, ♂, RV, external view, AD02; 154 Chrysocythere keiji Jain,1978, ♂, LV, external view, AD02; 155 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, 1978,♂, RV, internal view, AD04; 156 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, 1978, ♀,RV, external view, AD02; 157 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, 1978, ♀, LV,external view, AD02; 158 Chrysocythere keiji Jain, 1978, ♀, LV,internal view, AD04; 159 Strobilocythere mtwapaensis Jellinek,1990, ♂, LV, external view, AD05; 160 Strobilocythere mtwapaensisJellinek, 1990, ♂, RV, external view, AD05; 161 Strobilocytheremtwapaensis Jellinek, 1990, ♂, RV, internal view, AD05; 162 Strobi-locythere mtwapaensis Jellinek, 1990, ♂, LV, internal view, AD05

b

270 Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280

Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280 271

Occurrence: AD02, AD03, AD04, AD05, AD08.Diagnosis: Subovate in lateral view with slightly curved

dorso-ventral ridges and reticulated ornamentation.Description: Medium-sized carapace , elongate to subo-

vate in lateral outline, highest in front of the middle, dorsalmargin straight, ventral margin slightly concaved, broadlyrounded anterior with 13 marginal denticles antero-ventrally, posterior margin rounded but truncate in thepostero-dorsal region, 10 marginal denticles in the postero-ventral region. Surface with reticulated ornamentation andcurved dorso-ventral running ridges. Inner lamellae moder-ately wide; duplicature with a small narrow antero-ventralvestibulae; marginal pore canals short and straight, hingeparamphidont.

Remarks: The new species resembles N. regalis Guan(1978) reported by Whatley and Zhao (1988), from theMalacca straits, Singapore, the Persian Gulf and Gulf ofOman in lateral outline. but differs in the size and thearrangement of the ribs.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42576.Subfamily Hiltermannicytherinae Hartmann 1978.Genus Hiltermannicythere Bassiouni, 1970.Hiltermannicythere compacta Jellinek, 1993 (Fig. 11:

164–171).1993 Hiltermannicythere compacta Jellinek, p. 132, pl.

14, figs. 172–277, pl. 15, figs. 278, 279.Material: 6 ♂ C, 6 ♀ C and 5 RV, 6 LV.Size: ♂, LV, L 0.62 mm, H 0.27 mm, ♀, LV, L 0.62–

59 mm, H 0.31 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD03, AD05, AD09.Geographical distribution: Kenya.Remarks: This species can be distinguished from its

closest relative H. rubrimaris (Hartmann, 1964) by itssmaller punctae and the position of the main ribs.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42571.Hiltermannicythere rubrimaris (Hartmann, 1964)

"forma Kenya" (Fig. 11: 172–174).1993 Hiltermannicythere rubrimaris (Hartmann, 1964),

forma Kenia, Jellinek, p. 132, pl. 14, figs. 264–269.Material: 4 RV, 3 LV.Size: ♂ L 0.82 mm, H 0.37 mm, ♀ L 0.7 mm, H

0.35 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD05, AD07.Geographical distribution: Kenya.Remarks: The specimens we have collected are relatively

larger than those reported from Kenya.Repository of the material: ZMH K-42572.Genus Moosella Hartmann, 1964.Moosella striata Hartmann, 1964 (Fig. 11: 175–179).1964 Moosella striata Hartmann, p. 111, pl. 46, figs.

270–273, pl. 50–51, figs. 289–297.1976Moosella striata Hartmann, Bonaduce et al., p. 382,

pl. 5, fig. 7.

1980Moosella striata Hartmann, Bonaduce et al., p. 144,pl. 4, figs. 1–4.

