26
Review Article Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of Synthetic Dyes Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli, Samira Bagheri, and Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Correspondence should be addressed to Samira Bagheri; samira [email protected] Received 19 February 2014; Revised 10 April 2014; Accepted 14 April 2014; Published 25 June 2014 Academic Editor: Baibiao Huang Copyright © 2014 Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. During the process and operation of the dyes, the wastes produced were commonly found to contain organic and inorganic impurities leading to risks in the ecosystem and biodiversity with the resultant impact on the environment. Improper effluent disposal in aqueous ecosystems leads to reduction of sunlight penetration which in turn diminishes photosynthetic activity, resulting in acute toxic effects on the aquatic flora/fauna and dissolved oxygen concentration. Recently, photodegradation of various synthetic dyes has been studied in terms of their absorbance and the reduction of oxygen content by changes in the concentration of the dye. e advantages that make photocatalytic techniques superior to traditional methods are the ability to remove contaminates in the range of ppb, no generation of polycyclic compounds, higher speed, and lower cost. Semiconductor metal oxides, typically TiO 2 , ZnO, SnO, NiO, Cu 2 O, Fe 3 O 4 , and also CdS have been utilized as photocatalyst for their nontoxic nature, high photosensitivity, wide band gap and high stability. Various process parameters like photocatalyst dose, pH and initial dye concentrations have been varied and highlighted. Research focused on surface modification of semiconductors and mixed oxide semiconductors by doping them with noble metals (Pt, Pd, Au, and Ag) and organic matter (C, N, Cl, and F) showed enhanced dye degradation compared to corresponding native semiconductors. is paper reviews recent advances in heterogeneous photocatalytic decolorization for the removal of synthetic dyes from water and wastewater. us, the main core highlighted in this paper is the critical selection of semiconductors for photocatalysis based on the chemical, physical, and selective nature of the poisoning dyes. 1. Introduction 1.1. Photocatalytic Decolorization in Water and Wastewater Treatment. Generally, dyes are complex unsaturated aro- matic compounds with accomplishing characteristics like color, intensity, solubility, fastness, and substantiveness [1, 2]. It could be compounds with different coloring particles, each varying in type from each other in terms of chemical composition, and are used for coloring textiles in different colors and shades that are completely soluble in aqueous media [2, 3]. Dyes derived from inorganic or organic com- pounds are called synthetic dyes and they are categorized based on their basic chemistry (Table 1; Figure 1). ere are various ways used for the assortment of dyes. It should be noted that each category of dyes has an exclusive chemistry, source of materials, nature of its respective chromophores, nuclear structure, industrial classification, and specific way of bonding. Although some dyes can chemically react with the substrates forming robust bonds in the process, others can be sustained by physical forces. e most common synthetic dyes in use today are dispersible types for polyester dyeing and reactive and direct types for cotton dyeing. Synthetic dyes are also utilized in high technology appli- cations, like in the electronics, medical, and specifically the nonimpact printing industries. For instance, they are utilized in electrophotography (laser printing and photocopying) in both the organic photoconductor and the toner, in direct and thermal transfer printing, and also in ink-jet printing. With increasing synthetic dye usage, dye removal becomes an important but challenging area of research for wastewater treatment since most of dyes and their degradation products may be carcinogenic and toxic to mammals [4, 5]. Hindawi Publishing Corporation e Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, Article ID 692307, 25 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/692307

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Page 1: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

Review ArticleRecent Advances in Heterogeneous PhotocatalyticDecolorization of Synthetic Dyes

Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli Samira Bagheri and Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid

Nanotechnology amp Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT) IPS Building University Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Samira Bagheri samira bagheriumedumy

Received 19 February 2014 Revised 10 April 2014 Accepted 14 April 2014 Published 25 June 2014

Academic Editor Baibiao Huang

Copyright copy 2014 Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

During the process and operation of the dyes the wastes produced were commonly found to contain organic and inorganicimpurities leading to risks in the ecosystem and biodiversity with the resultant impact on the environment Improper effluentdisposal in aqueous ecosystems leads to reduction of sunlight penetration which in turn diminishes photosynthetic activityresulting in acute toxic effects on the aquatic florafauna and dissolved oxygen concentration Recently photodegradation ofvarious synthetic dyes has been studied in terms of their absorbance and the reduction of oxygen content by changes in theconcentration of the dye The advantages that make photocatalytic techniques superior to traditional methods are the ability toremove contaminates in the range of ppb no generation of polycyclic compounds higher speed and lower cost Semiconductormetal oxides typically TiO

2 ZnO SnO NiO Cu

2O Fe

3O4 and also CdS have been utilized as photocatalyst for their nontoxic

nature high photosensitivity wide band gap and high stability Various process parameters like photocatalyst dose pH and initialdye concentrations have been varied and highlighted Research focused on surface modification of semiconductors and mixedoxide semiconductors by doping them with noble metals (Pt Pd Au and Ag) and organic matter (C N Cl and F) showedenhanced dye degradation compared to corresponding native semiconductorsThis paper reviews recent advances in heterogeneousphotocatalytic decolorization for the removal of synthetic dyes from water and wastewater Thus the main core highlighted in thispaper is the critical selection of semiconductors for photocatalysis based on the chemical physical and selective nature of thepoisoning dyes

1 Introduction

11 Photocatalytic Decolorization in Water and WastewaterTreatment Generally dyes are complex unsaturated aro-matic compounds with accomplishing characteristics likecolor intensity solubility fastness and substantiveness [12] It could be compounds with different coloring particleseach varying in type from each other in terms of chemicalcomposition and are used for coloring textiles in differentcolors and shades that are completely soluble in aqueousmedia [2 3] Dyes derived from inorganic or organic com-pounds are called synthetic dyes and they are categorizedbased on their basic chemistry (Table 1 Figure 1) There arevarious ways used for the assortment of dyes It should benoted that each category of dyes has an exclusive chemistrysource of materials nature of its respective chromophores

nuclear structure industrial classification and specific way ofbonding Although some dyes can chemically react with thesubstrates forming robust bonds in the process others canbe sustained by physical forces The most common syntheticdyes in use today are dispersible types for polyester dyeingand reactive and direct types for cotton dyeing

Synthetic dyes are also utilized in high technology appli-cations like in the electronics medical and specifically thenonimpact printing industries For instance they are utilizedin electrophotography (laser printing and photocopying) inboth the organic photoconductor and the toner in directand thermal transfer printing and also in ink-jet printingWith increasing synthetic dye usage dye removal becomesan important but challenging area of research for wastewatertreatment since most of dyes and their degradation productsmay be carcinogenic and toxic to mammals [4 5]

Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 692307 25 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014692307

2 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Usage and characterization of dyes

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Direct dyes

(i) Dyeing process with one action without theassistance of an affixing agentsimplest and cheapest dyes(ii) Water soluble anionic dyessubstantive to form aqueous media in the electrolytes(iii) High affinity for cellulose fibers(iv) Apply to the dye materials to improve wash fastnessproperties (chelation with salts of metals and treatmentwith a cationic dye-complexing resin or formaldehyde)(v) Some contain sulphonate functionality to improvesolubility (negative charge of dyes and fibers repel eachother)(vi) Its flat length enable and shape to lie along-sidecellulose fiber and maximum (vii) Van-der-Waalshydrogen bonds and dipole(ix) Dyeing method exhaustbeckcontinuous

Cotton cellulosicregenerated cellulosepaper leather nylon

and blends[6 7]

Vat dyes

(i) Water insoluble dyes(ii) Apply as soluble leuco salt after reduction in analkaline solution with sodium hydrogen sulfide(iii) The leuco form is reoxidized to the insoluble ketoform to redevelop the crystal structure(iv) More chemically complex(v) Dyeing methods exhaust package continuous

Cotton linen and rayonsoap [8 9]

Organic pigments

(i) Negatively charged compounds(ii) Made from ground up colored rocks mineralsanimals and plants(iii) No chemical information(iv) Classification based on the dyersquos source and color(v) Application requires a mordant

Cotton paper cellulosicblended fabrics [10 11]

Reactive dyes

(i) React directly with the fiber molecules to formchemical bonds(ii) Conceivable to achieve very high wash fastnessproperties(iii) Require facile dyeing methods(iv) Simple chemical structure(v) The largest dye class(vi) Adsorption spectra with a narrow adsorption band(vii) Dyeing is bright(viii) Dyeing methods exhaust beck cold pad batchand continuous

Cellulosic fabric andfibers [12 13]

Dispersed dyes

(i) Water insoluble nonionic(ii) Require additional factors (dye carrier pressureand heat) to penetrate synthetic dyes(iii) Dispersed in aqueous media wherever the dye isdissolved into fibers(iv) Especially on polyester and to a lesser extent oncellulose acetate nylon acrylic fibers and cellulose(v) Niche market in dye diffusion thermal transferprocess for electronic photography and thermal transferprinting(vi) Dyeing method high temperature exhaustcontinuous

Synthetichydrophobicfibers from aqueous

dispersion[14 15]

Acid dyes(i) Water soluble anionic dyes(ii) Typical pollutants color organic acid unfixed dyes(iii) Dyeing methods exhaust beck and continuous

Silk wool syntheticfibers leather nylon

modified acrylics paperink-jet printing food

cosmetics

[16 17]

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 Continued

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Azoic dyes

(i) Contain one azo group (mono azo) two azo group(disazo) three azo (trisazo) four azo group(tetrakisazo) or more (polyazo) groups(ii) Attach to two classes of which at least one butusually both are aromatic(iii) Exist in the transform 1 in (iv) which the bondangle is 120∘ and the nitrogen atoms are sp2 hybridized(v) Consist of electron accepting substituents andelectron donating substituents(vi) Named as carbocyclic azo dyes if include onlyaromatic groups (naphthalene and benzene)(vii) Named as heterocyclic azo dyes if includeheterocyclic group

Printing inks pigments [18 19]

Basic dyes

(i) Water soluble cationic dyes(ii) Can be applied directly to cellulosic with nomordants (or metal-like copper and chromium)(iii) Yield colored cations in solutions(iv) Apply as brightness of shade is more importantthan fastness to washing and light(v) Some basic dyes show biological activity and areused in medicine as antiseptics(vi) Salt-forming counter ion(vii) Colorless anion of a low molecular mass organicor inorganic acid(viii) Can be turned to water soluble dye bases byaddition of alkali(ix) The positive charge is localized on an ammoniumgroup(x) Dyeing methods exhaust beck and continuous

Silk wool cottonpolyacrylonitrilemodified nylonsmodified polyestertannin-mordanted

cotton

[20 21]

Oxidation dyes

(i) Primarily aromatic compounds that belong to threemajor chemical families (Diamines Aminophenols(amino naphthols) and Phenols or naphthols)(ii) Colorless and are typically a low molecular weightproduct(iii) Categories-oxidation base as a primaryintermediate and coupler as a secondary intermediate

Hair [22 23]

Developed dyesAny group of direct azo dyes which after applying to thefiber can be diazotized further and coupled on the fiberto form shades faster to washing

Cellulosic fibers fabric [24 25]

Mordant dyesA substance utilized to set dyes on fabrics or tissuesections by forming a coordination complex with thedye that attaches to the tissue or fabric

Cellulosic fibers fabricsilk wool [26ndash28]

Opticalfluorescentbrightener

(i) Absorb light in the violet region and ultraviolet(mostly 340ndash370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrumand reemit light in the blue region (usually420ndash470 nm)(ii) Utilized to increase the appearance of color of paperand fabric causing a ldquowhiteningrdquo effect makingmaterials look less yellow by increasing the overallamount of blue light reflected

Synthetic fibers leathercotton sport goods [29ndash31]

Solvent dyes(i) Water insoluble(ii) Free of polar solubilizing groups such as carboxylicacid sulfonic acid or quaternary ammonium

Wood staining solventinks waxes coloring

oils plastic gasoline oil[32 33]

Anthraquinone(i) The oldest dyes (4000 years)(ii) No natural counterpart(iii) Low cost effectiveness

Wrapping of mummies [34]

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Continued

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Indigoid

(i) Expensive(ii) Made of tyrian purple(iii) Give progressively paler blue shades(iv) Oxidation process of indigoid gives phenylaceticacid

Textile wool linencotton

Use exclusively fordyeing denim jeans

jackets

[35]

Sulfur dyes

(i) Made by heating aromatic or heterocycliccompounds with species that release sulfur or sulfur(ii) Classified by sulfur bake polysulfide melt dyes andpolysulfide bake(iii) Not well-defined chemical compounds(iv) Mostly contain various thiophenolic andheterocyclic sulfurs(v) On oxidation the monomeric moleculescross-linked into large molecules form disulfide bridge(vi) Dyeing methods continuous

Cotton other cellulosic [36]

∙ Metallic azo∙ Triphen-dioxazine∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Formazan∙ Anthraquinone

∙ Polyozo compounds∙ Stilbenes∙ Phthalocyanines∙ Oxazines

∙ Anthraquinone∙ Indigoid

∙ Diaz hemicyanine∙ Triarylmethane∙ Cyanine∙ Hemicyanine∙ Thiazine∙ Oxazine∙ Acridine

∙ Azo compounds∙ Anthraquinone∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Triarylmethane

Dye technologies

Reactive dyes

Direct dyes Vat dyes

Basic dyesSolvent dyes

Figure 1 Synthetic dyes and its derivatives

Heterogenous photocatalysis using semiconductors forwater and wastewater treatment continues to attract muchinterest [4 5 37 38] The lower cost of catalysts and theutilization of environmental protection and renewable energyform this technology to be adequately attractive comparedto other techniques [37] Because the process relies on thephotoactivation of semiconductors the efficiency of thecatalyst is qualified by the capacity to generate electron-hole pairs in addition to radical production [39 40] Hencethe selection of proportionate semiconductors is the key toreactivity control [38]

12 Poisoning Dyes Only 45 to 47 of dyes have beenreported as organic dyes with biodegradable and solu-bility characteristics The remaining 55 to 53 of dyesare toxic and their persistence in wastewater has recentlybecome an issue of interest [8 41 42] Synthetic or poi-soning dyes engaged more often on industrial scale areacid dyes water soluble anionic basic dyes-water solublecationic substantive dyes-alkaline vat dyes-water solublealkali metal salt azoic dyes sulfur dyes and chrome dyes

Generally there are two important components in the dyemolecules chromophore component that is responsible forproducing the color and the auxochrome component whichincreases the affinity of the dye towards cellulose fibers[14 43]

The mentioned dyes are released in aqueous streamsas effluents of several industries including textiles paperleather plastic automobile furniture finishing sector andothers which consequently create intense environmentalpollution problems via the release of potential carcinogenicand toxic substances into the aqueous phase [22 23] Thedischarge of an enormous volume of wastewater containingdyes is an inevitable consequence because the textile industryconsumes large quantities of water and all dyes cannot becompletely combined with fibers during the dyeing processMore than 79105 metric tonnes of dye stuffs are producedworldwide annually with 10 to 50 of this amount beingreleased into wastewater [18 44] These high concentrationsof dyes in effluents interfere with the penetration of visiblelight into thewater resulting in a hindrance to photosynthesisand a decrease in gas solubility since less than 1mgLminus1 of dyeis highly visible Furthermore synthetic dyes which includean aromatic ring in their basic structure are regarded as toxiccarcinogenic and xenobiotic compounds [43ndash46] Also thistype of dyes may convey toxicity to aquatic life and may bemutagenic and carcinogenic and can cause intense damageto human beings including the reproductive system anddysfunction of the kidneys brain liver and central nervoussystem [34]

Therefore decolorization and detoxification of dye-containing wastewater need to be conducted before discharg-ing wastewater into natural water bodies [26 27 29] Certainphysical chemical and biological treatments are currentlybeing used for dye wastewater treatment Although physi-cal and chemical methods usually show high dye-removalefficiencies high operating costs are the main drawback dueto the large-scale application of these methods [32 47 48]Furthermore due to the high chemical stability of syntheticdyes conventional biological treatment using bacteria cannotremove the dyes efficiently [43 49 50]

The Scientific World Journal 5

2 Photocatalytic Decolorization ofSynthetic Dyes

The complete degradation of the dyes is not possible byconventional methods such as precipitation adsorptionflocculation flotation oxidation reduction electrochemicalaerobic anaerobic and biological treatment methods Thesemethods have inherent limitations in technologies such asless efficiency and production of secondary sludge the dis-posal of which is a costly affair [43ndash53] Merely transferringhazardous materials from one medium to another is not along-term solution to the issue of toxic waste loading on theenvironment [30] Many technologies have been applied toremedy dyes from wastewater like coagulationflocculationbiological treatment electrochemical membrane filtrationion exchange adsorption and chemical oxidation [54 55]Chemical coagulations for dye removal require loading ofchemical coagulation and optimal operating conditions likepH and coagulation dosage should be rigidly reminded forachieving maximum dye removal [56] The coagulation-flocculation process can be utilized as a pre- or post- oreven as a main treatment This process is cost effectiveand easy as it consumes less energy than the conventionalcoagulation treatment [57] However utilizing inorganic saltslike aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate as the coagu-lation agent has now become controversial because of theirpossibility of contributing to Alzheimerrsquos disease [56ndash58]Polyacrylamide-based materials are also often utilized in thecoagulation process but the possible release of monomers isnow considered damaging due to their entering into the foodchain and causing potential health impacts (eg carcinogeniceffects)

Adsorption removal method is a simple and effectivemethoddesign since it is easy to use and can be imple-mented for dye treatment even in small plants however itusually produces huge amounts of sludge especially in thewastewater with high dye concentrations [59] Adsorptionof dyes on many adsorbents (eg SiO

2 Al2O3 CaO MgO

Fe2O3 Na2O K2O bentonite and montmorillonite) has

been broadly studied but the activated carbon has beenproven to be the most effective catalyst due to its highspecific surface area ultra high adsorption capacity and lowselectivity for both nonionic and ionic dyes However it hassome limitations including the need for regeneration afterexhausting high cost of the activated carbon and the lackof adsorption efficiency after regeneration [59 60] Takingall these facts into consideration much of the present workinvolves the degradation and mineralization of syntheticdyestuff in industry by heterogenous photocatalyst

The heterogenous photocatalyst relates to the waterdecontamination processes that are concerned with the oxi-dation of biorecalcitrant organic compounds [4 61 62] Thisimpressive method relies on the formation of highly reactivechemical species that degrade a number of recalcitrantmolecules into biodegradable compounds and is known asthe advanced oxidation process (AOP)

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hasapproved the inclusion of AOP as the best availabletechnology to meet the standard with specifications that

provide safe and sufficient pollution control of industrialprocesses and remediation of contaminated sites [42 63]

Advanced oxidation processes are based on the produc-tion of hydroxyl radicals which oxidize a wide range oforganic pollutants including dyes quickly and nonselectivelyAOPs include homogenous and heterogeneous photocat-alytic oxidation systems The homogenous photocatalyticoxidation system employs various oxidants such as H

2O

O3 Fenton reagent NaOCl and many others either alone

or in combination with light [64] (Figure 2) Recentlyheterogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as an importantdegradation technology leading to the total mineralization oforganic pollutants especially synthetic dyes [5 37 38 65 66]

21 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Acid Dyes-Water SolubleAnionics Acid dyes are chemically a sodium (less oftenammonium) salt of a carboxylic or phenol organic acid orsulfuric acidwith ionic substitution to be soluble inwater andcontains affinity for amphoteric fibers while lacking directdye affinity for cellulose fibers (via hydrogen bonding Vande Waals and ionic bonding) [67 68] Acid dyes consistof several compounds from the most varied categories ofdyes which represent characteristic differences in structure(eg nitro dyes triphenylmethane and anthraquinone) [69]Acid dyes are commonly divided into several classes whichdepend on level dyeing properties fastness requirementsand economy which are indicated by the strength of theanionic characteristic of dyes to the cationic sites of thecellulose fibers [68] Most of acid dyes are generated fromchemical intermediates where anthraquinone-like structuresand triphenylmethane predominate as the final state whichgive blue yellow and green color [68ndash70]

Acid dyes just as any of the synthetic dyes have thecapability of persuading sensitization in humans because oftheir complex molecular structure and the way in whichthey are metabolized in the body Moreover their watersolubility is harmful to humanbeings since they are sulphonicacids [71] The sulphonate groups are spread evenly alongthe molecule on the opposite side to the hydrogen bondingndashOH groups to minimize any repulsive effect [69] Thisin consequence determines the main problem with anionicdyes which is the lack of fastness during the washing andremoving process

Thusmany researchworks have paid increasing attentionto the degradation of acid dyes in the water stream in recentyears Several techniques including the use of activatedcarbon membrane filteration adsorption and coagulationhave been known to unravel the problems caused by thepresence of acid dyes (Table 2)

