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Recent Developments in Mechanization in SA
Cross fertilization of ideas
H S Sidhu (Sr. Research Manager) & Bhagirath Chauhan (Weed Scientist)
Issues In South Asia
• Degradation of Natural Resources(Soil, Water & Environment)
• Stagnation in the crop Yield• Declining Farmers Income• Scarcity of Farm Labor• Mechanization for small Farmers• Climate change• Sustainability of Agriculture
Enhance water productivity
at field level
Efficientutilization
of availablewater sources
Develop Strategies
Best option to redress the water scarcity
What is laser leveling?
• Laser land leveling is leveling the field within certain degree of desired slope using a guided laser beam through out the field.
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5
10
15
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25
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35
Rice (11) Wheat (38) Maize (09) Potato (02)
Bihar (N= 60)U
S$ h
a-1
Saving in Irrigation Costs under Laser Leveling over Traditional Leveling
Source: Jat et al, 2009b
10.010.210.410.610.811.011.211.411.611.812.0
Yr-1 Yr-2
Laser Traditional
0.53
0.76
RW
Sys
tem
Pro
duct
ivit
y (
t ha
-1)
Land Leveling effects on RW system productivity
GROWTH OF LASER LEVELING IN PUNJAB
With Due Acknowledgement to Dr. Joe Rickman &CIMMYT
> 12000 machines in south Asia
25 % in efficiency > 23 manufactures
Direct Seeded Rice
Some More Efforts
DSR with Sprinkler
Date of Seeding : 14-06-10Variety : Arize 6129Seed Rate : 6kg/acre
Rice Residue Management
POSSIBLE STRAW MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Collection
Straw incorporation (most difficult)
BurningComplete burning (mostly practiced) Partial burning
Straw Mulch
Mostly Practiced Rice Residue Management Technique
PIL in High Court
Punjab HubPublic partners
PAU, SDA, , KVKs, ICARMachinery Manufacturers
Champion farmers
Input Dealers
Farmers
IMPACTS/ Outcomes>4000 Laser in the stateElectricity Saving = 400 units/rice season/acrePurchase of 200 Turbo happy seeder by State Govt Subsidy on Laser Land Lever & Turbo Seeder
Other Hub
Profits
Rol
ling
Out
Inst
itutio
nal m
anda
te
Capacity Building
ARTs
Print & Mass media
Inpu
ts
SALE
/Bui
snes
s
Data/ Information
Inno
vatio
n
Development, Evaluation & improvement
Dem
os &
AR
T
Zimidara Farm Solutions
Data & Feed Back
Bus
ines
s
Mitigation Strategies for terminal Heat – RW system
(i) Advancing planting time(ii) Cultivar choices(iii) Mulching(iv) Irrigation management(v) Balanced plant nutrition.
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Tim
e (d
ays)
Happy Seeder No-tillage Conventional Incorporation
Sowing Time Lag for different options
Custom hiring Cost for different options
1 USD = 45 INR
10
15
20
25
30
35
18-Oct-03 26-Oct-03 3-Nov-03 11-Nov-03 19-Nov-03
Temperature (oC)MulchBare
Max.