1983 Moosella striata Hartmann, Basha, pl. IV, fig. 7.1993 Moosella striata Hartmann, Jellinek, pl. 16, figs.

302–307.2004 Moosella striata Hartmann, Helal and Abd El-

Wahab, p. 87, pl. 1, fig. 16.Material: 6 RV, 6 LV.Size: L 0.69 mm, H 0.3 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD09.Geographical distribution: Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea),

Kenya.Remarks: Moosella striata is closely related to the spe-

cies of Hiltermannicythere, but can be distinguished fromthese by the elongate to ovate carapace with many ridges ofsimilar height which give a striated appearance to the sur-face of the carapace.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42573.Genus Indimoosella Jellinek, 1993.Indimoosella fossata Jellinek, 1993 (Figs. 11: 180,

and 12: 181–183).1993 Indimoosella fossata Jellinek, p. 134, pl. 15, figs.

288–294.2004 Indimoosella fossata Jellinek, Mohammed, p. 50,

pl. 4, figs. 10–11.Material: 12 C and 10 RV, 9 LV.Size: L 0.74–0.72 mm, H 0.35–0.32 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD08, AD09.Geographical distribution: Kenya, Gulf of Aden.Remarks: Jellinek (1993) found some differences in the

size and ornamentation between the specimens fromMtwapa Creek and the ones from Mombasa. The specimensin the current study resemble the Mtwapa Creek form al-though there are slight differences in the size andornamentation.

Fig. 11 163 Strobilocythere mtwapaensis Jellinek, 1990, ♀, LV, exter-nal view, AD05; 164 Hiltermannicythere compacta Jellinek, 1993, ♂,LV, external view, AD02; 165 Hiltermannicythere compacta Jellinek,1993, ♂, RV, external view, AD02; 166 Hiltermannicythere compactaJellinek, 1993, ♂, LV, internal view, AD02; 167 Hiltermannicytherecompacta Jellinek, 1993, ♀, RV, external view, AD02; 168 Hilterman-nicythere compacta Jellinek, 1993, ♀, LV, external view, AD02; 169Hiltermannicythere compacta Jellinek, 1993, ♀, LV, internal view,AD02; 170 Hiltermannicythere compacta Jellinek, 1993, ♀, RV, inter-nal view, AD02; 171 Hiltermannicythere compacta Jellinek, 1993,dorsal view, AD02; 172 Hiltermannicythere rubrimaris “forma Kenia”(Hartmann, 1964), ♀, RV, external view, AD02; 173 Hiltermannicy-there rubrimaris “forma Kenia” (Hartmann, 1964), ♂, RV, externalview, AD02; 174 Hiltermannicythere rubrimaris “forma Kenia” (Hart-mann 1964), ♂, LV, internal view, AD02; 175 Moosella striata Hart-mann, 1964, RV, external view, AD02; 176 Moosella striata Hartmann,1964, RV, internal view, AD02; 177 Moosella striata Hartmann, 1964,RV, external view, AD02; 178 Moosella striata Hartmann, 1964, LV,internal view, AD02; 179 Moosella striata Hartmann, 1964, (larvae),LV, external view, AD02; 180 Indimoosella fossata Jellinek, 1993, ♂,RV, external view, AD04

b

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Repository of the material: ZMH K-42574.Subfamily Patriziinae Bonaduce and Russo 1990.Genus Patrizia Bonaduce and Russo, 1990.Patrizia nucleuspersici Jellinek, 1993 (Fig. 12: 184 187).1993 Patrizia nucleuspersici Jellinek, p. 138, pl. 20, figs.

349–353.Material: 3 C (Juv.) and 4 RV, 5 LV.Size: L 0.75 mm, H 0.4 mm.Occurrence: AD04, AD09.Geographical distribution: Kenya.Remarks: The present specimens are very close to P.

bonaducei Jellinek (1993), but are larger in size.Repository of the material: ZMH K-42575Subfamily Cytherettinae Triebel 1952Genus Alocopocythere Siddiqui, 1971Alocopocythere reticulata (Hartmann, 1964) (Fig. 12:

193, 194)1964 Bradleya reticulata Hartmann, p. 108–110, pl. 46,

fig. 269; pl. 47, figs. 274–279; pl. 8, figs. 280–284; pl. 49,figs. 285–288.