However due to the recalcitrant nature of acid dyes andthe high salinity of wastewater containing acid dyes theseconventional treatment processes are feckless Adsorptionand coagulation methods have also been applied to treatacid dyes in wastewater which always result in secondarypollutants [66] Furthermore it is noted that acid dyes havendashSO3minus ndashCOOH ndashOH and hydrophilic groups and excellentsolubility in the water stream [74 75]Their molecules spreadlinearly in solution and have a notable tendency to aggregate

6 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Types of adsorbents used with different anionicacid dyes

Adsorbent Anionic dyes References

Organo-bentoniteAcid scarlet [72]

Acid turquoise blue [73]Indigo carmine [74]

Ammonium functionalized mesoporous materials

Reactive brilliant red [75]Acid fuchsine [76]Orange IV [77]

Methyl orange (MO) [78]Apatitic tricalcium phosphate Reactive yellow 4 [79]Apatitic octocalcium phosphate [80]Wood shaving bottom ash Red reactive 141 [81]Bagasse ash Acid blue 80 [82]

Conduction band

Valance band

Ener

gy

+ + + + +

h

eminus

H2OOHminus

CO2 + H2O

H2O2

H2O

OH∙O2

∙minus + organics

O2

∙minus

O2

OH∙

OH∙

minus minus minus minus minus

Figure 2 General view on photocatalytic mechanism and degrada-tion process

by hydrogenous bonding and consequently form colloids insolution and also tend to be adsorbed and flocculated [81]To overcome such limitations photocatalytic decolarizationof acid dyes water soluble is essential This process donethrough the formation of electron-hole pairs with properphoton energy It has been assumed that once the energy islarger than the band gap the electron-hole pairs are separatedbetween the semiconductorrsquos valence and conduction bands[61 82] The acid dyes as adsorbed species on suitable siteson the surface of semiconductors undergo photooxidationreduction and synthesis under either ultraviolet sunlightor even ultrasonic lights In addition the aromatic linkagesare susceptible to reduction under light irradiation [83](Figure 3)

This encourages a promising technology based on theadvanced oxidation process that has been studied extensivelythrough a broad range of acid dyes that can be nonselectivelyoxidized quickly [43 84 85] Photocatalysis of acid dyesentails the formation of adequate concentrations of highlyreactive transitory species like hydrogen peroxide hydroxylradicals and superoxides to react with acid dyes and degradethem in the presence of a semiconductor and visible light orultraviolet (UV) light [86] Usually the semiconductors withband gap energy of 32 eV are used as photocatalysts with

eminuseminuseminus

OHminus

H2O2

OH∙

O2

∙minus

O2

∙minus

DyeUV

2H+

h+

O2

O2

TiO2

Red Red

Vis

Ox

OHminus + OH∙

Figure 3 The photocatalytic decolorization of TiO2towards Acid

Red 44 as a model of acid dyes [83]

the assumption that as a proton at equal or higher energy(120582 lt 400 nm) illuminates the semiconductor the photonenergy creates an electron to jump from the valence bandto the conduction bands generating electrons and positivelycharged holes [51 87] These electron-hole pairs persuade aseries of reactions which oxidize the dye acids

Among the various semiconductor oxides TiO2and ZnO

have been intensively investigated since the discovery oftheir ability to photocatalyse acid dyes [37] Briefly oncethe aqueous semiconductor (TiO

2andor ZnO) suspensions

are irradiated in light energy greater than the band gapenergy of the semiconductors conduction band electrons andvalence band holes are generated [51 88 89] As the chargeseparation ismaintained the electrons and holesmaymigrateto the semiconductor surface where it takes part in theredox reaction with acid dyes [90ndash92] The photogeneratedelectrons react with the adsorbed acid dye molecules (O

2)

on the semiconductor site and diminish it to superoxideradical anion (O

2

∙) while the photogenerated holes oxidizethe H

2O or OHminus ions adsorbed at the semiconductor surface

to OH∙ radicals [43 93ndash95] These generated radicals withother highly oxidant species act as strong oxidizing agentswhich could easily attack the adsorbed acid dye molecules orthose located close to the surface of the semiconductor thus

The Scientific World Journal 7

resulting in complete degradation of acid dyes into its smallerbiodegradable fragments [89 96]

Despite the many benefits of using TiO2and ZnO as

a photocatalyst to degrade the dye acids if the aim is toexpand a solar-powered treatment technology there are fewdisadvantages of the technology that barricade commercial-ization Even if both semiconductors offer high absorptionand surface areas they can be adjusted by preparationparameters [84 97 98] Although many acid dyes can beeffectively photodecomposed using TiO

2andor ZnO as the

photocatalyst the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalyticdecolorizationwith respect to both semiconductors as photo-catalysts are comparatively unclear It has been recorded thatboth semiconductors can contribute to the decompositionreaction in different ways without decreasing their activityover time [99] Several kinetic models for catalyzed oxidationutilizing heterogenous catalyst supported by both organicand inorganic carriers have been published in the literature[51 83 100] However only a few kinetic models of catalyzedphotocatalytic decolorization of acid dyes were publishedTheMars-Van Krevelen mechanism stated that the surface ofthe semiconductor catalyst acted as redox mediator whichtransferred electrons to oxygen to form oxygen anions asradicals O

2

minus∙ The O2

minus∙ anion radical oxidized the adsorbedacid dye compounds to form various products while thereduced form of O

2

minus could be regenerated by gaseous oxygen[61 101] The stationary-state adsorption mechanism wasbased on the steady-state assumption and also the oxidationreduction of the adsorbed phase [102] The Ely-Rideal mech-anism envisaged that a heterogeneous reaction took placeamong strongly chemisorbed acid dye atoms and physicallyadsorbed molecules which become attached to the surface byfaint Van der Waals forces [84] The Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism is based on the reaction that occurred betweenboth acid dyes and semiconductors [95 103]

22 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Basic Dyes-Water SolubleCationics Water soluble basic dyes are commonly consid-ered as the most difficult to eliminate or degrade from thedyeing effluent because of their high stability and resistanceability in the water stream [104ndash106] Basic dyes possesscationic functional groups such as ndashNH3+ or =NR2+ [105]Both of these protein functional groups in basic condi-tions generate a negative charge as the ndashCOOH groupsare deprotonated to give ndashCOOminus [107] Basic dyes performweakly on natural fibers but work very well in acrylics[105] Basic dyes will form a covalent bond with the properpolyacrylic functionality and once attached these basic dyesare very difficult to remove [106] Cationic triphenylmethanedyes are one of the most extensive basic dyes utilized ascolorants and antimicrobial agents in different industriesPrevious articles demonstrate that it may further serve astargetable sensitizers in photodestruction of specific cellularcomponents or cells [107 108] Methyl green (MG) is abasic triphenylmethane and dicationic dye frequently utilizedfor staining of solutions in biology and medicine It is alsoutilized as a photochromophore to sensitize gelatinous films[109] The increasing interest in the development of modern

and new methodologies for the degradation of toxic basicdyes has led to the deduction that the most effective way foroxidation of the basic dyes is with a powerful oxidizing agentspecifically when a free radical like ∙OH is generated [110ndash112](Figure 4)

Lately advanced oxidation processes have been broadlyinvestigated and have become alternative methods for decol-orizing and reducing recalcitrant wastewaters generated bybasic dyes Likewise the use of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanos-tructure as one of the promising semiconductors for thisoperation demonstrates positive results [113ndash115] CdO is ann-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 22 to 25 eVand an indirect band gap of 136 to 198 eV [114] Since CdOhas a band gap tailored to the visible region of solar light witha similar photocatalyticmechanism to semiconductor oxidesit can be an important option as photocatalyst materialsespecially in the decolorization process of basic dyes [45113] Indeed the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of CdOtowards basic dyes is considered as cauliflower-like [116]The nanostructure of CdO for removing the basic dyes fromaqueous solution has been reported and it is believed that thecrystal orientation morphology crystallinity particle sizearchitecture types and oxygen defects play an importantrole in changing the band gap Actually diversity in theband gap energy is highlighted to lattice defects because ofthe Burstein-Moss effect Besides the catalytic optical andelectrical properties originate from the difference of bandgaps in different structures [115] Thus it is critical to probean investigation on the generation of new CdO structuresfor better photodegradation of basic dyes Different struc-tures of CdO on a nanoscale have been reported such asnanowires nanoparticles nanoneedles thin film nanocrys-tal and others [117] CdO micro- and nanoarchitectureswith three-dimensional structures such as rods tubes andcauliflower-like structures have a larger specific surface areaand enhanced oxygen vacancy which in turn increases thedegree of oxidation process on basic dyes [118] Cauliflower-like architectures have attracted great interest due to itsspecial and novel morphology with high specific surface areathat can facilitate the diffusion and mass transportation ofthe basic dye molecules in photodegradation applications[116] This particular structure can be easily synthesizedusing mechanochemical methods a cheap process followedby thermal treatment conforming to the detailed processpresented in former studies

Most studies related to photodegradation techniques havebeen done using TiO

2andor ZnO as themodel photocatalyst

because of their nontoxicity cheapness chemical stabilityand high photocatalytic activity [37 119ndash121] The photocat-alytic decolorization of basic dyes with TiO

2andor ZnO as

the charge carrier or generation is summarized in Figure 2TheOH∙ or the directly produced charge is a strong oxidizingagent which attacks basic dyes present at or near the surfaceof the semiconductor [122] It ultimately causes the completedegeneration of the basic dyes into harmless compoundsIn general two different types of TiO

2phase are normally

used in photocatalytic decolorization of basic dyes anatase(32 eV) and rutile (30 eV) The adsorptive affinity of anatasefor the basic dyes is higher than that of rutile and thus anatase

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 2: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

2 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Usage and characterization of dyes

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Direct dyes

(i) Dyeing process with one action without theassistance of an affixing agentsimplest and cheapest dyes(ii) Water soluble anionic dyessubstantive to form aqueous media in the electrolytes(iii) High affinity for cellulose fibers(iv) Apply to the dye materials to improve wash fastnessproperties (chelation with salts of metals and treatmentwith a cationic dye-complexing resin or formaldehyde)(v) Some contain sulphonate functionality to improvesolubility (negative charge of dyes and fibers repel eachother)(vi) Its flat length enable and shape to lie along-sidecellulose fiber and maximum (vii) Van-der-Waalshydrogen bonds and dipole(ix) Dyeing method exhaustbeckcontinuous

Cotton cellulosicregenerated cellulosepaper leather nylon

and blends[6 7]

Vat dyes

(i) Water insoluble dyes(ii) Apply as soluble leuco salt after reduction in analkaline solution with sodium hydrogen sulfide(iii) The leuco form is reoxidized to the insoluble ketoform to redevelop the crystal structure(iv) More chemically complex(v) Dyeing methods exhaust package continuous

Cotton linen and rayonsoap [8 9]

Organic pigments

(i) Negatively charged compounds(ii) Made from ground up colored rocks mineralsanimals and plants(iii) No chemical information(iv) Classification based on the dyersquos source and color(v) Application requires a mordant

Cotton paper cellulosicblended fabrics [10 11]

Reactive dyes

(i) React directly with the fiber molecules to formchemical bonds(ii) Conceivable to achieve very high wash fastnessproperties(iii) Require facile dyeing methods(iv) Simple chemical structure(v) The largest dye class(vi) Adsorption spectra with a narrow adsorption band(vii) Dyeing is bright(viii) Dyeing methods exhaust beck cold pad batchand continuous

Cellulosic fabric andfibers [12 13]

Dispersed dyes

(i) Water insoluble nonionic(ii) Require additional factors (dye carrier pressureand heat) to penetrate synthetic dyes(iii) Dispersed in aqueous media wherever the dye isdissolved into fibers(iv) Especially on polyester and to a lesser extent oncellulose acetate nylon acrylic fibers and cellulose(v) Niche market in dye diffusion thermal transferprocess for electronic photography and thermal transferprinting(vi) Dyeing method high temperature exhaustcontinuous

Synthetichydrophobicfibers from aqueous

dispersion[14 15]

Acid dyes(i) Water soluble anionic dyes(ii) Typical pollutants color organic acid unfixed dyes(iii) Dyeing methods exhaust beck and continuous

Silk wool syntheticfibers leather nylon

modified acrylics paperink-jet printing food

cosmetics

[16 17]

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 Continued

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Azoic dyes

(i) Contain one azo group (mono azo) two azo group(disazo) three azo (trisazo) four azo group(tetrakisazo) or more (polyazo) groups(ii) Attach to two classes of which at least one butusually both are aromatic(iii) Exist in the transform 1 in (iv) which the bondangle is 120∘ and the nitrogen atoms are sp2 hybridized(v) Consist of electron accepting substituents andelectron donating substituents(vi) Named as carbocyclic azo dyes if include onlyaromatic groups (naphthalene and benzene)(vii) Named as heterocyclic azo dyes if includeheterocyclic group

Printing inks pigments [18 19]

Basic dyes

(i) Water soluble cationic dyes(ii) Can be applied directly to cellulosic with nomordants (or metal-like copper and chromium)(iii) Yield colored cations in solutions(iv) Apply as brightness of shade is more importantthan fastness to washing and light(v) Some basic dyes show biological activity and areused in medicine as antiseptics(vi) Salt-forming counter ion(vii) Colorless anion of a low molecular mass organicor inorganic acid(viii) Can be turned to water soluble dye bases byaddition of alkali(ix) The positive charge is localized on an ammoniumgroup(x) Dyeing methods exhaust beck and continuous

Silk wool cottonpolyacrylonitrilemodified nylonsmodified polyestertannin-mordanted

cotton

[20 21]

Oxidation dyes

(i) Primarily aromatic compounds that belong to threemajor chemical families (Diamines Aminophenols(amino naphthols) and Phenols or naphthols)(ii) Colorless and are typically a low molecular weightproduct(iii) Categories-oxidation base as a primaryintermediate and coupler as a secondary intermediate

Hair [22 23]

Developed dyesAny group of direct azo dyes which after applying to thefiber can be diazotized further and coupled on the fiberto form shades faster to washing

Cellulosic fibers fabric [24 25]

Mordant dyesA substance utilized to set dyes on fabrics or tissuesections by forming a coordination complex with thedye that attaches to the tissue or fabric

Cellulosic fibers fabricsilk wool [26ndash28]

Opticalfluorescentbrightener

(i) Absorb light in the violet region and ultraviolet(mostly 340ndash370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrumand reemit light in the blue region (usually420ndash470 nm)(ii) Utilized to increase the appearance of color of paperand fabric causing a ldquowhiteningrdquo effect makingmaterials look less yellow by increasing the overallamount of blue light reflected

Synthetic fibers leathercotton sport goods [29ndash31]

Solvent dyes(i) Water insoluble(ii) Free of polar solubilizing groups such as carboxylicacid sulfonic acid or quaternary ammonium

Wood staining solventinks waxes coloring

oils plastic gasoline oil[32 33]

Anthraquinone(i) The oldest dyes (4000 years)(ii) No natural counterpart(iii) Low cost effectiveness

Wrapping of mummies [34]

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Continued

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Indigoid

(i) Expensive(ii) Made of tyrian purple(iii) Give progressively paler blue shades(iv) Oxidation process of indigoid gives phenylaceticacid

Textile wool linencotton

Use exclusively fordyeing denim jeans

jackets

[35]

Sulfur dyes

(i) Made by heating aromatic or heterocycliccompounds with species that release sulfur or sulfur(ii) Classified by sulfur bake polysulfide melt dyes andpolysulfide bake(iii) Not well-defined chemical compounds(iv) Mostly contain various thiophenolic andheterocyclic sulfurs(v) On oxidation the monomeric moleculescross-linked into large molecules form disulfide bridge(vi) Dyeing methods continuous

Cotton other cellulosic [36]

∙ Metallic azo∙ Triphen-dioxazine∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Formazan∙ Anthraquinone

∙ Polyozo compounds∙ Stilbenes∙ Phthalocyanines∙ Oxazines

∙ Anthraquinone∙ Indigoid

∙ Diaz hemicyanine∙ Triarylmethane∙ Cyanine∙ Hemicyanine∙ Thiazine∙ Oxazine∙ Acridine

∙ Azo compounds∙ Anthraquinone∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Triarylmethane

Dye technologies

Reactive dyes

Direct dyes Vat dyes

Basic dyesSolvent dyes

Figure 1 Synthetic dyes and its derivatives

Heterogenous photocatalysis using semiconductors forwater and wastewater treatment continues to attract muchinterest [4 5 37 38] The lower cost of catalysts and theutilization of environmental protection and renewable energyform this technology to be adequately attractive comparedto other techniques [37] Because the process relies on thephotoactivation of semiconductors the efficiency of thecatalyst is qualified by the capacity to generate electron-hole pairs in addition to radical production [39 40] Hencethe selection of proportionate semiconductors is the key toreactivity control [38]

12 Poisoning Dyes Only 45 to 47 of dyes have beenreported as organic dyes with biodegradable and solu-bility characteristics The remaining 55 to 53 of dyesare toxic and their persistence in wastewater has recentlybecome an issue of interest [8 41 42] Synthetic or poi-soning dyes engaged more often on industrial scale areacid dyes water soluble anionic basic dyes-water solublecationic substantive dyes-alkaline vat dyes-water solublealkali metal salt azoic dyes sulfur dyes and chrome dyes

Generally there are two important components in the dyemolecules chromophore component that is responsible forproducing the color and the auxochrome component whichincreases the affinity of the dye towards cellulose fibers[14 43]

The mentioned dyes are released in aqueous streamsas effluents of several industries including textiles paperleather plastic automobile furniture finishing sector andothers which consequently create intense environmentalpollution problems via the release of potential carcinogenicand toxic substances into the aqueous phase [22 23] Thedischarge of an enormous volume of wastewater containingdyes is an inevitable consequence because the textile industryconsumes large quantities of water and all dyes cannot becompletely combined with fibers during the dyeing processMore than 79105 metric tonnes of dye stuffs are producedworldwide annually with 10 to 50 of this amount beingreleased into wastewater [18 44] These high concentrationsof dyes in effluents interfere with the penetration of visiblelight into thewater resulting in a hindrance to photosynthesisand a decrease in gas solubility since less than 1mgLminus1 of dyeis highly visible Furthermore synthetic dyes which includean aromatic ring in their basic structure are regarded as toxiccarcinogenic and xenobiotic compounds [43ndash46] Also thistype of dyes may convey toxicity to aquatic life and may bemutagenic and carcinogenic and can cause intense damageto human beings including the reproductive system anddysfunction of the kidneys brain liver and central nervoussystem [34]

Therefore decolorization and detoxification of dye-containing wastewater need to be conducted before discharg-ing wastewater into natural water bodies [26 27 29] Certainphysical chemical and biological treatments are currentlybeing used for dye wastewater treatment Although physi-cal and chemical methods usually show high dye-removalefficiencies high operating costs are the main drawback dueto the large-scale application of these methods [32 47 48]Furthermore due to the high chemical stability of syntheticdyes conventional biological treatment using bacteria cannotremove the dyes efficiently [43 49 50]

The Scientific World Journal 5

2 Photocatalytic Decolorization ofSynthetic Dyes

The complete degradation of the dyes is not possible byconventional methods such as precipitation adsorptionflocculation flotation oxidation reduction electrochemicalaerobic anaerobic and biological treatment methods Thesemethods have inherent limitations in technologies such asless efficiency and production of secondary sludge the dis-posal of which is a costly affair [43ndash53] Merely transferringhazardous materials from one medium to another is not along-term solution to the issue of toxic waste loading on theenvironment [30] Many technologies have been applied toremedy dyes from wastewater like coagulationflocculationbiological treatment electrochemical membrane filtrationion exchange adsorption and chemical oxidation [54 55]Chemical coagulations for dye removal require loading ofchemical coagulation and optimal operating conditions likepH and coagulation dosage should be rigidly reminded forachieving maximum dye removal [56] The coagulation-flocculation process can be utilized as a pre- or post- oreven as a main treatment This process is cost effectiveand easy as it consumes less energy than the conventionalcoagulation treatment [57] However utilizing inorganic saltslike aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate as the coagu-lation agent has now become controversial because of theirpossibility of contributing to Alzheimerrsquos disease [56ndash58]Polyacrylamide-based materials are also often utilized in thecoagulation process but the possible release of monomers isnow considered damaging due to their entering into the foodchain and causing potential health impacts (eg carcinogeniceffects)

