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Recent advances in POP
Dr. Bernhard Uhl
Department for Obstetrics and Gynecology
St. Vinzenz-Hospital Dinslaken
Germany
Level of pelvic floor supportLevel of pelvic floor support
Level I
apical
Level II
transverse/
horizontal
Level III
Perineum
Central DCentral Damageamage
�Pulsion Cystocele
�Lateral Sulci conserved
�Cross folds (Rugae) flat
Paravaginal defectParavaginal defect
� Cross folds (Rugae)
conserved
� Lateral Sulci
flattened
Operation methods• Anterior or posterior colporrhaphy
• Sacrospinal Fixation
• Hystero-/Colpo-Sacrofixation (open or laparoscopic)
• Vagina
• Cervix
• Lateral Colpofixation
• Pectinopexie
• Bilateral sacrospinal Cervicofixation (BSC)
• Meshrepair
Coloprhaphia anteriorColoprhaphia anterior
Indication:
Pulsion cystozele
�Tightening of the anterior vaginal
wall
�Readaptation of the pelvic fascia
�Success rate of primary surgery
�64% in combination with apical
fixation
�56% without apical fixation
Colporrhaphy posteriorColporrhaphy posterior
� Tightening of the
posterior vaginal wall
� Readaptation of the
posterior pelvic fascia
� Combining the connective
tissue of both sides next to
the rectum
� Combining the levator
muscle increases the risk of
dyspareunia � don´t do
this!!
� Success rate 86%
Notice:•Often there is no isolated recto- or cystocel
•Combination with level I (apical) defect
•No treatment of level I defect
� Recurrence rate after colporhaphia increases
Sacrospinal Fixation
Lig. sacrotuberaleOs sacrum
Indications:
•Apical descent•Subtotalprolapse•Totalprolapse
Success rate: 79—97%
Using non-resorbable suture� Risk of dyspareunia increases
Sacrospinal Fixation
HysteroHystero-- /Vagina/Vagina--
Sacrofixation Sacrofixation
= Lifting and reattachment of the
prolapsed vagina or uterus
Vaginopexy/Hysteropexy on the
sacrum with and (without) mesh
interposition (by abdominal or
laparoscopic surgery)
Success rate 90—100%
Vaginal mesh erosion in 3.5-8%
Enddarm=
Rectum
Gebär-
mutterhals
= Cervix
Blase=
bladder
Paravaginal defect
Lateral repairLateral repair
Lateral repairLateral repair
� Defect Level II
� Paravaginal Colpopexy
Abdominal
Vaginal
Success rate: 76—100%
Success rate: 78—100%
Notice:
• Look for symptoms of paravaginal defect
• Only colporhaphia anterior
• Paravaginal defect is enlarged
• Recurrence rate of cystocele is increased
Bilateral sacrospinal
Cervicopexie•Treatment of level I (apical) Defect•Vaginal approach•Combination with colporhaphia possible
Pectopexie
Laparoscopic treatment of apical prolapse (no standard)
Transvaginal Meshrepair
• In case of recurrence
• In case of severe prolaps and old patient
• Risk of (FDA Alert)
• Arrosion
• Pelvic pain
• Dyspareunia
• Second surgery necessary
• Only for experienced surgeons
• Not in case of not completed family planning
• Before and after surgery local treatment with estriol (for lifetime)
Attachmentpoints for meshrepairAttachmentpoints for meshrepair
Foramen
Obturatum
anterior transobt. point
posterior transobt. point
Posterior point
Anterior MeshAnterior Mesh
Possible Attachementpoints
Posterior MeshPosterior Mesh
Possible AttachmentpointsAlternatives
Some examples for external fixated meshes
Transobturatic external
fixated Mesh
Bladderneck
Vagina
Tuber ischiadicum
Internal Fixation
Single inscision technic by vaginal approach•By suture•By anchor
Notice:
• Transobturatory Fixation
• Shortened functionaly the vagina
• Risk of dyspareunia
• More risk of recurrence than in apical fixation
• Better results with apical fixation
Mesh-complications
12—17De novo-SUI
1—22Re-OP-rate
7—33Recurrence
2—44De novo Dyspareunia
3—18Pain
1—19Arrosion
Prevalence (%)Complication
Datas of FDA and American College of Obstreticans and Gynecologists (ACOG)
Problems of the literature basing the
FDA Alert• Many studies refer to anatomical results and less on
functionality and quality of life
• Primary and recurrent surgeries are not separated
• Mix with various additional procedures complicate comparability
• Different definitions and reports on adverse events
• Very few studies have follow up> 2 years
• underrepresented second-generation meshes with apical fixation (less risk of dyspareunia)
• Results highly dependent on surgeon
• Treatment with local estriol is not reported
Last but not least:
Pessary-treatment
•Should be offered as a first step•Alternative, of surgery is not possible