1971 Alocopocythere reticulata (Hartmann), Bate, p.245–246, pl. 1–3, fig.pp.

2004 Alocopocy there re t i cu la ta (Har tmann) ,Mohammed, p. 54, pl. 6, figs. 1–2.

Material: 1 C and 2 RV, 2 LV.Size: L 0.73 mm, H 0.42 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05.Geographical distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf

of Aden.Remarks: The outline and ornamentation of this species

resemble Neocytheretta murilineata Zhao and Whatley,1989 from the Malay peninsula, but the latter has a widerinner lamella.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42577.Subfamily Incerta sedis.Genus Falsocythere Ruggieri, 1972.Falsocythere terryi (Holden, 1967) (Fig. 12: 195)1967 Neocaudites terryi Holden, p. 43, figs. 33a–d.1993 Falsocythere terryi (Holden), Witte, pp. 47–49, pl.

6, figs. 22–26.1993 Falsocythere terryi (Holden), Jellinek, p. 140, pl.

11, figs. 218–231.2004 Falsocythere terryi (Holden), Mohammed, pl. 55,

fig. 3.Material: 1 C.Size: L 0.45 mm, H 0.22 mm.Occurrence: AD09.Geographical distribution: Hawaiian Islands-Pacific,

West African coast, Kenya, Gulf of Aden.Remarks: The specimen showed the same ornamentation

and size of a female of Falsocythere terryi (Holden, 1967)as given by Holden (1967) in his original description.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42578.

Family Xestoleberididae Sars 1926Subfamily Xestoleberidinae Sars 1928.Genus Xestoleberis Sars, 1866.Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964 (Fig. 13: 199–

206)1964 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, p. 81–83, pl.24,

figs. 162–163, pl.29, figs. 156–161, pl.28, figs. 154–155.1971 Xestoleberis rotunda Bate, pl.1. figs. 1c–2c, pls.2–

3, figs. 1c, 2c and 3c. Material: 14 ♂ C, 15 ♀ C, 62 Juv. Cand 27 RV, 29 LV.

Size: L 0.55 mm, H 0.37 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD06, AD08, AD09.Geographical distribution: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf.Remarks: Sexual dimorphism prominent,males are more

rhomboideal in shape while the females are nearly ovate.Xestoleberis rotunda is closely related to X. rhomboideaHartmann 1964, but the later species is smaller and thehinge shows only slightly notched teeth. It also resemblesXestoleberis variegata Brady (1880) in general shape, but islacking the dark spots on the carapace.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42580.Xestoleberis ghardaqae Hartmann, 1964 (Fig. 13: 207 –

210).1964 Xestoleberis ghardaqae Hartmann, pp. 71–73, pl.2Material: 11 ♂ C, 11 ♀ C and 10 LV, 11 RV.Size: ♂, L 0.39–0.34 mm, H 0.22–0.2 mm., ♀, L 0.35–

0.36 mm, H 0.2–0.235 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD04, AD05, AD06, AD07, AD08.Geographical distribution: Red Sea.Remarks: Xestoleberis ghardaqae differs from its closest

congener only, X. ukbani Schornikov, 1980, in its smallersize .

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42677.Xestoleberis sp.1 (Fig. 13: 211).Material: 2 RV.Size: L 0.44 mm, H 0.23 mm.Occurrence: AD06, AD09.

Fig. 12 181 Indimoosella fossata Jellinek, 1993, ♂, LV, external view,AD04; 182 Indimoosella fossata Jellinek, 1993, ♂, RV, internal view,AD04; 183 Indimoosella fossata Jellinek, 1993, ♂, LV, internal view,AD04; 184 Patrizia nucleuspersici Jellinek, 1993, RV, external view,AD04; 185 Patrizia nucleuspersici Jellinek, 1993, LV, external view,AD04; 186 Patrizia nucleuspersici Jellinek, 1993, RV, internal view,AD04; 187 Patrizia nucleuspersici Jellinek, 1993, LV internal view,AD04; 188 Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis n.sp., LV, external view,AD05; 189 Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis n.sp., RV, external view,AD05; 190 Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis n.sp., LV, internal view,AD05; 191 Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis n.sp., RV, internal view,AD05; 192 Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis n.sp., RV, internal view,AD05; 193 Alocopocythere reticulata (Hartmann, 1964), LV, externalview, AD02; 194 Alocopocythere reticulata (Hartmann, 1964), RV,external view, AD02; 195 Falsocythere terryi (Holden, 1962), RV,external view, AD09; 196 Thalmannia sp., LV, external view, AD06;197 Thalmannia sp., RV, external view, AD06; 198 Thalmannia sp.,LV, internal view, AD06