Adsorption removal method is a simple and effectivemethoddesign since it is easy to use and can be imple-mented for dye treatment even in small plants however itusually produces huge amounts of sludge especially in thewastewater with high dye concentrations [59] Adsorptionof dyes on many adsorbents (eg SiO

2 Al2O3 CaO MgO

Fe2O3 Na2O K2O bentonite and montmorillonite) has

been broadly studied but the activated carbon has beenproven to be the most effective catalyst due to its highspecific surface area ultra high adsorption capacity and lowselectivity for both nonionic and ionic dyes However it hassome limitations including the need for regeneration afterexhausting high cost of the activated carbon and the lackof adsorption efficiency after regeneration [59 60] Takingall these facts into consideration much of the present workinvolves the degradation and mineralization of syntheticdyestuff in industry by heterogenous photocatalyst

The heterogenous photocatalyst relates to the waterdecontamination processes that are concerned with the oxi-dation of biorecalcitrant organic compounds [4 61 62] Thisimpressive method relies on the formation of highly reactivechemical species that degrade a number of recalcitrantmolecules into biodegradable compounds and is known asthe advanced oxidation process (AOP)

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hasapproved the inclusion of AOP as the best availabletechnology to meet the standard with specifications that

provide safe and sufficient pollution control of industrialprocesses and remediation of contaminated sites [42 63]

Advanced oxidation processes are based on the produc-tion of hydroxyl radicals which oxidize a wide range oforganic pollutants including dyes quickly and nonselectivelyAOPs include homogenous and heterogeneous photocat-alytic oxidation systems The homogenous photocatalyticoxidation system employs various oxidants such as H

2O

O3 Fenton reagent NaOCl and many others either alone

or in combination with light [64] (Figure 2) Recentlyheterogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as an importantdegradation technology leading to the total mineralization oforganic pollutants especially synthetic dyes [5 37 38 65 66]

21 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Acid Dyes-Water SolubleAnionics Acid dyes are chemically a sodium (less oftenammonium) salt of a carboxylic or phenol organic acid orsulfuric acidwith ionic substitution to be soluble inwater andcontains affinity for amphoteric fibers while lacking directdye affinity for cellulose fibers (via hydrogen bonding Vande Waals and ionic bonding) [67 68] Acid dyes consistof several compounds from the most varied categories ofdyes which represent characteristic differences in structure(eg nitro dyes triphenylmethane and anthraquinone) [69]Acid dyes are commonly divided into several classes whichdepend on level dyeing properties fastness requirementsand economy which are indicated by the strength of theanionic characteristic of dyes to the cationic sites of thecellulose fibers [68] Most of acid dyes are generated fromchemical intermediates where anthraquinone-like structuresand triphenylmethane predominate as the final state whichgive blue yellow and green color [68ndash70]

Acid dyes just as any of the synthetic dyes have thecapability of persuading sensitization in humans because oftheir complex molecular structure and the way in whichthey are metabolized in the body Moreover their watersolubility is harmful to humanbeings since they are sulphonicacids [71] The sulphonate groups are spread evenly alongthe molecule on the opposite side to the hydrogen bondingndashOH groups to minimize any repulsive effect [69] Thisin consequence determines the main problem with anionicdyes which is the lack of fastness during the washing andremoving process

Thusmany researchworks have paid increasing attentionto the degradation of acid dyes in the water stream in recentyears Several techniques including the use of activatedcarbon membrane filteration adsorption and coagulationhave been known to unravel the problems caused by thepresence of acid dyes (Table 2)

However due to the recalcitrant nature of acid dyes andthe high salinity of wastewater containing acid dyes theseconventional treatment processes are feckless Adsorptionand coagulation methods have also been applied to treatacid dyes in wastewater which always result in secondarypollutants [66] Furthermore it is noted that acid dyes havendashSO3minus ndashCOOH ndashOH and hydrophilic groups and excellentsolubility in the water stream [74 75]Their molecules spreadlinearly in solution and have a notable tendency to aggregate

6 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Types of adsorbents used with different anionicacid dyes

Adsorbent Anionic dyes References

Organo-bentoniteAcid scarlet [72]

Acid turquoise blue [73]Indigo carmine [74]

Ammonium functionalized mesoporous materials

Reactive brilliant red [75]Acid fuchsine [76]Orange IV [77]

Methyl orange (MO) [78]Apatitic tricalcium phosphate Reactive yellow 4 [79]Apatitic octocalcium phosphate [80]Wood shaving bottom ash Red reactive 141 [81]Bagasse ash Acid blue 80 [82]

Conduction band

Valance band

Ener

gy

+ + + + +

h

eminus

H2OOHminus

CO2 + H2O

H2O2

H2O

OH∙O2

∙minus + organics

O2

∙minus

O2

OH∙

OH∙

minus minus minus minus minus

Figure 2 General view on photocatalytic mechanism and degrada-tion process

by hydrogenous bonding and consequently form colloids insolution and also tend to be adsorbed and flocculated [81]To overcome such limitations photocatalytic decolarizationof acid dyes water soluble is essential This process donethrough the formation of electron-hole pairs with properphoton energy It has been assumed that once the energy islarger than the band gap the electron-hole pairs are separatedbetween the semiconductorrsquos valence and conduction bands[61 82] The acid dyes as adsorbed species on suitable siteson the surface of semiconductors undergo photooxidationreduction and synthesis under either ultraviolet sunlightor even ultrasonic lights In addition the aromatic linkagesare susceptible to reduction under light irradiation [83](Figure 3)

This encourages a promising technology based on theadvanced oxidation process that has been studied extensivelythrough a broad range of acid dyes that can be nonselectivelyoxidized quickly [43 84 85] Photocatalysis of acid dyesentails the formation of adequate concentrations of highlyreactive transitory species like hydrogen peroxide hydroxylradicals and superoxides to react with acid dyes and degradethem in the presence of a semiconductor and visible light orultraviolet (UV) light [86] Usually the semiconductors withband gap energy of 32 eV are used as photocatalysts with

eminuseminuseminus

OHminus

H2O2

OH∙

O2

∙minus

O2

∙minus

DyeUV

2H+

h+

O2

O2

TiO2

Red Red

Vis

Ox

OHminus + OH∙

Figure 3 The photocatalytic decolorization of TiO2towards Acid

Red 44 as a model of acid dyes [83]

the assumption that as a proton at equal or higher energy(120582 lt 400 nm) illuminates the semiconductor the photonenergy creates an electron to jump from the valence bandto the conduction bands generating electrons and positivelycharged holes [51 87] These electron-hole pairs persuade aseries of reactions which oxidize the dye acids

Among the various semiconductor oxides TiO2and ZnO

have been intensively investigated since the discovery oftheir ability to photocatalyse acid dyes [37] Briefly oncethe aqueous semiconductor (TiO

2andor ZnO) suspensions

are irradiated in light energy greater than the band gapenergy of the semiconductors conduction band electrons andvalence band holes are generated [51 88 89] As the chargeseparation ismaintained the electrons and holesmaymigrateto the semiconductor surface where it takes part in theredox reaction with acid dyes [90ndash92] The photogeneratedelectrons react with the adsorbed acid dye molecules (O

2)

on the semiconductor site and diminish it to superoxideradical anion (O

2

∙) while the photogenerated holes oxidizethe H

2O or OHminus ions adsorbed at the semiconductor surface

to OH∙ radicals [43 93ndash95] These generated radicals withother highly oxidant species act as strong oxidizing agentswhich could easily attack the adsorbed acid dye molecules orthose located close to the surface of the semiconductor thus

The Scientific World Journal 7

resulting in complete degradation of acid dyes into its smallerbiodegradable fragments [89 96]

Despite the many benefits of using TiO2and ZnO as

a photocatalyst to degrade the dye acids if the aim is toexpand a solar-powered treatment technology there are fewdisadvantages of the technology that barricade commercial-ization Even if both semiconductors offer high absorptionand surface areas they can be adjusted by preparationparameters [84 97 98] Although many acid dyes can beeffectively photodecomposed using TiO

2andor ZnO as the

photocatalyst the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalyticdecolorizationwith respect to both semiconductors as photo-catalysts are comparatively unclear It has been recorded thatboth semiconductors can contribute to the decompositionreaction in different ways without decreasing their activityover time [99] Several kinetic models for catalyzed oxidationutilizing heterogenous catalyst supported by both organicand inorganic carriers have been published in the literature[51 83 100] However only a few kinetic models of catalyzedphotocatalytic decolorization of acid dyes were publishedTheMars-Van Krevelen mechanism stated that the surface ofthe semiconductor catalyst acted as redox mediator whichtransferred electrons to oxygen to form oxygen anions asradicals O

2

minus∙ The O2

minus∙ anion radical oxidized the adsorbedacid dye compounds to form various products while thereduced form of O

2

minus could be regenerated by gaseous oxygen[61 101] The stationary-state adsorption mechanism wasbased on the steady-state assumption and also the oxidationreduction of the adsorbed phase [102] The Ely-Rideal mech-anism envisaged that a heterogeneous reaction took placeamong strongly chemisorbed acid dye atoms and physicallyadsorbed molecules which become attached to the surface byfaint Van der Waals forces [84] The Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism is based on the reaction that occurred betweenboth acid dyes and semiconductors [95 103]

22 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Basic Dyes-Water SolubleCationics Water soluble basic dyes are commonly consid-ered as the most difficult to eliminate or degrade from thedyeing effluent because of their high stability and resistanceability in the water stream [104ndash106] Basic dyes possesscationic functional groups such as ndashNH3+ or =NR2+ [105]Both of these protein functional groups in basic condi-tions generate a negative charge as the ndashCOOH groupsare deprotonated to give ndashCOOminus [107] Basic dyes performweakly on natural fibers but work very well in acrylics[105] Basic dyes will form a covalent bond with the properpolyacrylic functionality and once attached these basic dyesare very difficult to remove [106] Cationic triphenylmethanedyes are one of the most extensive basic dyes utilized ascolorants and antimicrobial agents in different industriesPrevious articles demonstrate that it may further serve astargetable sensitizers in photodestruction of specific cellularcomponents or cells [107 108] Methyl green (MG) is abasic triphenylmethane and dicationic dye frequently utilizedfor staining of solutions in biology and medicine It is alsoutilized as a photochromophore to sensitize gelatinous films[109] The increasing interest in the development of modern

and new methodologies for the degradation of toxic basicdyes has led to the deduction that the most effective way foroxidation of the basic dyes is with a powerful oxidizing agentspecifically when a free radical like ∙OH is generated [110ndash112](Figure 4)

Lately advanced oxidation processes have been broadlyinvestigated and have become alternative methods for decol-orizing and reducing recalcitrant wastewaters generated bybasic dyes Likewise the use of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanos-tructure as one of the promising semiconductors for thisoperation demonstrates positive results [113ndash115] CdO is ann-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 22 to 25 eVand an indirect band gap of 136 to 198 eV [114] Since CdOhas a band gap tailored to the visible region of solar light witha similar photocatalyticmechanism to semiconductor oxidesit can be an important option as photocatalyst materialsespecially in the decolorization process of basic dyes [45113] Indeed the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of CdOtowards basic dyes is considered as cauliflower-like [116]The nanostructure of CdO for removing the basic dyes fromaqueous solution has been reported and it is believed that thecrystal orientation morphology crystallinity particle sizearchitecture types and oxygen defects play an importantrole in changing the band gap Actually diversity in theband gap energy is highlighted to lattice defects because ofthe Burstein-Moss effect Besides the catalytic optical andelectrical properties originate from the difference of bandgaps in different structures [115] Thus it is critical to probean investigation on the generation of new CdO structuresfor better photodegradation of basic dyes Different struc-tures of CdO on a nanoscale have been reported such asnanowires nanoparticles nanoneedles thin film nanocrys-tal and others [117] CdO micro- and nanoarchitectureswith three-dimensional structures such as rods tubes andcauliflower-like structures have a larger specific surface areaand enhanced oxygen vacancy which in turn increases thedegree of oxidation process on basic dyes [118] Cauliflower-like architectures have attracted great interest due to itsspecial and novel morphology with high specific surface areathat can facilitate the diffusion and mass transportation ofthe basic dye molecules in photodegradation applications[116] This particular structure can be easily synthesizedusing mechanochemical methods a cheap process followedby thermal treatment conforming to the detailed processpresented in former studies

Most studies related to photodegradation techniques havebeen done using TiO

2andor ZnO as themodel photocatalyst

because of their nontoxicity cheapness chemical stabilityand high photocatalytic activity [37 119ndash121] The photocat-alytic decolorization of basic dyes with TiO

2andor ZnO as

the charge carrier or generation is summarized in Figure 2TheOH∙ or the directly produced charge is a strong oxidizingagent which attacks basic dyes present at or near the surfaceof the semiconductor [122] It ultimately causes the completedegeneration of the basic dyes into harmless compoundsIn general two different types of TiO

2phase are normally

used in photocatalytic decolorization of basic dyes anatase(32 eV) and rutile (30 eV) The adsorptive affinity of anatasefor the basic dyes is higher than that of rutile and thus anatase

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 3: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 Continued

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Azoic dyes

(i) Contain one azo group (mono azo) two azo group(disazo) three azo (trisazo) four azo group(tetrakisazo) or more (polyazo) groups(ii) Attach to two classes of which at least one butusually both are aromatic(iii) Exist in the transform 1 in (iv) which the bondangle is 120∘ and the nitrogen atoms are sp2 hybridized(v) Consist of electron accepting substituents andelectron donating substituents(vi) Named as carbocyclic azo dyes if include onlyaromatic groups (naphthalene and benzene)(vii) Named as heterocyclic azo dyes if includeheterocyclic group

Printing inks pigments [18 19]

Basic dyes

(i) Water soluble cationic dyes(ii) Can be applied directly to cellulosic with nomordants (or metal-like copper and chromium)(iii) Yield colored cations in solutions(iv) Apply as brightness of shade is more importantthan fastness to washing and light(v) Some basic dyes show biological activity and areused in medicine as antiseptics(vi) Salt-forming counter ion(vii) Colorless anion of a low molecular mass organicor inorganic acid(viii) Can be turned to water soluble dye bases byaddition of alkali(ix) The positive charge is localized on an ammoniumgroup(x) Dyeing methods exhaust beck and continuous

Silk wool cottonpolyacrylonitrilemodified nylonsmodified polyestertannin-mordanted

cotton

[20 21]

Oxidation dyes

(i) Primarily aromatic compounds that belong to threemajor chemical families (Diamines Aminophenols(amino naphthols) and Phenols or naphthols)(ii) Colorless and are typically a low molecular weightproduct(iii) Categories-oxidation base as a primaryintermediate and coupler as a secondary intermediate

Hair [22 23]

Developed dyesAny group of direct azo dyes which after applying to thefiber can be diazotized further and coupled on the fiberto form shades faster to washing

Cellulosic fibers fabric [24 25]

Mordant dyesA substance utilized to set dyes on fabrics or tissuesections by forming a coordination complex with thedye that attaches to the tissue or fabric

Cellulosic fibers fabricsilk wool [26ndash28]

Opticalfluorescentbrightener

(i) Absorb light in the violet region and ultraviolet(mostly 340ndash370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrumand reemit light in the blue region (usually420ndash470 nm)(ii) Utilized to increase the appearance of color of paperand fabric causing a ldquowhiteningrdquo effect makingmaterials look less yellow by increasing the overallamount of blue light reflected

Synthetic fibers leathercotton sport goods [29ndash31]

Solvent dyes(i) Water insoluble(ii) Free of polar solubilizing groups such as carboxylicacid sulfonic acid or quaternary ammonium

Wood staining solventinks waxes coloring

oils plastic gasoline oil[32 33]

Anthraquinone(i) The oldest dyes (4000 years)(ii) No natural counterpart(iii) Low cost effectiveness

Wrapping of mummies [34]

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Continued

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Indigoid

(i) Expensive(ii) Made of tyrian purple(iii) Give progressively paler blue shades(iv) Oxidation process of indigoid gives phenylaceticacid

Textile wool linencotton

Use exclusively fordyeing denim jeans

jackets

[35]

Sulfur dyes

(i) Made by heating aromatic or heterocycliccompounds with species that release sulfur or sulfur(ii) Classified by sulfur bake polysulfide melt dyes andpolysulfide bake(iii) Not well-defined chemical compounds(iv) Mostly contain various thiophenolic andheterocyclic sulfurs(v) On oxidation the monomeric moleculescross-linked into large molecules form disulfide bridge(vi) Dyeing methods continuous

Cotton other cellulosic [36]

∙ Metallic azo∙ Triphen-dioxazine∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Formazan∙ Anthraquinone

∙ Polyozo compounds∙ Stilbenes∙ Phthalocyanines∙ Oxazines

∙ Anthraquinone∙ Indigoid

∙ Diaz hemicyanine∙ Triarylmethane∙ Cyanine∙ Hemicyanine∙ Thiazine∙ Oxazine∙ Acridine

∙ Azo compounds∙ Anthraquinone∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Triarylmethane

Dye technologies

Reactive dyes

Direct dyes Vat dyes

Basic dyesSolvent dyes

Figure 1 Synthetic dyes and its derivatives

Heterogenous photocatalysis using semiconductors forwater and wastewater treatment continues to attract muchinterest [4 5 37 38] The lower cost of catalysts and theutilization of environmental protection and renewable energyform this technology to be adequately attractive comparedto other techniques [37] Because the process relies on thephotoactivation of semiconductors the efficiency of thecatalyst is qualified by the capacity to generate electron-hole pairs in addition to radical production [39 40] Hencethe selection of proportionate semiconductors is the key toreactivity control [38]

12 Poisoning Dyes Only 45 to 47 of dyes have beenreported as organic dyes with biodegradable and solu-bility characteristics The remaining 55 to 53 of dyesare toxic and their persistence in wastewater has recentlybecome an issue of interest [8 41 42] Synthetic or poi-soning dyes engaged more often on industrial scale areacid dyes water soluble anionic basic dyes-water solublecationic substantive dyes-alkaline vat dyes-water solublealkali metal salt azoic dyes sulfur dyes and chrome dyes

Generally there are two important components in the dyemolecules chromophore component that is responsible forproducing the color and the auxochrome component whichincreases the affinity of the dye towards cellulose fibers[14 43]

The mentioned dyes are released in aqueous streamsas effluents of several industries including textiles paperleather plastic automobile furniture finishing sector andothers which consequently create intense environmentalpollution problems via the release of potential carcinogenicand toxic substances into the aqueous phase [22 23] Thedischarge of an enormous volume of wastewater containingdyes is an inevitable consequence because the textile industryconsumes large quantities of water and all dyes cannot becompletely combined with fibers during the dyeing processMore than 79105 metric tonnes of dye stuffs are producedworldwide annually with 10 to 50 of this amount beingreleased into wastewater [18 44] These high concentrationsof dyes in effluents interfere with the penetration of visiblelight into thewater resulting in a hindrance to photosynthesisand a decrease in gas solubility since less than 1mgLminus1 of dyeis highly visible Furthermore synthetic dyes which includean aromatic ring in their basic structure are regarded as toxiccarcinogenic and xenobiotic compounds [43ndash46] Also thistype of dyes may convey toxicity to aquatic life and may bemutagenic and carcinogenic and can cause intense damageto human beings including the reproductive system anddysfunction of the kidneys brain liver and central nervoussystem [34]

Therefore decolorization and detoxification of dye-containing wastewater need to be conducted before discharg-ing wastewater into natural water bodies [26 27 29] Certainphysical chemical and biological treatments are currentlybeing used for dye wastewater treatment Although physi-cal and chemical methods usually show high dye-removalefficiencies high operating costs are the main drawback dueto the large-scale application of these methods [32 47 48]Furthermore due to the high chemical stability of syntheticdyes conventional biological treatment using bacteria cannotremove the dyes efficiently [43 49 50]

The Scientific World Journal 5

2 Photocatalytic Decolorization ofSynthetic Dyes

The complete degradation of the dyes is not possible byconventional methods such as precipitation adsorptionflocculation flotation oxidation reduction electrochemicalaerobic anaerobic and biological treatment methods Thesemethods have inherent limitations in technologies such asless efficiency and production of secondary sludge the dis-posal of which is a costly affair [43ndash53] Merely transferringhazardous materials from one medium to another is not along-term solution to the issue of toxic waste loading on theenvironment [30] Many technologies have been applied toremedy dyes from wastewater like coagulationflocculationbiological treatment electrochemical membrane filtrationion exchange adsorption and chemical oxidation [54 55]Chemical coagulations for dye removal require loading ofchemical coagulation and optimal operating conditions likepH and coagulation dosage should be rigidly reminded forachieving maximum dye removal [56] The coagulation-flocculation process can be utilized as a pre- or post- oreven as a main treatment This process is cost effectiveand easy as it consumes less energy than the conventionalcoagulation treatment [57] However utilizing inorganic saltslike aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate as the coagu-lation agent has now become controversial because of theirpossibility of contributing to Alzheimerrsquos disease [56ndash58]Polyacrylamide-based materials are also often utilized in thecoagulation process but the possible release of monomers isnow considered damaging due to their entering into the foodchain and causing potential health impacts (eg carcinogeniceffects)