Min. Bare
Bare
Mulch
Mulch
Effect of residue management on soil temperature (5 cm)
Sidhu et al. 2007
Moisture conservation at different layers for mulched and un-mulched plots
5.0
7.0
9 .0
11.0
13 .0
15.0
17.0
19 .0
7.5 15 3 0 6 0 9 0 12 0
Depth of layers (cm)
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t (%
)w ithout mulchWith mulch
Weed matter growth in mulched and un-mulched plots
Weed matter after 45 days of sowing
Weed matter after 90 days of sowing
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0.1
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0.5
Qua
ntity
(t/h
a)
Plot A2 Plot P6 Plot P1
Plots
With mulchWithout mulch
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Qua
ntity
(t/h
a)
Plot A2 Plot P6 Plot P1
Plots
With mulchWithout mulch
39
6
140
11
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
quan
tity
kg/h
a
N P K S
Quantity of Nutrient available in Rice Straw in one hectare
Organic
Canopy temperature under various tillage option
Wheat Varieties
Canopy Temperature ( ºC )Turbo Happy
SeederZero till Conventional Rotoseeder
DBW 17 30.1 30.6 31.8 32.8PBW 550 29.5 30.7 31.7 33.9HD 2894 31.5 32.5 32.9 33.2Average 30.37 31.27 32.13 33.30No. of observations
43 10 18 5
Rice Residue Management
Performance of wheat during last three conjunctive years
Districts Year (locations) Yield (t/ha) % increase*
CT HS4 2007- 08 (46) 4.59 4.73 3.02
2 2008- 09 (14) 4.34 4.54 4.61
12 2009 -10 (94) 4.35 4.48 3.15
Mean (154) 4.46 4.58 3.20
* Over conventional
USD 1300 -1400/ha
Germination
Moong Yield was 1.6 t/ha
Yield (kg/ha) gap of wheat in cotton grown and rice grown areas
‐1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Cotton grown area Rice grown area
Av. Yield Wheat (kg)
Av. State Wheat (kg)
Yield gap (kg)
234 kg
-247 kg
Newly Developed Prototype
Seed box
Fertilizer box
Clutches
Engine
Separator
Sowing wheat on date 11-11-09
Farmer removing the cotton sticks
Comparison of Relay & Conventional Crop
Sowing on
06-12-09 11-11-09
Yield Comparison of Relay Seeding of wheat in standing cotton
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4Averageyield(t/ha)
Yield gain(t/ha)
Relay Seeder 5.0 6.1 4.5 4.3 5.0 1.3Hand drill 4.1 5.9 3.5 4.5 4.5 0.8Broad casting 3.8 5.6 4.3 3.9 4.4 0.7Conventional 3.5 3.3 1.4 4.3 3.7 0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Yield (t/ha)
Treatments Wheat grain yield ( t ha-1) Cost of cultivation (US$ ha-1)
Net profit(US$ ha-1)
B:C ratio2009-10 2010-11 Mean
T1 4.97a 4.84a 4.91a 430 1353a 3.15 T2 4.51a - 4.51a 430 1123b 2.61T3 4.39a 4.64a 4.52a 430 1124b 2.61 T4 3.52b 4.33b 3.93b 463 978c 2.11 Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability by the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT)
Source : Paper submitted in 5th World Congress of Conservation Agriculture incorporating 3rd Farming Systems Design Conference, September 2011 Brisbane, Australia www.wcca2011.org
Yield Comparison of Relay Seeding of wheat in standing cotton
Some Specifications
Normal Tractor
High Clearance Tractor
Ground Clearance (cm) 45 cm 110 cm
Weight (Kg) 2000 Kg 2350 Kg
Turning Radius 270 302
Seeding Speed 3.5 km/hr 17% less
Track Width 135 cm 202 cm
Opportunities
• Very good Liaison with manufacturer• Global market for need/farm size
based machinery• Custom hiring single window service is
emerging for small & Marginal farmers• State Govt. are coming forward
providing subsidies on all CA /new machinery
What Next
• Global challenges of mechanization for S/M size
• How Indian machinery manufacturing skills/strengths
• Multi-crop ZT Planter for 2WT• Laser Land Leveler for 2WT• Capacity building of scientists
Manufactures, Farmers• Trainings & Exposer visits
SMS
Small 4 WT Tractors – (15-20 HP)
4 WT v/s 2 WTFour Manufacturers
Machines sold By different manufacturersS.No. Name of the Firm Type of machines
1 ASS foundry and Agril. Work,Near Police station, GT Road,Jandiala Guru, Distt. : Amritsar
0091-183-2432367, 0091-98728-52545E-Mail : : [email protected]
Inclined Plate planters, ZT, Bed Planters
2 Dasmesh Mechanical Works Amargarh0091-1675-284221, 0091-98151-74311E Mail : [email protected]
Inclined Plate planters, ZT, Bed Planters , Happy Seeders & Combine Harvester
3 National Agro Industry Ludhiana (INDIA)0091-161-2222041, 0091-98150-64000 0091-98150-43000E Mail : [email protected]
Inclined Plate planters, ZT, Bed Planters , Happy Seeders & 2WT MCP attachments
4 Amar Agril. & Threshers,Amar Street, Gill Road Ludhiana (INDIA) 0091-98720-18040Email : [email protected]
Small Tractors, Threshers , seeders, weeders and reapers
Thanks