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Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280 275

Fig. 13 199 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, RV, external view,AD05; 200 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, LV, external view,AD05; 201 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, LV, internal view,AD09; 202 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, RV, internal view,AD09; 203 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, RV, external view,AD09; 204 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, LV, external view,AD09; 205 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, RV, internal view,AD09; 206 Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964, LV, internal view,

AD09; 207 Xestoleberis ghardaqae Hartmann, 1964, LV, externalview, AD02; 208 Xestoleberis ghardaqae Hartmann, 1964, RV, exter-nal view, AD02; 209 Xestoleberis ghardaqae Hartmann, 1964, LV,internal view, AD02; 210 Xestoleberis ghardaqae Hartmann, 1964,RV, internal view, AD08; 211 Xestoleberis sp.1, RV, external view,AD06; 212 Xestoleberis sp.2, RV, external view, AD09; 213 Xestole-beris sp.3, RV, external view, AD02

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Remarks: This species resembles X. xaixaiensisHartmann, 1974, but it has a narrower anterior margin.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42678.Xestoleberis sp.2 (Fig. 13: 212).Material: 1 RV.Size: L 0.38 mm, H 0.19 mm.Occurrence: AD09.Remarks: It resembles the male of X. polysWhatley et al.,

2000 from the Easter Islands, but this species has a morearched dorsal margin and it is also smaller than our speci-men. It is also resembles X. hanaii Ishizaki, 1968, althoughX. sp.2 has a narrower posterior.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42679.Xestoleberis sp.3 (Fig. 13: 213)Material: 4 C and 16 RV, 17 LV.Size: L 0.4 mm, H 0.2 mm.Occurrence: AD02, AD03, AD04, AD06, AD08, AD09.Remarks: The species resembles X. rotunda Hartmann,

1964, which has a more arched dorsal margin. The outlineof X. sp. 3 also resembles Xestoleberis aff. margariteaBrady, 1869, but X.sp.3 is smaller.

Repository of the material: ZMH K-42680.

Discussion

The main influence of the shallow marine regions of theAden area are the monsoon winds. The Kaskazi, whichblows between November and March from north-east, andthe Kusi from March to October from south-west. Thesewinds change the direction of the prevailing surface currentseither coming from the Red Sea or from the Arabian Sea (AlSaafani and Shenoi 2007). They enable animals to dispersealong the coastline. This is the reason why we found faunalelements from the Arabian Sea with its connection to theIndian-Pacific realm and at the same time elements from theRed Sea. Keijia demissa and Kotoracythere inconspicua areexamples from the Indo-Pacific regions (Gou 1990; Guha1968; Jellinek 1993; Titterton and Whatley 1988; Whatleyand Zhao 1987; Witte 1993). Both species have alreadymanaged to colonize the whole of the Red Sea (Bonaduceet al. 1980, 1976). The finding byh Krutak (1982) of boththese species from the Caribbean should be restudied. If hisfindings are correct, this would be the only record comingfrom the Atlantic in general, which would mean that theseostracods are at least circumtropical, which would be veryinteresting considering their way of spreading. Other ostra-cods mainly distributed in the Indo-Pacific are Caudites jav-ana and Chrysocythere keiji (Gopalakrishna et al. 2007; Guha1968; Jain 1978; Howe and McKenzie 1989; Hussain 1998;Hussain and Mohan 2000; Khosla et al. 1982; Kingma 1948;Paik 1976, 1977; Sridhar et al. 2002; Mohammed 2004).