Adsorption removal method is a simple and effectivemethoddesign since it is easy to use and can be imple-mented for dye treatment even in small plants however itusually produces huge amounts of sludge especially in thewastewater with high dye concentrations [59] Adsorptionof dyes on many adsorbents (eg SiO

2 Al2O3 CaO MgO

Fe2O3 Na2O K2O bentonite and montmorillonite) has

been broadly studied but the activated carbon has beenproven to be the most effective catalyst due to its highspecific surface area ultra high adsorption capacity and lowselectivity for both nonionic and ionic dyes However it hassome limitations including the need for regeneration afterexhausting high cost of the activated carbon and the lackof adsorption efficiency after regeneration [59 60] Takingall these facts into consideration much of the present workinvolves the degradation and mineralization of syntheticdyestuff in industry by heterogenous photocatalyst

The heterogenous photocatalyst relates to the waterdecontamination processes that are concerned with the oxi-dation of biorecalcitrant organic compounds [4 61 62] Thisimpressive method relies on the formation of highly reactivechemical species that degrade a number of recalcitrantmolecules into biodegradable compounds and is known asthe advanced oxidation process (AOP)

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hasapproved the inclusion of AOP as the best availabletechnology to meet the standard with specifications that

provide safe and sufficient pollution control of industrialprocesses and remediation of contaminated sites [42 63]

Advanced oxidation processes are based on the produc-tion of hydroxyl radicals which oxidize a wide range oforganic pollutants including dyes quickly and nonselectivelyAOPs include homogenous and heterogeneous photocat-alytic oxidation systems The homogenous photocatalyticoxidation system employs various oxidants such as H

2O

O3 Fenton reagent NaOCl and many others either alone

or in combination with light [64] (Figure 2) Recentlyheterogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as an importantdegradation technology leading to the total mineralization oforganic pollutants especially synthetic dyes [5 37 38 65 66]

21 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Acid Dyes-Water SolubleAnionics Acid dyes are chemically a sodium (less oftenammonium) salt of a carboxylic or phenol organic acid orsulfuric acidwith ionic substitution to be soluble inwater andcontains affinity for amphoteric fibers while lacking directdye affinity for cellulose fibers (via hydrogen bonding Vande Waals and ionic bonding) [67 68] Acid dyes consistof several compounds from the most varied categories ofdyes which represent characteristic differences in structure(eg nitro dyes triphenylmethane and anthraquinone) [69]Acid dyes are commonly divided into several classes whichdepend on level dyeing properties fastness requirementsand economy which are indicated by the strength of theanionic characteristic of dyes to the cationic sites of thecellulose fibers [68] Most of acid dyes are generated fromchemical intermediates where anthraquinone-like structuresand triphenylmethane predominate as the final state whichgive blue yellow and green color [68ndash70]

Acid dyes just as any of the synthetic dyes have thecapability of persuading sensitization in humans because oftheir complex molecular structure and the way in whichthey are metabolized in the body Moreover their watersolubility is harmful to humanbeings since they are sulphonicacids [71] The sulphonate groups are spread evenly alongthe molecule on the opposite side to the hydrogen bondingndashOH groups to minimize any repulsive effect [69] Thisin consequence determines the main problem with anionicdyes which is the lack of fastness during the washing andremoving process

Thusmany researchworks have paid increasing attentionto the degradation of acid dyes in the water stream in recentyears Several techniques including the use of activatedcarbon membrane filteration adsorption and coagulationhave been known to unravel the problems caused by thepresence of acid dyes (Table 2)

However due to the recalcitrant nature of acid dyes andthe high salinity of wastewater containing acid dyes theseconventional treatment processes are feckless Adsorptionand coagulation methods have also been applied to treatacid dyes in wastewater which always result in secondarypollutants [66] Furthermore it is noted that acid dyes havendashSO3minus ndashCOOH ndashOH and hydrophilic groups and excellentsolubility in the water stream [74 75]Their molecules spreadlinearly in solution and have a notable tendency to aggregate

6 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Types of adsorbents used with different anionicacid dyes

Adsorbent Anionic dyes References

Organo-bentoniteAcid scarlet [72]

Acid turquoise blue [73]Indigo carmine [74]

Ammonium functionalized mesoporous materials

Reactive brilliant red [75]Acid fuchsine [76]Orange IV [77]

Methyl orange (MO) [78]Apatitic tricalcium phosphate Reactive yellow 4 [79]Apatitic octocalcium phosphate [80]Wood shaving bottom ash Red reactive 141 [81]Bagasse ash Acid blue 80 [82]

Conduction band

Valance band

Ener

gy

+ + + + +

h

eminus

H2OOHminus

CO2 + H2O

H2O2

H2O

OH∙O2

∙minus + organics

O2

∙minus

O2

OH∙

OH∙

minus minus minus minus minus

Figure 2 General view on photocatalytic mechanism and degrada-tion process

by hydrogenous bonding and consequently form colloids insolution and also tend to be adsorbed and flocculated [81]To overcome such limitations photocatalytic decolarizationof acid dyes water soluble is essential This process donethrough the formation of electron-hole pairs with properphoton energy It has been assumed that once the energy islarger than the band gap the electron-hole pairs are separatedbetween the semiconductorrsquos valence and conduction bands[61 82] The acid dyes as adsorbed species on suitable siteson the surface of semiconductors undergo photooxidationreduction and synthesis under either ultraviolet sunlightor even ultrasonic lights In addition the aromatic linkagesare susceptible to reduction under light irradiation [83](Figure 3)

This encourages a promising technology based on theadvanced oxidation process that has been studied extensivelythrough a broad range of acid dyes that can be nonselectivelyoxidized quickly [43 84 85] Photocatalysis of acid dyesentails the formation of adequate concentrations of highlyreactive transitory species like hydrogen peroxide hydroxylradicals and superoxides to react with acid dyes and degradethem in the presence of a semiconductor and visible light orultraviolet (UV) light [86] Usually the semiconductors withband gap energy of 32 eV are used as photocatalysts with

eminuseminuseminus

OHminus

H2O2

OH∙

O2

∙minus

O2

∙minus

DyeUV

2H+

h+

O2

O2

TiO2

Red Red

Vis

Ox

OHminus + OH∙

Figure 3 The photocatalytic decolorization of TiO2towards Acid

Red 44 as a model of acid dyes [83]

the assumption that as a proton at equal or higher energy(120582 lt 400 nm) illuminates the semiconductor the photonenergy creates an electron to jump from the valence bandto the conduction bands generating electrons and positivelycharged holes [51 87] These electron-hole pairs persuade aseries of reactions which oxidize the dye acids

Among the various semiconductor oxides TiO2and ZnO

have been intensively investigated since the discovery oftheir ability to photocatalyse acid dyes [37] Briefly oncethe aqueous semiconductor (TiO

2andor ZnO) suspensions

are irradiated in light energy greater than the band gapenergy of the semiconductors conduction band electrons andvalence band holes are generated [51 88 89] As the chargeseparation ismaintained the electrons and holesmaymigrateto the semiconductor surface where it takes part in theredox reaction with acid dyes [90ndash92] The photogeneratedelectrons react with the adsorbed acid dye molecules (O

2)

on the semiconductor site and diminish it to superoxideradical anion (O

2

∙) while the photogenerated holes oxidizethe H

2O or OHminus ions adsorbed at the semiconductor surface

to OH∙ radicals [43 93ndash95] These generated radicals withother highly oxidant species act as strong oxidizing agentswhich could easily attack the adsorbed acid dye molecules orthose located close to the surface of the semiconductor thus

The Scientific World Journal 7

resulting in complete degradation of acid dyes into its smallerbiodegradable fragments [89 96]

Despite the many benefits of using TiO2and ZnO as

a photocatalyst to degrade the dye acids if the aim is toexpand a solar-powered treatment technology there are fewdisadvantages of the technology that barricade commercial-ization Even if both semiconductors offer high absorptionand surface areas they can be adjusted by preparationparameters [84 97 98] Although many acid dyes can beeffectively photodecomposed using TiO

2andor ZnO as the

photocatalyst the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalyticdecolorizationwith respect to both semiconductors as photo-catalysts are comparatively unclear It has been recorded thatboth semiconductors can contribute to the decompositionreaction in different ways without decreasing their activityover time [99] Several kinetic models for catalyzed oxidationutilizing heterogenous catalyst supported by both organicand inorganic carriers have been published in the literature[51 83 100] However only a few kinetic models of catalyzedphotocatalytic decolorization of acid dyes were publishedTheMars-Van Krevelen mechanism stated that the surface ofthe semiconductor catalyst acted as redox mediator whichtransferred electrons to oxygen to form oxygen anions asradicals O

2

minus∙ The O2

minus∙ anion radical oxidized the adsorbedacid dye compounds to form various products while thereduced form of O

2

minus could be regenerated by gaseous oxygen[61 101] The stationary-state adsorption mechanism wasbased on the steady-state assumption and also the oxidationreduction of the adsorbed phase [102] The Ely-Rideal mech-anism envisaged that a heterogeneous reaction took placeamong strongly chemisorbed acid dye atoms and physicallyadsorbed molecules which become attached to the surface byfaint Van der Waals forces [84] The Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism is based on the reaction that occurred betweenboth acid dyes and semiconductors [95 103]

22 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Basic Dyes-Water SolubleCationics Water soluble basic dyes are commonly consid-ered as the most difficult to eliminate or degrade from thedyeing effluent because of their high stability and resistanceability in the water stream [104ndash106] Basic dyes possesscationic functional groups such as ndashNH3+ or =NR2+ [105]Both of these protein functional groups in basic condi-tions generate a negative charge as the ndashCOOH groupsare deprotonated to give ndashCOOminus [107] Basic dyes performweakly on natural fibers but work very well in acrylics[105] Basic dyes will form a covalent bond with the properpolyacrylic functionality and once attached these basic dyesare very difficult to remove [106] Cationic triphenylmethanedyes are one of the most extensive basic dyes utilized ascolorants and antimicrobial agents in different industriesPrevious articles demonstrate that it may further serve astargetable sensitizers in photodestruction of specific cellularcomponents or cells [107 108] Methyl green (MG) is abasic triphenylmethane and dicationic dye frequently utilizedfor staining of solutions in biology and medicine It is alsoutilized as a photochromophore to sensitize gelatinous films[109] The increasing interest in the development of modern

and new methodologies for the degradation of toxic basicdyes has led to the deduction that the most effective way foroxidation of the basic dyes is with a powerful oxidizing agentspecifically when a free radical like ∙OH is generated [110ndash112](Figure 4)

Lately advanced oxidation processes have been broadlyinvestigated and have become alternative methods for decol-orizing and reducing recalcitrant wastewaters generated bybasic dyes Likewise the use of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanos-tructure as one of the promising semiconductors for thisoperation demonstrates positive results [113ndash115] CdO is ann-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 22 to 25 eVand an indirect band gap of 136 to 198 eV [114] Since CdOhas a band gap tailored to the visible region of solar light witha similar photocatalyticmechanism to semiconductor oxidesit can be an important option as photocatalyst materialsespecially in the decolorization process of basic dyes [45113] Indeed the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of CdOtowards basic dyes is considered as cauliflower-like [116]The nanostructure of CdO for removing the basic dyes fromaqueous solution has been reported and it is believed that thecrystal orientation morphology crystallinity particle sizearchitecture types and oxygen defects play an importantrole in changing the band gap Actually diversity in theband gap energy is highlighted to lattice defects because ofthe Burstein-Moss effect Besides the catalytic optical andelectrical properties originate from the difference of bandgaps in different structures [115] Thus it is critical to probean investigation on the generation of new CdO structuresfor better photodegradation of basic dyes Different struc-tures of CdO on a nanoscale have been reported such asnanowires nanoparticles nanoneedles thin film nanocrys-tal and others [117] CdO micro- and nanoarchitectureswith three-dimensional structures such as rods tubes andcauliflower-like structures have a larger specific surface areaand enhanced oxygen vacancy which in turn increases thedegree of oxidation process on basic dyes [118] Cauliflower-like architectures have attracted great interest due to itsspecial and novel morphology with high specific surface areathat can facilitate the diffusion and mass transportation ofthe basic dye molecules in photodegradation applications[116] This particular structure can be easily synthesizedusing mechanochemical methods a cheap process followedby thermal treatment conforming to the detailed processpresented in former studies

Most studies related to photodegradation techniques havebeen done using TiO

2andor ZnO as themodel photocatalyst

because of their nontoxicity cheapness chemical stabilityand high photocatalytic activity [37 119ndash121] The photocat-alytic decolorization of basic dyes with TiO

2andor ZnO as

the charge carrier or generation is summarized in Figure 2TheOH∙ or the directly produced charge is a strong oxidizingagent which attacks basic dyes present at or near the surfaceof the semiconductor [122] It ultimately causes the completedegeneration of the basic dyes into harmless compoundsIn general two different types of TiO

2phase are normally

used in photocatalytic decolorization of basic dyes anatase(32 eV) and rutile (30 eV) The adsorptive affinity of anatasefor the basic dyes is higher than that of rutile and thus anatase

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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MetallurgyJournal of

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BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 4: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 1 Continued

Group of dyes Characteristics Application References

Indigoid

(i) Expensive(ii) Made of tyrian purple(iii) Give progressively paler blue shades(iv) Oxidation process of indigoid gives phenylaceticacid

Textile wool linencotton

Use exclusively fordyeing denim jeans

jackets

[35]

Sulfur dyes

(i) Made by heating aromatic or heterocycliccompounds with species that release sulfur or sulfur(ii) Classified by sulfur bake polysulfide melt dyes andpolysulfide bake(iii) Not well-defined chemical compounds(iv) Mostly contain various thiophenolic andheterocyclic sulfurs(v) On oxidation the monomeric moleculescross-linked into large molecules form disulfide bridge(vi) Dyeing methods continuous

Cotton other cellulosic [36]

∙ Metallic azo∙ Triphen-dioxazine∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Formazan∙ Anthraquinone

∙ Polyozo compounds∙ Stilbenes∙ Phthalocyanines∙ Oxazines

∙ Anthraquinone∙ Indigoid

∙ Diaz hemicyanine∙ Triarylmethane∙ Cyanine∙ Hemicyanine∙ Thiazine∙ Oxazine∙ Acridine

∙ Azo compounds∙ Anthraquinone∙ Phthalocyanine∙ Triarylmethane

Dye technologies

Reactive dyes

Direct dyes Vat dyes

Basic dyesSolvent dyes

Figure 1 Synthetic dyes and its derivatives

Heterogenous photocatalysis using semiconductors forwater and wastewater treatment continues to attract muchinterest [4 5 37 38] The lower cost of catalysts and theutilization of environmental protection and renewable energyform this technology to be adequately attractive comparedto other techniques [37] Because the process relies on thephotoactivation of semiconductors the efficiency of thecatalyst is qualified by the capacity to generate electron-hole pairs in addition to radical production [39 40] Hencethe selection of proportionate semiconductors is the key toreactivity control [38]

12 Poisoning Dyes Only 45 to 47 of dyes have beenreported as organic dyes with biodegradable and solu-bility characteristics The remaining 55 to 53 of dyesare toxic and their persistence in wastewater has recentlybecome an issue of interest [8 41 42] Synthetic or poi-soning dyes engaged more often on industrial scale areacid dyes water soluble anionic basic dyes-water solublecationic substantive dyes-alkaline vat dyes-water solublealkali metal salt azoic dyes sulfur dyes and chrome dyes

Generally there are two important components in the dyemolecules chromophore component that is responsible forproducing the color and the auxochrome component whichincreases the affinity of the dye towards cellulose fibers[14 43]

The mentioned dyes are released in aqueous streamsas effluents of several industries including textiles paperleather plastic automobile furniture finishing sector andothers which consequently create intense environmentalpollution problems via the release of potential carcinogenicand toxic substances into the aqueous phase [22 23] Thedischarge of an enormous volume of wastewater containingdyes is an inevitable consequence because the textile industryconsumes large quantities of water and all dyes cannot becompletely combined with fibers during the dyeing processMore than 79105 metric tonnes of dye stuffs are producedworldwide annually with 10 to 50 of this amount beingreleased into wastewater [18 44] These high concentrationsof dyes in effluents interfere with the penetration of visiblelight into thewater resulting in a hindrance to photosynthesisand a decrease in gas solubility since less than 1mgLminus1 of dyeis highly visible Furthermore synthetic dyes which includean aromatic ring in their basic structure are regarded as toxiccarcinogenic and xenobiotic compounds [43ndash46] Also thistype of dyes may convey toxicity to aquatic life and may bemutagenic and carcinogenic and can cause intense damageto human beings including the reproductive system anddysfunction of the kidneys brain liver and central nervoussystem [34]

Therefore decolorization and detoxification of dye-containing wastewater need to be conducted before discharg-ing wastewater into natural water bodies [26 27 29] Certainphysical chemical and biological treatments are currentlybeing used for dye wastewater treatment Although physi-cal and chemical methods usually show high dye-removalefficiencies high operating costs are the main drawback dueto the large-scale application of these methods [32 47 48]Furthermore due to the high chemical stability of syntheticdyes conventional biological treatment using bacteria cannotremove the dyes efficiently [43 49 50]

The Scientific World Journal 5

2 Photocatalytic Decolorization ofSynthetic Dyes

The complete degradation of the dyes is not possible byconventional methods such as precipitation adsorptionflocculation flotation oxidation reduction electrochemicalaerobic anaerobic and biological treatment methods Thesemethods have inherent limitations in technologies such asless efficiency and production of secondary sludge the dis-posal of which is a costly affair [43ndash53] Merely transferringhazardous materials from one medium to another is not along-term solution to the issue of toxic waste loading on theenvironment [30] Many technologies have been applied toremedy dyes from wastewater like coagulationflocculationbiological treatment electrochemical membrane filtrationion exchange adsorption and chemical oxidation [54 55]Chemical coagulations for dye removal require loading ofchemical coagulation and optimal operating conditions likepH and coagulation dosage should be rigidly reminded forachieving maximum dye removal [56] The coagulation-flocculation process can be utilized as a pre- or post- oreven as a main treatment This process is cost effectiveand easy as it consumes less energy than the conventionalcoagulation treatment [57] However utilizing inorganic saltslike aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate as the coagu-lation agent has now become controversial because of theirpossibility of contributing to Alzheimerrsquos disease [56ndash58]Polyacrylamide-based materials are also often utilized in thecoagulation process but the possible release of monomers isnow considered damaging due to their entering into the foodchain and causing potential health impacts (eg carcinogeniceffects)

Adsorption removal method is a simple and effectivemethoddesign since it is easy to use and can be imple-mented for dye treatment even in small plants however itusually produces huge amounts of sludge especially in thewastewater with high dye concentrations [59] Adsorptionof dyes on many adsorbents (eg SiO

2 Al2O3 CaO MgO

Fe2O3 Na2O K2O bentonite and montmorillonite) has

been broadly studied but the activated carbon has beenproven to be the most effective catalyst due to its highspecific surface area ultra high adsorption capacity and lowselectivity for both nonionic and ionic dyes However it hassome limitations including the need for regeneration afterexhausting high cost of the activated carbon and the lackof adsorption efficiency after regeneration [59 60] Takingall these facts into consideration much of the present workinvolves the degradation and mineralization of syntheticdyestuff in industry by heterogenous photocatalyst

The heterogenous photocatalyst relates to the waterdecontamination processes that are concerned with the oxi-dation of biorecalcitrant organic compounds [4 61 62] Thisimpressive method relies on the formation of highly reactivechemical species that degrade a number of recalcitrantmolecules into biodegradable compounds and is known asthe advanced oxidation process (AOP)

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hasapproved the inclusion of AOP as the best availabletechnology to meet the standard with specifications that

provide safe and sufficient pollution control of industrialprocesses and remediation of contaminated sites [42 63]

Advanced oxidation processes are based on the produc-tion of hydroxyl radicals which oxidize a wide range oforganic pollutants including dyes quickly and nonselectivelyAOPs include homogenous and heterogeneous photocat-alytic oxidation systems The homogenous photocatalyticoxidation system employs various oxidants such as H

2O

O3 Fenton reagent NaOCl and many others either alone

or in combination with light [64] (Figure 2) Recentlyheterogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as an importantdegradation technology leading to the total mineralization oforganic pollutants especially synthetic dyes [5 37 38 65 66]

21 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Acid Dyes-Water SolubleAnionics Acid dyes are chemically a sodium (less oftenammonium) salt of a carboxylic or phenol organic acid orsulfuric acidwith ionic substitution to be soluble inwater andcontains affinity for amphoteric fibers while lacking directdye affinity for cellulose fibers (via hydrogen bonding Vande Waals and ionic bonding) [67 68] Acid dyes consistof several compounds from the most varied categories ofdyes which represent characteristic differences in structure(eg nitro dyes triphenylmethane and anthraquinone) [69]Acid dyes are commonly divided into several classes whichdepend on level dyeing properties fastness requirementsand economy which are indicated by the strength of theanionic characteristic of dyes to the cationic sites of thecellulose fibers [68] Most of acid dyes are generated fromchemical intermediates where anthraquinone-like structuresand triphenylmethane predominate as the final state whichgive blue yellow and green color [68ndash70]

Acid dyes just as any of the synthetic dyes have thecapability of persuading sensitization in humans because oftheir complex molecular structure and the way in whichthey are metabolized in the body Moreover their watersolubility is harmful to humanbeings since they are sulphonicacids [71] The sulphonate groups are spread evenly alongthe molecule on the opposite side to the hydrogen bondingndashOH groups to minimize any repulsive effect [69] Thisin consequence determines the main problem with anionicdyes which is the lack of fastness during the washing andremoving process

Thusmany researchworks have paid increasing attentionto the degradation of acid dyes in the water stream in recentyears Several techniques including the use of activatedcarbon membrane filteration adsorption and coagulationhave been known to unravel the problems caused by thepresence of acid dyes (Table 2)

However due to the recalcitrant nature of acid dyes andthe high salinity of wastewater containing acid dyes theseconventional treatment processes are feckless Adsorptionand coagulation methods have also been applied to treatacid dyes in wastewater which always result in secondarypollutants [66] Furthermore it is noted that acid dyes havendashSO3minus ndashCOOH ndashOH and hydrophilic groups and excellentsolubility in the water stream [74 75]Their molecules spreadlinearly in solution and have a notable tendency to aggregate

6 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Types of adsorbents used with different anionicacid dyes

Adsorbent Anionic dyes References

Organo-bentoniteAcid scarlet [72]

Acid turquoise blue [73]Indigo carmine [74]

Ammonium functionalized mesoporous materials

Reactive brilliant red [75]Acid fuchsine [76]Orange IV [77]

Methyl orange (MO) [78]Apatitic tricalcium phosphate Reactive yellow 4 [79]Apatitic octocalcium phosphate [80]Wood shaving bottom ash Red reactive 141 [81]Bagasse ash Acid blue 80 [82]

Conduction band

Valance band

Ener

gy

+ + + + +

h

eminus

H2OOHminus

CO2 + H2O

H2O2

H2O

OH∙O2

∙minus + organics

O2

∙minus

O2

OH∙

OH∙

minus minus minus minus minus

Figure 2 General view on photocatalytic mechanism and degrada-tion process

by hydrogenous bonding and consequently form colloids insolution and also tend to be adsorbed and flocculated [81]To overcome such limitations photocatalytic decolarizationof acid dyes water soluble is essential This process donethrough the formation of electron-hole pairs with properphoton energy It has been assumed that once the energy islarger than the band gap the electron-hole pairs are separatedbetween the semiconductorrsquos valence and conduction bands[61 82] The acid dyes as adsorbed species on suitable siteson the surface of semiconductors undergo photooxidationreduction and synthesis under either ultraviolet sunlightor even ultrasonic lights In addition the aromatic linkagesare susceptible to reduction under light irradiation [83](Figure 3)

This encourages a promising technology based on theadvanced oxidation process that has been studied extensivelythrough a broad range of acid dyes that can be nonselectivelyoxidized quickly [43 84 85] Photocatalysis of acid dyesentails the formation of adequate concentrations of highlyreactive transitory species like hydrogen peroxide hydroxylradicals and superoxides to react with acid dyes and degradethem in the presence of a semiconductor and visible light orultraviolet (UV) light [86] Usually the semiconductors withband gap energy of 32 eV are used as photocatalysts with

eminuseminuseminus

OHminus

H2O2

OH∙

O2

∙minus

O2

∙minus

DyeUV

2H+

h+

O2

O2

TiO2

Red Red

Vis

Ox

OHminus + OH∙

Figure 3 The photocatalytic decolorization of TiO2towards Acid

Red 44 as a model of acid dyes [83]

the assumption that as a proton at equal or higher energy(120582 lt 400 nm) illuminates the semiconductor the photonenergy creates an electron to jump from the valence bandto the conduction bands generating electrons and positivelycharged holes [51 87] These electron-hole pairs persuade aseries of reactions which oxidize the dye acids

Among the various semiconductor oxides TiO2and ZnO

have been intensively investigated since the discovery oftheir ability to photocatalyse acid dyes [37] Briefly oncethe aqueous semiconductor (TiO

2andor ZnO) suspensions

are irradiated in light energy greater than the band gapenergy of the semiconductors conduction band electrons andvalence band holes are generated [51 88 89] As the chargeseparation ismaintained the electrons and holesmaymigrateto the semiconductor surface where it takes part in theredox reaction with acid dyes [90ndash92] The photogeneratedelectrons react with the adsorbed acid dye molecules (O

2)

on the semiconductor site and diminish it to superoxideradical anion (O

2

∙) while the photogenerated holes oxidizethe H

2O or OHminus ions adsorbed at the semiconductor surface

to OH∙ radicals [43 93ndash95] These generated radicals withother highly oxidant species act as strong oxidizing agentswhich could easily attack the adsorbed acid dye molecules orthose located close to the surface of the semiconductor thus

The Scientific World Journal 7

resulting in complete degradation of acid dyes into its smallerbiodegradable fragments [89 96]

Despite the many benefits of using TiO2and ZnO as

a photocatalyst to degrade the dye acids if the aim is toexpand a solar-powered treatment technology there are fewdisadvantages of the technology that barricade commercial-ization Even if both semiconductors offer high absorptionand surface areas they can be adjusted by preparationparameters [84 97 98] Although many acid dyes can beeffectively photodecomposed using TiO

2andor ZnO as the

photocatalyst the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalyticdecolorizationwith respect to both semiconductors as photo-catalysts are comparatively unclear It has been recorded thatboth semiconductors can contribute to the decompositionreaction in different ways without decreasing their activityover time [99] Several kinetic models for catalyzed oxidationutilizing heterogenous catalyst supported by both organicand inorganic carriers have been published in the literature[51 83 100] However only a few kinetic models of catalyzedphotocatalytic decolorization of acid dyes were publishedTheMars-Van Krevelen mechanism stated that the surface ofthe semiconductor catalyst acted as redox mediator whichtransferred electrons to oxygen to form oxygen anions asradicals O

2

minus∙ The O2

minus∙ anion radical oxidized the adsorbedacid dye compounds to form various products while thereduced form of O

2

minus could be regenerated by gaseous oxygen[61 101] The stationary-state adsorption mechanism wasbased on the steady-state assumption and also the oxidationreduction of the adsorbed phase [102] The Ely-Rideal mech-anism envisaged that a heterogeneous reaction took placeamong strongly chemisorbed acid dye atoms and physicallyadsorbed molecules which become attached to the surface byfaint Van der Waals forces [84] The Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism is based on the reaction that occurred betweenboth acid dyes and semiconductors [95 103]

22 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Basic Dyes-Water SolubleCationics Water soluble basic dyes are commonly consid-ered as the most difficult to eliminate or degrade from thedyeing effluent because of their high stability and resistanceability in the water stream [104ndash106] Basic dyes possesscationic functional groups such as ndashNH3+ or =NR2+ [105]Both of these protein functional groups in basic condi-tions generate a negative charge as the ndashCOOH groupsare deprotonated to give ndashCOOminus [107] Basic dyes performweakly on natural fibers but work very well in acrylics[105] Basic dyes will form a covalent bond with the properpolyacrylic functionality and once attached these basic dyesare very difficult to remove [106] Cationic triphenylmethanedyes are one of the most extensive basic dyes utilized ascolorants and antimicrobial agents in different industriesPrevious articles demonstrate that it may further serve astargetable sensitizers in photodestruction of specific cellularcomponents or cells [107 108] Methyl green (MG) is abasic triphenylmethane and dicationic dye frequently utilizedfor staining of solutions in biology and medicine It is alsoutilized as a photochromophore to sensitize gelatinous films[109] The increasing interest in the development of modern

and new methodologies for the degradation of toxic basicdyes has led to the deduction that the most effective way foroxidation of the basic dyes is with a powerful oxidizing agentspecifically when a free radical like ∙OH is generated [110ndash112](Figure 4)

Lately advanced oxidation processes have been broadlyinvestigated and have become alternative methods for decol-orizing and reducing recalcitrant wastewaters generated bybasic dyes Likewise the use of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanos-tructure as one of the promising semiconductors for thisoperation demonstrates positive results [113ndash115] CdO is ann-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 22 to 25 eVand an indirect band gap of 136 to 198 eV [114] Since CdOhas a band gap tailored to the visible region of solar light witha similar photocatalyticmechanism to semiconductor oxidesit can be an important option as photocatalyst materialsespecially in the decolorization process of basic dyes [45113] Indeed the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of CdOtowards basic dyes is considered as cauliflower-like [116]The nanostructure of CdO for removing the basic dyes fromaqueous solution has been reported and it is believed that thecrystal orientation morphology crystallinity particle sizearchitecture types and oxygen defects play an importantrole in changing the band gap Actually diversity in theband gap energy is highlighted to lattice defects because ofthe Burstein-Moss effect Besides the catalytic optical andelectrical properties originate from the difference of bandgaps in different structures [115] Thus it is critical to probean investigation on the generation of new CdO structuresfor better photodegradation of basic dyes Different struc-tures of CdO on a nanoscale have been reported such asnanowires nanoparticles nanoneedles thin film nanocrys-tal and others [117] CdO micro- and nanoarchitectureswith three-dimensional structures such as rods tubes andcauliflower-like structures have a larger specific surface areaand enhanced oxygen vacancy which in turn increases thedegree of oxidation process on basic dyes [118] Cauliflower-like architectures have attracted great interest due to itsspecial and novel morphology with high specific surface areathat can facilitate the diffusion and mass transportation ofthe basic dye molecules in photodegradation applications[116] This particular structure can be easily synthesizedusing mechanochemical methods a cheap process followedby thermal treatment conforming to the detailed processpresented in former studies

Most studies related to photodegradation techniques havebeen done using TiO

2andor ZnO as themodel photocatalyst

because of their nontoxicity cheapness chemical stabilityand high photocatalytic activity [37 119ndash121] The photocat-alytic decolorization of basic dyes with TiO

2andor ZnO as

the charge carrier or generation is summarized in Figure 2TheOH∙ or the directly produced charge is a strong oxidizingagent which attacks basic dyes present at or near the surfaceof the semiconductor [122] It ultimately causes the completedegeneration of the basic dyes into harmless compoundsIn general two different types of TiO

2phase are normally

used in photocatalytic decolorization of basic dyes anatase(32 eV) and rutile (30 eV) The adsorptive affinity of anatasefor the basic dyes is higher than that of rutile and thus anatase

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 5: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 5

2 Photocatalytic Decolorization ofSynthetic Dyes

The complete degradation of the dyes is not possible byconventional methods such as precipitation adsorptionflocculation flotation oxidation reduction electrochemicalaerobic anaerobic and biological treatment methods Thesemethods have inherent limitations in technologies such asless efficiency and production of secondary sludge the dis-posal of which is a costly affair [43ndash53] Merely transferringhazardous materials from one medium to another is not along-term solution to the issue of toxic waste loading on theenvironment [30] Many technologies have been applied toremedy dyes from wastewater like coagulationflocculationbiological treatment electrochemical membrane filtrationion exchange adsorption and chemical oxidation [54 55]Chemical coagulations for dye removal require loading ofchemical coagulation and optimal operating conditions likepH and coagulation dosage should be rigidly reminded forachieving maximum dye removal [56] The coagulation-flocculation process can be utilized as a pre- or post- oreven as a main treatment This process is cost effectiveand easy as it consumes less energy than the conventionalcoagulation treatment [57] However utilizing inorganic saltslike aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate as the coagu-lation agent has now become controversial because of theirpossibility of contributing to Alzheimerrsquos disease [56ndash58]Polyacrylamide-based materials are also often utilized in thecoagulation process but the possible release of monomers isnow considered damaging due to their entering into the foodchain and causing potential health impacts (eg carcinogeniceffects)

Adsorption removal method is a simple and effectivemethoddesign since it is easy to use and can be imple-mented for dye treatment even in small plants however itusually produces huge amounts of sludge especially in thewastewater with high dye concentrations [59] Adsorptionof dyes on many adsorbents (eg SiO

2 Al2O3 CaO MgO

Fe2O3 Na2O K2O bentonite and montmorillonite) has

been broadly studied but the activated carbon has beenproven to be the most effective catalyst due to its highspecific surface area ultra high adsorption capacity and lowselectivity for both nonionic and ionic dyes However it hassome limitations including the need for regeneration afterexhausting high cost of the activated carbon and the lackof adsorption efficiency after regeneration [59 60] Takingall these facts into consideration much of the present workinvolves the degradation and mineralization of syntheticdyestuff in industry by heterogenous photocatalyst

The heterogenous photocatalyst relates to the waterdecontamination processes that are concerned with the oxi-dation of biorecalcitrant organic compounds [4 61 62] Thisimpressive method relies on the formation of highly reactivechemical species that degrade a number of recalcitrantmolecules into biodegradable compounds and is known asthe advanced oxidation process (AOP)

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hasapproved the inclusion of AOP as the best availabletechnology to meet the standard with specifications that

provide safe and sufficient pollution control of industrialprocesses and remediation of contaminated sites [42 63]

Advanced oxidation processes are based on the produc-tion of hydroxyl radicals which oxidize a wide range oforganic pollutants including dyes quickly and nonselectivelyAOPs include homogenous and heterogeneous photocat-alytic oxidation systems The homogenous photocatalyticoxidation system employs various oxidants such as H

2O

O3 Fenton reagent NaOCl and many others either alone

or in combination with light [64] (Figure 2) Recentlyheterogeneous photocatalysis has emerged as an importantdegradation technology leading to the total mineralization oforganic pollutants especially synthetic dyes [5 37 38 65 66]

21 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Acid Dyes-Water SolubleAnionics Acid dyes are chemically a sodium (less oftenammonium) salt of a carboxylic or phenol organic acid orsulfuric acidwith ionic substitution to be soluble inwater andcontains affinity for amphoteric fibers while lacking directdye affinity for cellulose fibers (via hydrogen bonding Vande Waals and ionic bonding) [67 68] Acid dyes consistof several compounds from the most varied categories ofdyes which represent characteristic differences in structure(eg nitro dyes triphenylmethane and anthraquinone) [69]Acid dyes are commonly divided into several classes whichdepend on level dyeing properties fastness requirementsand economy which are indicated by the strength of theanionic characteristic of dyes to the cationic sites of thecellulose fibers [68] Most of acid dyes are generated fromchemical intermediates where anthraquinone-like structuresand triphenylmethane predominate as the final state whichgive blue yellow and green color [68ndash70]

Acid dyes just as any of the synthetic dyes have thecapability of persuading sensitization in humans because oftheir complex molecular structure and the way in whichthey are metabolized in the body Moreover their watersolubility is harmful to humanbeings since they are sulphonicacids [71] The sulphonate groups are spread evenly alongthe molecule on the opposite side to the hydrogen bondingndashOH groups to minimize any repulsive effect [69] Thisin consequence determines the main problem with anionicdyes which is the lack of fastness during the washing andremoving process

Thusmany researchworks have paid increasing attentionto the degradation of acid dyes in the water stream in recentyears Several techniques including the use of activatedcarbon membrane filteration adsorption and coagulationhave been known to unravel the problems caused by thepresence of acid dyes (Table 2)

However due to the recalcitrant nature of acid dyes andthe high salinity of wastewater containing acid dyes theseconventional treatment processes are feckless Adsorptionand coagulation methods have also been applied to treatacid dyes in wastewater which always result in secondarypollutants [66] Furthermore it is noted that acid dyes havendashSO3minus ndashCOOH ndashOH and hydrophilic groups and excellentsolubility in the water stream [74 75]Their molecules spreadlinearly in solution and have a notable tendency to aggregate

6 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Types of adsorbents used with different anionicacid dyes

Adsorbent Anionic dyes References

Organo-bentoniteAcid scarlet [72]

Acid turquoise blue [73]Indigo carmine [74]

Ammonium functionalized mesoporous materials

Reactive brilliant red [75]Acid fuchsine [76]Orange IV [77]

Methyl orange (MO) [78]Apatitic tricalcium phosphate Reactive yellow 4 [79]Apatitic octocalcium phosphate [80]Wood shaving bottom ash Red reactive 141 [81]Bagasse ash Acid blue 80 [82]

Conduction band

Valance band

Ener

gy

+ + + + +

h

eminus

H2OOHminus

CO2 + H2O

H2O2

H2O

OH∙O2

∙minus + organics

O2

∙minus

O2

OH∙

OH∙

minus minus minus minus minus

Figure 2 General view on photocatalytic mechanism and degrada-tion process

by hydrogenous bonding and consequently form colloids insolution and also tend to be adsorbed and flocculated [81]To overcome such limitations photocatalytic decolarizationof acid dyes water soluble is essential This process donethrough the formation of electron-hole pairs with properphoton energy It has been assumed that once the energy islarger than the band gap the electron-hole pairs are separatedbetween the semiconductorrsquos valence and conduction bands[61 82] The acid dyes as adsorbed species on suitable siteson the surface of semiconductors undergo photooxidationreduction and synthesis under either ultraviolet sunlightor even ultrasonic lights In addition the aromatic linkagesare susceptible to reduction under light irradiation [83](Figure 3)

This encourages a promising technology based on theadvanced oxidation process that has been studied extensivelythrough a broad range of acid dyes that can be nonselectivelyoxidized quickly [43 84 85] Photocatalysis of acid dyesentails the formation of adequate concentrations of highlyreactive transitory species like hydrogen peroxide hydroxylradicals and superoxides to react with acid dyes and degradethem in the presence of a semiconductor and visible light orultraviolet (UV) light [86] Usually the semiconductors withband gap energy of 32 eV are used as photocatalysts with

eminuseminuseminus

OHminus

H2O2

OH∙

O2

∙minus

O2

∙minus

DyeUV

2H+

h+

O2

O2

TiO2

Red Red

Vis

Ox

OHminus + OH∙

Figure 3 The photocatalytic decolorization of TiO2towards Acid

Red 44 as a model of acid dyes [83]

the assumption that as a proton at equal or higher energy(120582 lt 400 nm) illuminates the semiconductor the photonenergy creates an electron to jump from the valence bandto the conduction bands generating electrons and positivelycharged holes [51 87] These electron-hole pairs persuade aseries of reactions which oxidize the dye acids

Among the various semiconductor oxides TiO2and ZnO

have been intensively investigated since the discovery oftheir ability to photocatalyse acid dyes [37] Briefly oncethe aqueous semiconductor (TiO

2andor ZnO) suspensions

are irradiated in light energy greater than the band gapenergy of the semiconductors conduction band electrons andvalence band holes are generated [51 88 89] As the chargeseparation ismaintained the electrons and holesmaymigrateto the semiconductor surface where it takes part in theredox reaction with acid dyes [90ndash92] The photogeneratedelectrons react with the adsorbed acid dye molecules (O

2)

on the semiconductor site and diminish it to superoxideradical anion (O

2

∙) while the photogenerated holes oxidizethe H

2O or OHminus ions adsorbed at the semiconductor surface

to OH∙ radicals [43 93ndash95] These generated radicals withother highly oxidant species act as strong oxidizing agentswhich could easily attack the adsorbed acid dye molecules orthose located close to the surface of the semiconductor thus

The Scientific World Journal 7

resulting in complete degradation of acid dyes into its smallerbiodegradable fragments [89 96]

Despite the many benefits of using TiO2and ZnO as

a photocatalyst to degrade the dye acids if the aim is toexpand a solar-powered treatment technology there are fewdisadvantages of the technology that barricade commercial-ization Even if both semiconductors offer high absorptionand surface areas they can be adjusted by preparationparameters [84 97 98] Although many acid dyes can beeffectively photodecomposed using TiO