Hiltermannicythere rubrimaris, Loxoconcha ghardaqen-sis and Xestoleberis rhomboidea are examples of specieswhose distribution line goes from the Red Sea via the Gulfof Aden down to the East African coast. They obviouslywere not able to colonize the Persian Gulf coastline farthereastwards, considering the fact that many scientists havecollected there and that these ostracods are fairly commonin the littoral (Al-Abdul Razzaq et al. 1982; Bate 1971;Bonaduce et al. 1976, 1980; Basha 1983, 1987; Hartmann1964; Helal and Abd El-Wahab 2004; Jellinek 1993; Malz1986; Mohammed 2004).

In the shallow coastal marine areas, brackish water ele-ments are often present. They can survive thanks to therainfall or to the freshwater streams or wadis. In the regionof Aden, the back country is rather dry, so the discharge ofwater is very irregular. This means that only salt-tolerantbrackish water ostracods can survive. This is presumably thereason that we only found living Cyprideis torosa and a fewPontoparta salina. In addition, the shells of Tanella andParatanella were present. Considering that Cyprideis torosais found mainly in the coastline areas of Europe and NorthAfrica, while Tanella and Paratanella are Indo-Pacificforms, the Gulf of Aden is a region where the eastern andwestern fauna are overlapping. Why the Atlantic and Med-iterranean forms are not able to colonize the coastlines of theIndian Ocean still remains uncertain. Probably, the compet-itive capacity is lower than within the Indo-Pacific forms.

Pontoparta salina is another interesting ostracod. It wasknown until the present study only from Egypt–Libya bor-der. The finding in Yemen enlarges its distribution fromNorth Africa to the whole of the Arabian Peninsula. Wethink that its distribution is even wider, considering thesmall number of investigations of freshwater ostracods indesert regions.

The new species presented in this paper as Cytherellabrettingi, Microhoweina elongata, Corallicythere adenensis,Neocytheromorpha tawahinsis, Paracytheroma abyanensis,Aglaiella sp.,Cytherura sp.1,Cytherura sp.2, ?Neohornibroo-kella sp. A, Xestoleberis sp.1, Xestoleberis sp.2, and Xestole-beris sp.3, are for now only known from the Gulf of Aden, butthis does not necessarily mean that they are endemic, becauseof the limited information available on the ostracods of thisregion.

Witte (1993) postulated that a wide geographic distributionof species happens primarily through passive dispersal byships. This might be true for the Atlantic, Pacific and thesouthern Indian Oceans in general due to the interruptedcoastlines which hinder natural spreading of littoral animals.An additional problem for natural spreading is that the coast-lines are also sometimes connected by relatively small dis-tances, but lie in different climatic zones, like the Asian andAmerican continents over the Behring Strait in the north, andin the south over Australia and very unlikely the Antarctic.

Mar Biodiv (2012) 42:247–280 277

But the passive dispersal by ships is certainly not the mainmeans of distribution for the Arabian–Persian-̄Indian coastlineand for the east African coastline. The shallow marine ostra-cods there have a continuous distribution (Hussain andMohan2000; Jellinek 1993; Sridhar et al. 2002), which is mostprobably due to the migrating effort of the species and dis-persal along the coastlines. This does not rule out that somespecies might have also been transported by ships. But one hasalso to realize the fact that many birds can transport livinganimals or eggs from shallow marine areas and thus can takepart in the dispersal of species. One way of dispersal is notmentioned often,which is the possibility of large floatingmasses of debris (algae, other plants, sediment, blue-greenalgae) transporting aquatic animals over thousands of kilo-meters. Therefore, dispersal mainly by ship activity is in ouropinion unrealistic in the areas in question.

Acknowledgement Our thanks are due to the DAAD in Germany forfunding the visit of Prof. M. Mohammed to the Zoological Institute andMuseum in Hamburg in 2007.

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