2andor ZnO as the

photocatalyst the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalyticdecolorizationwith respect to both semiconductors as photo-catalysts are comparatively unclear It has been recorded thatboth semiconductors can contribute to the decompositionreaction in different ways without decreasing their activityover time [99] Several kinetic models for catalyzed oxidationutilizing heterogenous catalyst supported by both organicand inorganic carriers have been published in the literature[51 83 100] However only a few kinetic models of catalyzedphotocatalytic decolorization of acid dyes were publishedTheMars-Van Krevelen mechanism stated that the surface ofthe semiconductor catalyst acted as redox mediator whichtransferred electrons to oxygen to form oxygen anions asradicals O

2

minus∙ The O2

minus∙ anion radical oxidized the adsorbedacid dye compounds to form various products while thereduced form of O

2

minus could be regenerated by gaseous oxygen[61 101] The stationary-state adsorption mechanism wasbased on the steady-state assumption and also the oxidationreduction of the adsorbed phase [102] The Ely-Rideal mech-anism envisaged that a heterogeneous reaction took placeamong strongly chemisorbed acid dye atoms and physicallyadsorbed molecules which become attached to the surface byfaint Van der Waals forces [84] The Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism is based on the reaction that occurred betweenboth acid dyes and semiconductors [95 103]

22 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Basic Dyes-Water SolubleCationics Water soluble basic dyes are commonly consid-ered as the most difficult to eliminate or degrade from thedyeing effluent because of their high stability and resistanceability in the water stream [104ndash106] Basic dyes possesscationic functional groups such as ndashNH3+ or =NR2+ [105]Both of these protein functional groups in basic condi-tions generate a negative charge as the ndashCOOH groupsare deprotonated to give ndashCOOminus [107] Basic dyes performweakly on natural fibers but work very well in acrylics[105] Basic dyes will form a covalent bond with the properpolyacrylic functionality and once attached these basic dyesare very difficult to remove [106] Cationic triphenylmethanedyes are one of the most extensive basic dyes utilized ascolorants and antimicrobial agents in different industriesPrevious articles demonstrate that it may further serve astargetable sensitizers in photodestruction of specific cellularcomponents or cells [107 108] Methyl green (MG) is abasic triphenylmethane and dicationic dye frequently utilizedfor staining of solutions in biology and medicine It is alsoutilized as a photochromophore to sensitize gelatinous films[109] The increasing interest in the development of modern

and new methodologies for the degradation of toxic basicdyes has led to the deduction that the most effective way foroxidation of the basic dyes is with a powerful oxidizing agentspecifically when a free radical like ∙OH is generated [110ndash112](Figure 4)

Lately advanced oxidation processes have been broadlyinvestigated and have become alternative methods for decol-orizing and reducing recalcitrant wastewaters generated bybasic dyes Likewise the use of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanos-tructure as one of the promising semiconductors for thisoperation demonstrates positive results [113ndash115] CdO is ann-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 22 to 25 eVand an indirect band gap of 136 to 198 eV [114] Since CdOhas a band gap tailored to the visible region of solar light witha similar photocatalyticmechanism to semiconductor oxidesit can be an important option as photocatalyst materialsespecially in the decolorization process of basic dyes [45113] Indeed the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of CdOtowards basic dyes is considered as cauliflower-like [116]The nanostructure of CdO for removing the basic dyes fromaqueous solution has been reported and it is believed that thecrystal orientation morphology crystallinity particle sizearchitecture types and oxygen defects play an importantrole in changing the band gap Actually diversity in theband gap energy is highlighted to lattice defects because ofthe Burstein-Moss effect Besides the catalytic optical andelectrical properties originate from the difference of bandgaps in different structures [115] Thus it is critical to probean investigation on the generation of new CdO structuresfor better photodegradation of basic dyes Different struc-tures of CdO on a nanoscale have been reported such asnanowires nanoparticles nanoneedles thin film nanocrys-tal and others [117] CdO micro- and nanoarchitectureswith three-dimensional structures such as rods tubes andcauliflower-like structures have a larger specific surface areaand enhanced oxygen vacancy which in turn increases thedegree of oxidation process on basic dyes [118] Cauliflower-like architectures have attracted great interest due to itsspecial and novel morphology with high specific surface areathat can facilitate the diffusion and mass transportation ofthe basic dye molecules in photodegradation applications[116] This particular structure can be easily synthesizedusing mechanochemical methods a cheap process followedby thermal treatment conforming to the detailed processpresented in former studies

Most studies related to photodegradation techniques havebeen done using TiO

2andor ZnO as themodel photocatalyst

because of their nontoxicity cheapness chemical stabilityand high photocatalytic activity [37 119ndash121] The photocat-alytic decolorization of basic dyes with TiO

2andor ZnO as

the charge carrier or generation is summarized in Figure 2TheOH∙ or the directly produced charge is a strong oxidizingagent which attacks basic dyes present at or near the surfaceof the semiconductor [122] It ultimately causes the completedegeneration of the basic dyes into harmless compoundsIn general two different types of TiO

2phase are normally

used in photocatalytic decolorization of basic dyes anatase(32 eV) and rutile (30 eV) The adsorptive affinity of anatasefor the basic dyes is higher than that of rutile and thus anatase

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

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TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Advances in

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Smart Materials Research

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BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 6: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

6 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 Types of adsorbents used with different anionicacid dyes

Adsorbent Anionic dyes References

Organo-bentoniteAcid scarlet [72]

Acid turquoise blue [73]Indigo carmine [74]

Ammonium functionalized mesoporous materials

Reactive brilliant red [75]Acid fuchsine [76]Orange IV [77]

Methyl orange (MO) [78]Apatitic tricalcium phosphate Reactive yellow 4 [79]Apatitic octocalcium phosphate [80]Wood shaving bottom ash Red reactive 141 [81]Bagasse ash Acid blue 80 [82]

Conduction band

Valance band

Ener

gy

+ + + + +

h

eminus

H2OOHminus

CO2 + H2O

H2O2

H2O

OH∙O2

∙minus + organics

O2

∙minus

O2

OH∙

OH∙

minus minus minus minus minus

Figure 2 General view on photocatalytic mechanism and degrada-tion process

by hydrogenous bonding and consequently form colloids insolution and also tend to be adsorbed and flocculated [81]To overcome such limitations photocatalytic decolarizationof acid dyes water soluble is essential This process donethrough the formation of electron-hole pairs with properphoton energy It has been assumed that once the energy islarger than the band gap the electron-hole pairs are separatedbetween the semiconductorrsquos valence and conduction bands[61 82] The acid dyes as adsorbed species on suitable siteson the surface of semiconductors undergo photooxidationreduction and synthesis under either ultraviolet sunlightor even ultrasonic lights In addition the aromatic linkagesare susceptible to reduction under light irradiation [83](Figure 3)

This encourages a promising technology based on theadvanced oxidation process that has been studied extensivelythrough a broad range of acid dyes that can be nonselectivelyoxidized quickly [43 84 85] Photocatalysis of acid dyesentails the formation of adequate concentrations of highlyreactive transitory species like hydrogen peroxide hydroxylradicals and superoxides to react with acid dyes and degradethem in the presence of a semiconductor and visible light orultraviolet (UV) light [86] Usually the semiconductors withband gap energy of 32 eV are used as photocatalysts with

eminuseminuseminus

OHminus

H2O2

OH∙

O2

∙minus

O2

∙minus

DyeUV

2H+

h+

O2

O2

TiO2

Red Red

Vis

Ox

OHminus + OH∙

Figure 3 The photocatalytic decolorization of TiO2towards Acid

Red 44 as a model of acid dyes [83]

the assumption that as a proton at equal or higher energy(120582 lt 400 nm) illuminates the semiconductor the photonenergy creates an electron to jump from the valence bandto the conduction bands generating electrons and positivelycharged holes [51 87] These electron-hole pairs persuade aseries of reactions which oxidize the dye acids

Among the various semiconductor oxides TiO2and ZnO

have been intensively investigated since the discovery oftheir ability to photocatalyse acid dyes [37] Briefly oncethe aqueous semiconductor (TiO

2andor ZnO) suspensions

are irradiated in light energy greater than the band gapenergy of the semiconductors conduction band electrons andvalence band holes are generated [51 88 89] As the chargeseparation ismaintained the electrons and holesmaymigrateto the semiconductor surface where it takes part in theredox reaction with acid dyes [90ndash92] The photogeneratedelectrons react with the adsorbed acid dye molecules (O

2)

on the semiconductor site and diminish it to superoxideradical anion (O

2

∙) while the photogenerated holes oxidizethe H

2O or OHminus ions adsorbed at the semiconductor surface

to OH∙ radicals [43 93ndash95] These generated radicals withother highly oxidant species act as strong oxidizing agentswhich could easily attack the adsorbed acid dye molecules orthose located close to the surface of the semiconductor thus

The Scientific World Journal 7

resulting in complete degradation of acid dyes into its smallerbiodegradable fragments [89 96]

Despite the many benefits of using TiO2and ZnO as

a photocatalyst to degrade the dye acids if the aim is toexpand a solar-powered treatment technology there are fewdisadvantages of the technology that barricade commercial-ization Even if both semiconductors offer high absorptionand surface areas they can be adjusted by preparationparameters [84 97 98] Although many acid dyes can beeffectively photodecomposed using TiO

2andor ZnO as the

photocatalyst the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalyticdecolorizationwith respect to both semiconductors as photo-catalysts are comparatively unclear It has been recorded thatboth semiconductors can contribute to the decompositionreaction in different ways without decreasing their activityover time [99] Several kinetic models for catalyzed oxidationutilizing heterogenous catalyst supported by both organicand inorganic carriers have been published in the literature[51 83 100] However only a few kinetic models of catalyzedphotocatalytic decolorization of acid dyes were publishedTheMars-Van Krevelen mechanism stated that the surface ofthe semiconductor catalyst acted as redox mediator whichtransferred electrons to oxygen to form oxygen anions asradicals O

2

minus∙ The O2

minus∙ anion radical oxidized the adsorbedacid dye compounds to form various products while thereduced form of O

2

minus could be regenerated by gaseous oxygen[61 101] The stationary-state adsorption mechanism wasbased on the steady-state assumption and also the oxidationreduction of the adsorbed phase [102] The Ely-Rideal mech-anism envisaged that a heterogeneous reaction took placeamong strongly chemisorbed acid dye atoms and physicallyadsorbed molecules which become attached to the surface byfaint Van der Waals forces [84] The Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism is based on the reaction that occurred betweenboth acid dyes and semiconductors [95 103]

22 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Basic Dyes-Water SolubleCationics Water soluble basic dyes are commonly consid-ered as the most difficult to eliminate or degrade from thedyeing effluent because of their high stability and resistanceability in the water stream [104ndash106] Basic dyes possesscationic functional groups such as ndashNH3+ or =NR2+ [105]Both of these protein functional groups in basic condi-tions generate a negative charge as the ndashCOOH groupsare deprotonated to give ndashCOOminus [107] Basic dyes performweakly on natural fibers but work very well in acrylics[105] Basic dyes will form a covalent bond with the properpolyacrylic functionality and once attached these basic dyesare very difficult to remove [106] Cationic triphenylmethanedyes are one of the most extensive basic dyes utilized ascolorants and antimicrobial agents in different industriesPrevious articles demonstrate that it may further serve astargetable sensitizers in photodestruction of specific cellularcomponents or cells [107 108] Methyl green (MG) is abasic triphenylmethane and dicationic dye frequently utilizedfor staining of solutions in biology and medicine It is alsoutilized as a photochromophore to sensitize gelatinous films[109] The increasing interest in the development of modern

and new methodologies for the degradation of toxic basicdyes has led to the deduction that the most effective way foroxidation of the basic dyes is with a powerful oxidizing agentspecifically when a free radical like ∙OH is generated [110ndash112](Figure 4)

Lately advanced oxidation processes have been broadlyinvestigated and have become alternative methods for decol-orizing and reducing recalcitrant wastewaters generated bybasic dyes Likewise the use of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanos-tructure as one of the promising semiconductors for thisoperation demonstrates positive results [113ndash115] CdO is ann-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 22 to 25 eVand an indirect band gap of 136 to 198 eV [114] Since CdOhas a band gap tailored to the visible region of solar light witha similar photocatalyticmechanism to semiconductor oxidesit can be an important option as photocatalyst materialsespecially in the decolorization process of basic dyes [45113] Indeed the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of CdOtowards basic dyes is considered as cauliflower-like [116]The nanostructure of CdO for removing the basic dyes fromaqueous solution has been reported and it is believed that thecrystal orientation morphology crystallinity particle sizearchitecture types and oxygen defects play an importantrole in changing the band gap Actually diversity in theband gap energy is highlighted to lattice defects because ofthe Burstein-Moss effect Besides the catalytic optical andelectrical properties originate from the difference of bandgaps in different structures [115] Thus it is critical to probean investigation on the generation of new CdO structuresfor better photodegradation of basic dyes Different struc-tures of CdO on a nanoscale have been reported such asnanowires nanoparticles nanoneedles thin film nanocrys-tal and others [117] CdO micro- and nanoarchitectureswith three-dimensional structures such as rods tubes andcauliflower-like structures have a larger specific surface areaand enhanced oxygen vacancy which in turn increases thedegree of oxidation process on basic dyes [118] Cauliflower-like architectures have attracted great interest due to itsspecial and novel morphology with high specific surface areathat can facilitate the diffusion and mass transportation ofthe basic dye molecules in photodegradation applications[116] This particular structure can be easily synthesizedusing mechanochemical methods a cheap process followedby thermal treatment conforming to the detailed processpresented in former studies

Most studies related to photodegradation techniques havebeen done using TiO

2andor ZnO as themodel photocatalyst

because of their nontoxicity cheapness chemical stabilityand high photocatalytic activity [37 119ndash121] The photocat-alytic decolorization of basic dyes with TiO

2andor ZnO as

the charge carrier or generation is summarized in Figure 2TheOH∙ or the directly produced charge is a strong oxidizingagent which attacks basic dyes present at or near the surfaceof the semiconductor [122] It ultimately causes the completedegeneration of the basic dyes into harmless compoundsIn general two different types of TiO

2phase are normally

used in photocatalytic decolorization of basic dyes anatase(32 eV) and rutile (30 eV) The adsorptive affinity of anatasefor the basic dyes is higher than that of rutile and thus anatase

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

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MetallurgyJournal of

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BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 7: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 7

resulting in complete degradation of acid dyes into its smallerbiodegradable fragments [89 96]

Despite the many benefits of using TiO2and ZnO as

a photocatalyst to degrade the dye acids if the aim is toexpand a solar-powered treatment technology there are fewdisadvantages of the technology that barricade commercial-ization Even if both semiconductors offer high absorptionand surface areas they can be adjusted by preparationparameters [84 97 98] Although many acid dyes can beeffectively photodecomposed using TiO

2andor ZnO as the

photocatalyst the kinetics and mechanism of photocatalyticdecolorizationwith respect to both semiconductors as photo-catalysts are comparatively unclear It has been recorded thatboth semiconductors can contribute to the decompositionreaction in different ways without decreasing their activityover time [99] Several kinetic models for catalyzed oxidationutilizing heterogenous catalyst supported by both organicand inorganic carriers have been published in the literature[51 83 100] However only a few kinetic models of catalyzedphotocatalytic decolorization of acid dyes were publishedTheMars-Van Krevelen mechanism stated that the surface ofthe semiconductor catalyst acted as redox mediator whichtransferred electrons to oxygen to form oxygen anions asradicals O

2

minus∙ The O2

minus∙ anion radical oxidized the adsorbedacid dye compounds to form various products while thereduced form of O

2

minus could be regenerated by gaseous oxygen[61 101] The stationary-state adsorption mechanism wasbased on the steady-state assumption and also the oxidationreduction of the adsorbed phase [102] The Ely-Rideal mech-anism envisaged that a heterogeneous reaction took placeamong strongly chemisorbed acid dye atoms and physicallyadsorbed molecules which become attached to the surface byfaint Van der Waals forces [84] The Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism is based on the reaction that occurred betweenboth acid dyes and semiconductors [95 103]

22 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Basic Dyes-Water SolubleCationics Water soluble basic dyes are commonly consid-ered as the most difficult to eliminate or degrade from thedyeing effluent because of their high stability and resistanceability in the water stream [104ndash106] Basic dyes possesscationic functional groups such as ndashNH3+ or =NR2+ [105]Both of these protein functional groups in basic condi-tions generate a negative charge as the ndashCOOH groupsare deprotonated to give ndashCOOminus [107] Basic dyes performweakly on natural fibers but work very well in acrylics[105] Basic dyes will form a covalent bond with the properpolyacrylic functionality and once attached these basic dyesare very difficult to remove [106] Cationic triphenylmethanedyes are one of the most extensive basic dyes utilized ascolorants and antimicrobial agents in different industriesPrevious articles demonstrate that it may further serve astargetable sensitizers in photodestruction of specific cellularcomponents or cells [107 108] Methyl green (MG) is abasic triphenylmethane and dicationic dye frequently utilizedfor staining of solutions in biology and medicine It is alsoutilized as a photochromophore to sensitize gelatinous films[109] The increasing interest in the development of modern

and new methodologies for the degradation of toxic basicdyes has led to the deduction that the most effective way foroxidation of the basic dyes is with a powerful oxidizing agentspecifically when a free radical like ∙OH is generated [110ndash112](Figure 4)

Lately advanced oxidation processes have been broadlyinvestigated and have become alternative methods for decol-orizing and reducing recalcitrant wastewaters generated bybasic dyes Likewise the use of cadmium oxide (CdO) nanos-tructure as one of the promising semiconductors for thisoperation demonstrates positive results [113ndash115] CdO is ann-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 22 to 25 eVand an indirect band gap of 136 to 198 eV [114] Since CdOhas a band gap tailored to the visible region of solar light witha similar photocatalyticmechanism to semiconductor oxidesit can be an important option as photocatalyst materialsespecially in the decolorization process of basic dyes [45113] Indeed the evaluation of photocatalytic activity of CdOtowards basic dyes is considered as cauliflower-like [116]The nanostructure of CdO for removing the basic dyes fromaqueous solution has been reported and it is believed that thecrystal orientation morphology crystallinity particle sizearchitecture types and oxygen defects play an importantrole in changing the band gap Actually diversity in theband gap energy is highlighted to lattice defects because ofthe Burstein-Moss effect Besides the catalytic optical andelectrical properties originate from the difference of bandgaps in different structures [115] Thus it is critical to probean investigation on the generation of new CdO structuresfor better photodegradation of basic dyes Different struc-tures of CdO on a nanoscale have been reported such asnanowires nanoparticles nanoneedles thin film nanocrys-tal and others [117] CdO micro- and nanoarchitectureswith three-dimensional structures such as rods tubes andcauliflower-like structures have a larger specific surface areaand enhanced oxygen vacancy which in turn increases thedegree of oxidation process on basic dyes [118] Cauliflower-like architectures have attracted great interest due to itsspecial and novel morphology with high specific surface areathat can facilitate the diffusion and mass transportation ofthe basic dye molecules in photodegradation applications[116] This particular structure can be easily synthesizedusing mechanochemical methods a cheap process followedby thermal treatment conforming to the detailed processpresented in former studies

Most studies related to photodegradation techniques havebeen done using TiO

2andor ZnO as themodel photocatalyst

because of their nontoxicity cheapness chemical stabilityand high photocatalytic activity [37 119ndash121] The photocat-alytic decolorization of basic dyes with TiO

2andor ZnO as

the charge carrier or generation is summarized in Figure 2TheOH∙ or the directly produced charge is a strong oxidizingagent which attacks basic dyes present at or near the surfaceof the semiconductor [122] It ultimately causes the completedegeneration of the basic dyes into harmless compoundsIn general two different types of TiO

2phase are normally

used in photocatalytic decolorization of basic dyes anatase(32 eV) and rutile (30 eV) The adsorptive affinity of anatasefor the basic dyes is higher than that of rutile and thus anatase

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 8: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

8 The Scientific World Journal

Interfacial charge transfer

Charge recombination

Charge trapping on the surface of basic dyes

Charge carrier generation

h+ + basic dyes rarr CO2 + H2O

eminus + O2 rarr O2

∙minus or eminus + H+rarr H∙

h+ + OHminusrarr OH∙ or h+ + H2O rarr H+ + OH∙

X∙ + basic dyes rarr ∙basic dyes rarrCO2 + H2O

Figure 4The steps in the photocatalytic process of basic dyes usingTiO2or ZnO

is generally regarded as the more photocatalytic active phaseof TiO

2 presumably due to the combined effect of lower rates

of recombination and higher surface sites [123 124]The dye derivative reactive brilliant blue (KN-R) has been

broadly utilized as a model of basic dyes in the photocatalysisprocess The effects of key operational factors like reactionpH catalyst loading H

2O2dosage and the initial basic

dye concentration on the decolorization were extensivelystudied to optimize the process for maximum degradation ofbasic dyes [125] It can be concluded that the photocatalyticdecolorization process performed a fast oxidationwithout theformation of polycyclic products and intermediate productsat a suitable wavelength of light [51 126] The reactionsfrequently take place on the surface of the semiconductorsHence the need for a semiconductor supported by a goodadsorbent is much felt because of the power to concentratepollutants near semiconductor particles and the capacity foradsorption of generated intermediates and the capability ofreusing adsorbents [127] In addition to ensure full use ofthe solar energy source it is of great interest to developphotocatalysis of basic dyes for expansion of the adsorption tothe visible light range For both TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal

of effort has been focused to extend their photoadsorptionto the visible light range for example by doping withanions of C S and N or transition metal cations [128 129]Besides TiO

2andor ZnO a great deal of attention has also

been focused in the search for semiconductor oxides ofBi2WO6 BiMoxO6 Bi2MoxW1minus119909 and Bi

4Ti3O12

which havebeen recently revealed to exhibit photocatalytic activity anddecolorization of basic dyes in the visible light range owingto their lower band gap than that of TiO

2andor ZnO [130ndash

140]

23 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Disperse DyesmdashAlkalineDisperse dyes have low solubility in water However theycan interact with the polyester chains by forming dispersedparticles Their main application is the dyeing of polyester

and they find less use in dyeing cellulose acetates andpolyamides [141ndash145] The general structure of disperse dyesis planar small and nonionic with attached polar functionalgroups such as ndashNO

2and ndashCN In addition this type of

dyes is a mitotic toxication agent and should be consideredas a biohazard component [142] Thus discharge of dispersedyes have become a subject of concern in the universe dueto its harmful and toxic effects to living organisms andthe environment [143] As far as the wastewater treatmenttechnologies are concerned different techniques have beenutilized for the reduction and degradation of dispersed dyessuch as chemical precipitation H

2O2adsorption oxidation

by chlorine electrochemical treatment ozone electrolysisadsorption ion pair extraction flocculation coagulationmembrane filtration and specially the photocatalytic process[145ndash147]

The dispersed dyes (alkaline compounds) can be mosteffectively decomposed by photocatalytic methods [148ndash150] Recently owing to their unique and special electricaland optical properties semiconductor materials have gainedglobal acceptance for alkaline dispersed dye treatments [151]It has been demonstrated that the photooxidation of CNto OCN occured during the photodegradation of alkalinedyes in the presence of powerful oxidation agents [152ndash154]Considering that disperse alkaline dyes cannot be treatedby conventional biological processes intensive investigationson the latest treatment techniques of these wastewaters havebeen conducted to develop effectivemethods for the remedia-tion and treatment of a wide variety of alkaline-dye pollutantsowing to their capability to produce a complete degradationprocess The photocatalytic degradation reaction is usuallyconducted for compounds dissolved in water-like alkalinedyes at mild temperature and pressure conditions uti-lizing ultraviolet-illuminated semiconductor powders with-out the requirements of expensive oxidants [86 155ndash158](Figure 5)

A semiconductor is generally characterized by the bandgap energy between its electronically populated valence bandand its broadly vacant conduction band [33]

Copper oxide (CuO) is a one of the most promisingsemiconductors used in advanced oxidation processes fordegradation of alkaline dyes [159ndash161] With an energy bandgap of 121 to 15 eV it has the ability to perform underirradiation in sunlight Reactions involving Cu+Cu2+ leadto the oxidative transformation of alkaline dyes The uniqueelectronic structure of Cu allows for the interaction with thespin restricted O

2enabling Cu to participate in the redox

reaction with alkaline dyes [162] Many researchers haveanticipated the reaction of CuO on different adsorbents likeactivated alumina zeolite or activated carbon in wastewatertreatments It was found that in order to achieve an efficientstable and economical catalyst CuO semiconductors mustbe fixed on an ideal and an inert support [163ndash165] Amongall CuO supported systems for alkaline dye photodecoloriza-tion zeolite was found to be the most ideal with severaldistinct advantages including super adsorption capabilityunique uniform pores and special ion-exchange capability[166]

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

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NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 9: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 9V

vers

us N

HE

minus13

minus05

+08

+27

h (gt420nm)

RhB

Potentiostat

CB

VB

Ptminusminus

++

TiO2

RhB+∙

O2O2

∙minus

eminus

eminus

eminusRhBlowast

Figure 5 Proposed mechanism of the photoelectrocatalytic degra-dation of Rhodamine B with TiO

2as the electrode [155]

24 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Vat Dyes-Water SolubleAlkali Metal Salts Almost 22 of the total volume of indus-trial wastewater produced comes from the textile industrywith 7 times 105 tonne of materials classified as vat dyes or watersoluble alkali metal salts [167 168]This type of dyes producesundesirable effluents and is discharged into the environmentwithout further treatment Once the vat dyes enter naturalwater bodies it can cause intense problems if not treatedsince the dyes are toxic mutagenic and carcinogenic tohuman life as well as can inhibit photosynthesis of aquatic lifeeven in quantities as low as 1 ppm [169] To solve this problemseveral semiconductors for oxidative photodecolorizationhave been tested including WO

3 TiO2 MnO CuS ZnO

Fe2O3 ZrO2 CuO CdS ZnS In

2O3 SnO2 and Nb

2O5[170ndash

176]The selection of the type of semiconductor is based on

its ability to convert the vat dyes into nontoxic products [4490 177 178] Additionally the use of mesoporous materialslike zeolite as a support for these series of semiconductorshas recently become the focus of intensive research on vatdye photodecolorization due to the fact that the semiconduc-tor support influences the photocatalytic efficiency throughstructural features and the interaction between the vat dyesleads to the enhancement of contact between the surface andirradiation likewise decreases with the amount of semicon-ductor required [179] Thus there are some studies focusedon the importance of semiconductor supported zeolite for vatdye photodegradation including Co-ZSM-5 TiO

2-HZSM-5

Fe-exchange zeolite and CuO-X zeolite [180 181]TiO2has been the most studied material for the photo-

catalysis of vat dyes [182ndash186] ZnO has also been identifiedto be the main contender whose physicochemical propertiesare comparable to those of TiO

2 However ZnO just as

with TiO2 suffers from its large band gap energy that is

close to 32 eV which limits its adsorption of solar lightemission that reaches the earth to less than 3 to 4 Forboth semiconductor materials the valence band is composedof O2minus (2p orbital) which is of anionic character thatinduces interactions and oxidation composition with the vatdyes (alkali metal salts) [187ndash190] However this anionic

character gains rapid recombination and holes during theoxidation process and in turn diminishes the efficiency of thephotocatalytic reaction [191 192] From this viewpoint effortshave been allocated to extend the adsorption of TiO

2and

ZnO to deal with the photosensitization by vat dyemoleculesAccording to the literature reports on ZnO for the vat dyephotodegradation are still scarce The nanosized ZnO hasextracted intense interest in recent years especially in vatdye photodegradation for enhancing its performance suchas changes in surface properties and increase in surface areaas well as in quantum effects of the overall decolorizationprocess [193ndash195] Upon light irradiation this nanosized ZnOproduced a highly active radical species that can quicklyoxidize the vat dyes into harmful residues

Copper sulfide (CuS) is another type of semiconductorthat is currently used in photocatalytic decolorization of vatdyes [196ndash199] CuS with a layered structure is a transparentp-type semiconductor with a band gap above 31 eV [198]The top of the valence band is principally composed of well-hybrid state of Cu 3d and S-3p states while the bottomof the conduction band consists primarily of Cu 4s state[196 197] The band gap of CuS was recognized to be adirect-allowed transition type through the analysis of thesymmetry [199] This small dispersion of the conductionband leads to the broadband gap and high stability ofCuS to be more convenient for vat dye adsorption andoxidation

25 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Azoic Dyes The azoicdyes that are normally used on industrial scale have char-acteristics that are dependent on one or more azo bonds (ndashN=Nndash)with aromatic rings [167 200ndash202]The aromatic ringsystem of the dyes helps to strengthen the Van-der-Waalsforces between dye and fibers [203] Most synthetic dyes havesignificant structural variations and are extremely stable inperformance under light and washing and most severely areresistant to aerobic biodecolorization by bacteria [204 205]Thus it has been reported that the effluents from textileor dye industries involve aromatic compounds which arechemically stable and harmful to human health [201] Varioussubstitutions on the aromatic nucleus and most versatilegroups of compounds give structurally diverse which makethem recalcitrant xenobiotic noticeable in public terato-genic and resistant to degradation [204] The amount of azodye concentrations present in wastewater varied from verylow to high concentrations (5 to 1500mgLminus1) that leads tocolor dye effluents causing toxicity including carcinogenicand mutagenic effects in biological ecosystems In additionunder anaerobic conditions acid dyes are promptly decreasedto potentially hazardous aromatic amines [206] Thereforewater soluble azo dyes even at low concentrations can causewater streams to be highly colored On the other hand azodyes are insoluble in water but may become solubilised byalkali reduction for instance by sodium dithionite which is areducing agent in the presence of sodium hydroxide [207]Hence they tend not to contain several functional groupswhich may be assailable to oxidation and reduction whichin turn gives harmful effects to the water stream habitat

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 10: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

10 The Scientific World Journal

The biological approach of the decolorization of azo dyestakes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomasssuch as fungi algae yeast and bacteria along with anaerobicto aerobic treatments or biodegradation by the cell [208]Azo dyes can also be reduced chemically by sulfide anddithionite The decolorization mechanism of azo dyes basedon the extracellular chemical reduction with sulfide waspostulated for sulfate reducing environments [209] Howeverit has also been noted that for the treatment of azo dyescontaining wastewater traditional methods like flocculationadsorption onto activated carbon activated sludge processand reverse osmosis have difficulties in complete degradationof pollutants and also have the further disadvantage of result-ing in secondary pollution [208ndash210] Moreover anaerobicdecolorization of azo dyes may also produce carcinogenicaromatic amines

Therefore the photocatalytic oxidation technique hasreceived significant attention for destroying of azo dyes inrecent yearsThis technique can be divided into homogenousand heterogeneous subgroups based on the action of OH∙which enables almost complete mineralization of azo dyesunder mild experimental conditions due to the high oxida-tion potential [211ndash215] In heterogeneous photocatalysis ofazo dyes the electron-hole pairs will be initially producedby irradiation of a semiconductor with a photon of energyequivalent to or greater than its band gap width [213] Theelectrons and holes may migrate to the semiconductors onthe catalyst surface where they take part in redox reactionswith the adsorbed azo dyes [212] The oxidizing radicalscould attack the azo dye molecule and disintegrate it intoCO2and H

2O molecules which are nontoxic [212ndash214] It

has been suggested that the formation of free radicals actsas a primary oxidizing species [216] The mechanism onphotodecolorization of azo dyes with methyl red and methylorange as amodel of compound is illustrated in Figures 6 and7 respectively

It is claimed that azo dyes are noted for their photocat-alytic decolorization in the absence of oxygen whenever asuitable electron donor or hydrogen source is present [217]Structurally azo dyes are double bonded belonging to dif-ferent chromophoric groups and are heterocyclic and adsorbvisible light [208] The reduction of the chromophoric groupshifts the visible region of the ultraviolet or infrared regionand thus a reduction in color is achieved Consequently thisphenomenon has encouraged several research works usingheterogenous semiconductor photocatalysts like TiO

2 ZrO2

SnO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO and CdSas as an alternative to

conventional methods for the degradation of azo dyes fromwastewater streams [218ndash220]The degradation of hydropho-bic and hydrophilic azo dyes has been demonstrated to beeffective in acetone solution under exposure to UV light

Recently photocatalysis of azo dyes using solar or artifi-cial light and TiO

2has been the objective of several studies

as it is an attractive low energy strategy that has been appliedto many other organic compounds (eg phenol) [4] TiO

2is

chemically inert corrosion resistant andmost importantly itworks under mild conditions without any chemical additives[221 222] Meanwhile it was found that in degradation

of methyl orange or 4-4-[(dimethylamone)phenylazo] ben-zenesulfonic acid a TiO

2film was up to 50 less effective

than the TiO2slurry However some improvements were

observed after coatingdoping the TiO2film with metals

but the films were still not as impressive as the slurry [223224] Meanwhile other studies have shown that only cationicazo dyes can be adsorbed on the surface of the photocat-alyst and simultaneously their photocatalytic degradationwas quicker than the degradation of anionic azo dyes likeEriochrome Black T [225 226] It has been found that TiO

2

adsorbed almost only cationic azo dyes except for the anionicQuinizarin with an adsorption efficiency of 218 [227 228]Apart from photooxidation the photoreduction of azo dyesis also known as a significant decolorizing or a foldingpathway This fact can be explained in relation to the surfacestructure of TiO

2 In the unmodified surface structure of

crystal TiO2 oxygen atoms are mainly present with a high

electron density which creates a negative center [228ndash230]Thus the TiO

2particles have a negative charge and are more

suitable to adsorb cationic azo dyes than the oneswith anioniccharacteristics [182 231 232] Furthermore the modellingof photodecoloration of nonbiodegradable azo dyes wasinvestigated recentlywithReactive Red 2 in a cocktailmixtureof triethylamine and acetone It was found that the cocktailphotolysis system was able to entirely decolorize the azo dyein a short time and the overall dye removal followed pseudo-first-order decay kinetics [233]

Furthermore a TiO2-based photocatalysis for azo dye

degradation has been developed It can be applied as afilm and has the effectiveness of the slurry [234ndash236] Anapproach to enhance the photocatalytic reaction rate is bymodifying the semiconductor with transition metal Deco-rating TiO

2with other metalnonmetal or metalmetal com-

binations can decrease its band gap and allow for activationby the longer wavelength of visible light [237ndash239] Hencesolar energy can be usedmore effectively in the photocatalysisprocess Currently many metals (eg Fe Cu Co Al CrCe Ag and Nd) and nonmetals (N C F S and B) havebeen attached onto TiO

2for azo dye degradation [237ndash242]

Among the metals Ag+ has been recognized to be moreeffective than Fe3+ Co2+ Ce4+ and Cu2+ since it traps thephotogenerated electrons and avoids the recombination ofelectrons and holes [243]

ZnO has been demonstrated to have a much higherefficiency than TiO

2in the case of azo dyes degradation

irradiated by UV light however studies on heterojunctionsystems applied to water treatment have primarily beenrestricted to the sensitization of TiO

2[244 245] This state-

ment has been supported by the fact that ZnO has numerousadvantages over TiO

2 This includes high efficient photo-

catalytic activity and photodegradation of diluted azo dyescannot proceed sufficiently because of insufficient contactbetween azo dyes and semiconductors This is an importantfactor in hindering photocatalytic activity [246] The masstransfer from azo dyes to the semiconductor surface limitsthe photodegradation rate of diluted azo dyes It is importantthat visible light degradation of some dyes utilizing ZnOwas shown to be more effective than TiO

2 In this case the

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 11: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 11

COOH

N

H

2

1

3

5

4

H

COOH

N

H

COOH

N

COOH

N

HOH

OHCOOH

N

Ring opening

Methyl red

COOH

N

HOH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

Figure 6 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization of methyl red [216]

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N=N

N

NH

H

NH

NH

HO

N

COOH

HN

HO

OH

N

OH

NH

Methyl orange

2

1

3 5

6

7

4

Low molecular weight byproducts

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

HO3S

Figure 7 Proposed pathway for the photodecolorization degradation of methyl orange [216]

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 12: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

12 The Scientific World Journal

degradationmechanismwas based on electron injection fromthe exited dyes to the ZnO conduction band This was muchmore significant as compared to TiO

2which indicates high

efficiency of charge transport and limited charge loss [247ndash249]

26 Photocatalytic Decolorization of Sulfur Dyes Textileindustries generate large amounts of colored sulfur dyeeffluents which are toxic and induce a lot of damage tothe environment In view of the mutagenic character orcarcinogenic nature of sulfur dyes the deleterious effects ofthe color in receiving water and the customary resistanceof the sulfur dyes to biological degradation the necessityof investigating new alternatives for appropriate treatmentof this kind of dyes is evident [250ndash252] Thus variousmethods for the removal of sulfur dyes have been reportedincluding biological and chemical flocculation coagulationadsorption and oxidation electrochemical oxidation mem-brane separation and ion exchange methods [253ndash255]These methods have their own limitations for the removalof sulfur dyes including being expensive time consumingand commercially unattractive as well as resulting in theproduction of secondary wastes [254] Furthermore theseprocesses are also ineffective for sulfur dye removal sincesulfur dyestuff is biorecalcitrant In addition these series ofphysicochemical treatments prepare only a phase transfer ofsulfur dyes and produce huge quantities of sludge [256 257]

The efficiency of a photocatalytic decolorization reactionis determined by the properties and quality of the photocata-lyst which is often a semiconductor with the ability to createelectron-hole pairs under photoillumination [258 259]Thusit is an important step to recognize an efficient and suitablephotocatalyst during the decomposition process In recentdecades different mixed metal oxides consisting of TiO

6

TaO6 or NbO

6octahedral units such as BaTi

4O9 SrTiO

3

K4Nb6O17 InTaO

4 and NixTaO4 had been extensively inves-

tigated as a new class of photocatalysts in the field of sulfurdye degradation [260ndash262] These kinds of photocatalystsbelong to a family of uniform heterogenous catalysts [261]Yet only a few of these photocatalysts have been studiedfor the removal of environmental contaminants and earlierauthors have all used the solid-solid blending method tosynthesize their sample Recently the typical photocatalystsdeveloped are mostly oxides containing d-block element ionsas Ti4+ Ta5+ Nb5+ and Zr4+ with d0 electron configuration[263] Very recently researches have also focused on p-blockmetal oxide photocatalyst with d10 electron configurationdue to their fairmobility for sulfur dye degradation [261 262]TiO2was found to be the most efficient photocatalyst for

photodegradation of sulfur dyes because of faster electrontransfer of molecular oxygen [264ndash266] Furthermore TiO

2

photocatalyst is largely available as a nontoxic inexpensiveand with relatively high chemical stability [42] It has beennoted that the photocatalytic degradation of sulfur dyes insolution is initiated by photoexcitation of the semiconduc-tor followed by formation of an electron-hole pair on thesemiconductor surface [267]The high oxidation potential ofthe hole in the semiconductor permits the direct oxidation

of sulfur dyes into reactive intermediates [268 269] Highlyreactive OH∙ can also be formed either by decompositionof water or by the reaction of the hole with OHminus The OH∙radical is a very strong nonselective oxidant that leads to thedegradation of organic chemicals [270]

There are certain relationships between properties ofdyes and treatment mechanisms Sulfur dyes are often madeof azo compounds sulfide structures or anthraquinonesand they have several ndashC=O ndashNHndash and aromatic groupsThese dyes tend to be adsorbed by Fe(OH)

119909particles [271ndash

273] However the photodegradation of sulfur dyes utilizingsemiconductors is not new The sulfur dye treatment ofphotocatalyst would be more suitable if the semiconductorwas immobilized so the semiconductors would not haveto be separated from the sulfur dye solution [274 275]Thin films are one of the most important technologicalapplications Thin film photocatalyst towards sulfur dyesphotodegradation offers high stability and convenient reuseand hence has received more and more attention [276]Furthermore photocatalysis supports such as zeolite havebeen extensively used to enhance the photodegradation ofsulfur dyes Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates withcavities in which the size can change in the range fromone to several tens of nanometers depending on the typeof aluminosilicate framework AlSi ratio and the origin ofthe ion exchange cations [277ndash279] These characteristics ofzeolite make it more selective for photocatalytic oxidationand are crucial especiallywhenusing environmentally benignoxidants

3 Recent Advances in Synthetic DyesPhotocatalytic Decolorization

Industrial effluent detoxification is one of the most chal-lenging global problems Dyes phenols pesticides fertiliz-ers detergents herbicides surfactants and other syntheticorganic compounds are disposed of directly into the envi-ronment without being treated controlled or uncontrolledwithout an effective treatment strategy [280ndash282] Theirtoxicity stability to natural decomposition and persistencein the environment have been the cause of much concern tosocieties and regulatory authorities around the world [283284]

Although the strong potential of photocatalytic processfor wastewater treatment is widely recognized via numerouspatents and publications technical development at industriallevel has not been met with much success [285ndash287] This isdue to the high operating cost of the photocatalytic oxidationprocess relative to existing biological treatments [288] Sincein tropical countries sunshine is available in abundancetherefore application of this oxidation technology usingsolar light can be a cost- and energy-effective detoxificationtechnology Furthermore the limitations of the photocatalystsystem can be addressed in terms of the tight range of pH inwhich the reaction proceeds the requirement for recoveringthe precipitated catalyst after treatment and the deactivationby some ion-complexing agents such as phosphate anions[289 290]

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 13: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 13

Using solar energy is an interesting aspect in photo-catalyst technologies Solar photocatalysis has become animportant area of research in which sunlight is the sourceof illumination to perform various photocatalytic reactionswith regard to different kinds of dyes [291 292] As vis-ible light is the main component of solar radiation thedevelopment of a stable photocatalytic system which can beaffected by visible light is most probably indispensable Inorder to overcome the limitations many studies on coupledsemiconductor photocatalysts like ZnO-TiO

2 CuO-ZnO

CuO-TiO2 CuO-SnO

2 TiO2-SnO2 ZnO-SnO

2and so on

have been reported [198 293ndash295] These series of binaryoxide photocatalysts showed enhanced catalytic activities andselectivities compared to the monocomponent photocatalystThis combined system also provides a more controllable rateof recombination as the composition of two semiconductorswith different band gaps can suppress the recombinationof eminush+ pairs [296] Amongst the series of binary systemsCdSTiO

2showed the most prospect as an effective visible

light photocatalyst for dye reduction and degradation Inthe system of TiO

2CdS the photogenerated electrons in

CdS are transferred into the TiO2particle while the holes

remain in the CdS particles [297 298] This combination hasalso overcome the limitation of native CdS as photocatalystdue to its photocorrosion Other researchers have loadedsemiconductor with carbon-based nanomaterials like acti-vated carbon CNTs graphene graphite and other matricesto improve the photocatalytic activity or cycling and itsratings performance [299ndash302] Meanwhile recent researchhas indicated that organic polymer films such as chitosan andcellulose films can ensure the stabilization of semiconductorsespecially in nanosized form and also provide an interface forthe charge transfer and correspondingly improve photocat-alytic efficiency [301ndash303] In addition the incorporation ofsuch biopolymers assist in reducing the leakage of semicon-ductor particles in treated water during the dye removal anddegradation since those types of biopolymers are effectiveadsorbents and chelators for semiconductor ions in aqueoussolutions [304]

4 Influence of Dye Type on thePhotocatalytic Process

The chemical structure of the organic dyes has a considerableeffect on the reactivity of dyes on photodegradation system[301] This effect has been explored by different researchersFor example the COD removal rate of RY17 was foundto be higher than RR2 and RB4 dyes This is due to thestructural difference among the three molecules of dyesRY17 and RR2 are equipped with an azo group (ndashN=Nndash) which is not present in RB4 molecules and suspectedto photodegradation In addition ndashCH

2ndashOS2ndash linkage in

RY17 is also labile in the reaction environment In RB4 thepresence of anthraquinone structure and the absence of azoband make it resistant to photodegradation [305]

Meanwhile the removal of reactive orange 16 was max-imum closely followed by reactive blue 4 and reactive 5 incase of TiO

2photocatalysis It may be due to the difference

in chemical structure of dyes resulting in difference inadsorption characteristics and difference in susceptibility tophotodegradation [43 44 47] The chemical structure ofthe dyes indicates that reactive black 5 has more complexstructure making it less photodegradable Another reasonmay be due to absorption of light photon by dye itselfleading to a less availability of photons for hydroxyl radicalgeneration It was observed from the absorption spectra ofthree dyes in near UV range that reactive black 5 stronglyabsorbs near UV radiation compared to reactive orange 16and reactive blue 4 leading to less by the dye molecules isthought to have an inhibitory effect on the photogenerationof holes or hydroxyl radicals because of the lack of anydirect contact between the photons and immobilized TiO

2

[48] Indeed it causes the dye molecules to adsorb light andthe photons never reach the photocatalyst surface thus thephotodegradation efficiency decreases

It is also important to notice that degradation pathway oforganic dyes may be different as according to the chemicalstructure and functional groups For example with an addi-tion of a ∙OH radical to an aromatic ring of dyes moleculesa labile H atom is produced [56ndash60] This mechanism is alsounsatisfactory for hydroxy azo dyes (AO7 and AO8) In thatcase abstraction of the H atom carried by an oxygen atom inthe azo form and by a nitrogen atom in the hydrazone formcompetes with the addition of ∙OH radical on a phenyl ornaphthyl nucleus [72]

The functional groups in the chemical structure of dyecould be nitrite groups alkyl side chain chloro groupcarboxylic group sulfonic substituent and also hydroxylgroups [305] The appropriate photocatalyst material hasto be chosen depending on these functional groups in thechemical structure of dye [81ndash84] Every group that tends todecrease the solubility of molecules in water will decrease thedegradation process In order to evaluate the influence of anitrite group the degradation of an analogous pair of dyessuch as Acid Red 29 and Chromotrope 2B can be mentionedChromotrope 2B contains a nitrite group in the para positionwith respect to the azo function [305] This substituentinteracts with the phenyl ring and there is a consequentdelocalization of the p electrons of the ring and of theunpaired electrons of the heteroatom As a result the phenylring is electron-enriched and the nitrite group thus favorsattack of an electrophilic entity The experiment confirmsthis hypothesis Chromotrope 2B reaction rate is slightlyhigher than that of AR29 Hydroxyl radicals have a very shortlifetime so that they can only react where they are formed[72] Therefore oxidation reactions can only be successfullyperformed in homogeneous media As it was previouslymentioned every group that tends to decrease the solubilityof molecules in water will decrease the degradation processThis explains why the rate of decomposition clearly decreaseswith increasing length of the side chain and consequentlywith increasing hydrophobicity of the dyemolecule as seen atthe degradation ofAB25 andRB19 [81ndash85] A parallel reactionmay take place between ∙OH radical and hydrogen atoms ofthe side chains This reaction competes with destruction ofthe dye chromophore without leading to a decrease in theabsorbance of the solution

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 14: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

14 The Scientific World Journal

Considerable decrease of photocatalytic decolorizationrate was observed when two or three chloro substituentswere present on the phenyl ring of a pyrazolone dye [104170] Indeed comparison of acid yellow 17 and acid yellow23 decolorization rates suggests that the difficulty of thedye to be degraded directly depends on the number ofelectron withdrawing chloro groups in the molecule Thedecolorization kinetics of acid yellow 17 is less than those ofacid yellow 23

The photocatalytic decolorization of four organicdyessuch as Alizarin S Orange G Methyl Red and CongoRed by UVTiO

2has been processed to explore the effect

of the presence of carboxylic substituent in dye chemicalstructure The photocatalytic rate constants were in thefollowing order Methyl Red gt Orange G asymp Alizarin S gtCongo Red [274] It has been explained that the higherdegradability of MR could be due to the presence of acarboxylic group which can easily react with H+ via a photo-Kolbe reaction However the presence of a withdrawinggroup such as ndashSO

3

minus is probably at the origin of the lessefficient Orange G and Alizarin S degradations [274]Another suggestion to explain the different reactivity of thesedyes could also be their ability to adsorb on TiO

2surface

Unexpectedly the presence of themore powerful electronwithdrawing sulfonic group on a molecule makes it onlyvery slightly less sensitive to oxidation Indeed moleculeswith one two or three sulfonic functions have almost thesame reactivity with respect to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals[63 83 169 209] Acid red 14 containing two sulfonic groupsis more reactive in a photocatalytic degradation process incomparison with acid red 18 and acid red 27 that containthree sulfonic substituents [169] Study of the influence ofthe sulfonic group is very difficult because this substituentoperates in different fields it decreases electron density inthe aromatic rings and the 120573 nitrogen atom of the azobond by minusI and +M effects On the other hand it increasesthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the dye molecules andconsequently slows down their aggregation degree [63 209]

The electronic properties of a hydroxyl group are minusI and+M effectsThat is why the photocatalytic decolorization rateof acid red 29 which contains two hydroxyl substituents ismore than that of orange G which contains one hydroxylsubstituent [83] In both dyes one molecule contains ahydroxyl group next to the azo bond But the resonance effectof a substituent operates only when the group is directlyconnected to the unsaturated system Therefore to explainthe effect of the hydroxyl group on the reactivity of theorganic matter only the field effect (minusI) must be consideredThe number of hydroxyl groups in the dye molecule canintensify this resonance and consequently the degradationrate of the dye [209]

Photocatalytic decolorization rate of monoazo dyes ishigher than dyes with anthraquinone structureThe presenceof methyl and chloro groups in the dye molecule decreasesslightly the process efficiency while a nitrite group acts inan opposite direction [305] Alkyl side chain decreases thesolubility of molecule in water and consequently disfavorsthe photocatalytic degradation process The dyes whichcontain more sulfonic substituents are less reactive in the

photocatalytic process while hydroxyl group intensifies theelectron resonance in the molecule and the degradation rateof the dye Photocatalytic decolorization takes place at thesurface of the catalyst Dyemolecules adsorb onto the surfaceof photocatalyst material by electrostatic attraction and getmineralized by nonselective hydroxyl radicals Therefore theadsorption of the target molecule on photocatalyst materialsurface may be regarded as a critical step toward efficientphotocatalysis

5 Conclusion

In the textile industry regulations concerning the dischargeof wastewater have become more and more stringent Thesynthetic dyes utilized in the textile and other industriesgenerate hazardous waste The dye is utilized to impartcolor to materials of which it becomes an integral partHowever dye removal is an important but challenging area ofwastewater treatment since some dyes and their degradationproducts are carcinogenic and toxic tomammals Destructiveoxidation of poisonous dyes via photocatalytic approacheshave recently received considerable attention since coloredaromatic compounds have proven to be degraded effectivelyby a variety of heterogenous semiconductor catalysts Pho-tocatalysis aims at mineralization of poisonous dyes to CO

2

H2O and inorganic compounds or at least their transforma-

tion into biodegradable or harmless products Finally takinginto account that UV light is not only expensive but alsoharmful to aquatic life there is the need to improve the abilityof photocatalysts to work with visible light

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by University MalayaResearch Grant (UMRG RP022-2012E) and FundamentalResearch Grant Scheme (FRGS FP049-2013B) by UniversitiMalaya and Ministry of High Education Malaysia respec-tively

References

[1] W Zhang and C W Wu ldquoDyeing of multiple types of fabricswith a single reactive azo disperse dyerdquo Chem Papers vol 68pp 330ndash335 2014

[2] S Nagai ldquoInduction of the respiration-deficient mutation inyeast by various synthetic dyesrdquo Science vol 130 no 3383 pp1188ndash1189 1959

[3] A Heinfling M J Martinez A T Martinez M Bergbauer andU Szewzyk ldquoTransformation of industrial dyes by manganeseperoxidases from Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus eryngii in amanganese-independent reactionrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 8 pp 2788ndash2793 1998

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 15: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 15

[4] Y-C Hsiao T-F Wu Y-S Wang C-C Hu and C HuangldquoEvaluating the sentizing effect on the photocatalytic degrada-tion of fyes using anatase-TiO

2rdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 148

pp 250ndash257 2014[5] S Zhang ldquoPreparation of controlled shape Zn S microcrystals

and photocatalytic propertyrdquo Ceramics International vol 40pp 4553ndash4557 2014

[6] A Cavaco-Paulo J Morgado L Almeida and D KilburnldquoIndigo backstaining during cellulase washingrdquoTextile ResearchJournal vol 68 no 6 pp 398ndash401 1998

[7] H Duffner E Bach E Cleve and E Schollmeyer ldquoNewmathe-matical model for determining time-dependent adsorption anddiffusion of dyes into fibers through dye sorption curves incombination shades Part II kinetic data from dyeing cottonwith a trichrome direct dye systemrdquo Textile Research Journalvol 70 no 3 pp 223ndash229 2000

[8] T Bechtold and A Turcanu ldquoElectrochemical vat dyeingcombination of an electrolyzer with a dyeing apparatusrdquo Journalof the Electrochemical Society vol 149 no 1 pp D7ndashD14 2002

[9] H E Liang S Zhang B Tang LWang and J Yang ldquoDyeabilityof polylactide fabric with hydrophobic anthraquinone dyesrdquoChinese Journal of Chemical Engineering vol 17 no 1 pp 156ndash159 2009

[10] S R Marder C B Gorman F Meyers et al ldquoA unifieddescription of linear and nonlinear polarization in organicpolymethine dyesrdquo Science vol 265 no 5172 pp 632ndash635 1994

[11] C S Tidball ldquoIntestinal and hepatic transport of cholate andorganic dyesrdquoThe American Journal of Physiology vol 206 pp239ndash242 1964

[12] W Tanthapanichakoon P Ariyadejwanich P Japthong KNakagawa S RMukai andH Tamon ldquoAdsorption-desorptioncharacteristics of phenol and reactive dyes from aqueoussolution on mesoporous activated carbon prepared from wastetiresrdquoWater Research vol 39 no 7 pp 1347ndash1353 2005

[13] O Greengauz-Roberts H Stoppler S Nomura et al ldquoSatu-ration labeling with cysteine-reactive cyanine fluorescent dyesprovides increased sensitivity for protein expression profiling oflaser-microdissected clinical specimensrdquo Proteomics vol 5 no7 pp 1746ndash1757 2005

[14] M Casetta V Koncar and C Caze ldquoMathematical and mod-eling of the diffusion coefficient for disperse dyesrdquo TextileResearch Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 357ndash361 2001

[15] K Ryberg B Gruvberger E Zimerson et al ldquoChemical inves-tigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparationsrdquo ContactDermatitis vol 58 no 4 pp 199ndash209 2008

[16] P Lebaron N Parthuisot and P Catala ldquoComparison of bluenuclei acid dyes for flow cytometric enumeration of bacteria inaquatic systemsrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbiology vol64 no 5 pp 1725ndash1730 1998

[17] N Daneshvar D Salari and A R Khataee ldquoPhotocatalyticdegrdataion of azo dye acid red 14 in water on azo as analternative catalyst of TiO

2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology A vol 162 no 2-3 pp 317ndash322 2004[18] R Russ J Rau and A Stolz ldquoThe function of cytoplasmic flavin

reductases in the reduction of azo dyes by bacteriardquoApplied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 4 pp 1429ndash1434 2000

[19] H Xu T M Heinze S Chen C E Cerniglia and H ChenldquoAnaerobic metabolism of 1-amino-2-naphthol-based azo dyes(Sudan dyes) by human intestinal microflorardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 73 no 23 pp 7759ndash77622007

[20] R R Peterson and J Weiss ldquoStaining of the adenohypophysiswith acid and basic dyesrdquo Endocrinology vol 57 no 1 pp 96ndash108 1955

[21] L Peters K J Fenton M L Wolf and A Kandel ldquoInhibition ofthe renal tubular excretion of N1015840-methylnicotinamide (NMN)by small doses of a basic cyanne dyerdquoThe Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 113 no 2 pp 148ndash159 1955

[22] M Wang N Chamberland L Breau et al ldquoAn organic redoxelectrolyte to rival triiodideiodide in dye-sensitized solar cellsrdquoNature Chemistry vol 2 no 5 pp 385ndash389 2010

[23] L Camarero R Peche J M Merino and E Rodrıguez ldquoPhoto-assisted oxidation of indigocarmine in an acid mediumrdquo Envi-ronmental Engineering Science vol 20 no 4 pp 281ndash287 2003

[24] S Blumel M Contzen M Lutz A Stolz and H-J KnackmussldquoIsolation of a bacterial strain with the ability to utilize thesulfonated azo compound 4-carboxy-41015840-sulfoazobenzene as thesole source of carbon and energyrdquo Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 64 no 6 pp 2315ndash2317 1998

[25] YHongM Xu J Guo Z Xu X Chen andG Sun ldquoRespirationand growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an azo com-pound as the sole electron acceptorrdquoApplied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 73 no 1 pp 64ndash72 2007

[26] A Sharma S Rani A Bansal and A Sood ldquoEffect of mordantcombination on silk dyeing with apricot dyerdquo in Natural DyesScope and Challenges pp 137ndash143 Scientific Publishers 2006

[27] K Harbinder and K Namrita ldquoEco-friendly finishing anddyeing of jute with direct and mordant dye methodrdquo AsianJournal of Home Science vol 7 pp 19ndash22 2012

[28] G R Cameron and G Scholar ldquoThe staining of calciumrdquo TheJournal of Pathology andBacteriology vol 33 pp 929ndash955 2005

[29] N Panchuk-Voloshina R P Haugland J Bishop-Stewart etal ldquoAlexa dyes a series of new fluorescent dyes that yieldexceptionally bright photostable conjugatesrdquo Journal of Histo-chemistry and Cytochemistry vol 47 no 9 pp 1179ndash1188 1999

[30] A Mathur Y Hong B K Kemp A A Barrientos and J DErusalimsky ldquoEvaluation of fluorescent dyes for the detectionof mitochondrial membrane potential changes in culturedcardiomyocytesrdquo Cardiovascular Research vol 46 no 1 pp126ndash138 2000

[31] H H Szeto P W Schiller K Zhao and G Luo ldquoFluores-cent dyes alter intracellular targeting and function of cell-penetrating tetrapeptidesrdquoThe FASEB Journal vol 19 no 1 pp118ndash120 2005

[32] D A Hinckley P G Seybold and D P Borris ldquoSolva-tochromism and thermochromism of rhodamine solutionsrdquoSpectrochimica Acta Part A vol 42 no 6 pp 747ndash754 1986

[33] F H Hussein ldquoChemical properties of treated textile dyeingwastewaterrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9393ndash94002013

[34] L He H S Freeman L Lu and S Zhang ldquoSpectroscopicstudy of anthraquinone dyeamphiphile systems in binaryaqueousorganic solventmixturesrdquoDyesampPigments vol 91 no3 pp 389ndash395 2011

[35] I Yumoto K Hirota Y Nodasaka Y Yokota T Hoshinoand K Nakajima ldquoAlkalibacterium psychrotolerans sp nov apsychrotolerant obligate alkaliphile that reduces an indigo dyerdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 54 no 6 pp 2379ndash2383 2004

[36] C P Raut M D Daley K K Hunt et al ldquoAnaphylactoidreactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast cancer lymphaticmapping in patients given preoperative prophylaxisrdquo Journal ofClinical Oncology vol 22 no 3 pp 567ndash568 2004

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 16: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

16 The Scientific World Journal

[37] Z-F Huang J-J Zou L Pan S Wang X Zhang and LWang ldquoSynergetic promotion on photoactivity and stability ofW18O49TiO2hybridrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 147 pp 167ndash174

2014[38] S Sarkar and K K Chattopadhyay ldquoVisible light photocatalysis

and electron emission from porous hollow spherical BiVO4

nanostructures synthesized by a novel routerdquo Physica E vol 58pp 52ndash58 2014

[39] V L Blair E J Nichols J Liu and S T Misture ldquoSurfacemodification of nanosheet oxide photocatalystsrdquo Applied Sur-face Science vol 268 pp 410ndash415 2013

[40] Z Li Y Shen C Yang et al ldquoSignificant enchancement inthe visible light pjotocatalytic properties of BiFeO

3-graphene

nanohybridsrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 1 pp 823ndash829 2013

[41] C J Miller H Yu and T Waite ldquoDegradation of rhodamine Bduring visible light photocatalysis employingAgAgCl embed-ded on reduced graphene oxiderdquo Colloids amp Surface A vol 435pp 147ndash153 2013

[42] S Rashidi M Nikazar A V Yazdi and R Fazaeli ldquoOptimizedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 2 by TiO

2UV

processrdquo Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part Avol 49 pp 452ndash462 2014

[43] R-H JieG-BGuoW-G Zhao and S-LAn ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of nano-powderTiO2by hydrothermal method supported on activated carbonrdquo

Journal of Synthetic Crystals vol 42 pp 2144ndash2149 2013[44] Z Bouberka K A Benobbou A Khenifi and U Maschke

ldquoDegradation by irradiation of an acid orange 7 on colloidalTiO2(LDHs)rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A

vol 275 pp 21ndash29 2014[45] B Pant H R Pant N AM Barakat et al ldquoIncoporation of cad-

mium sulfide nanoparticles on the cadmium titanate nanofibersfor enhanced organic dyes degradation and hydrogen releaserdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 1553ndash1559 2014

[46] H Hagiwara M Nagatomo C Seto S Ida and T Ishi-hara ldquoDye-modification effects on water splitting activity ofGaNZnO photocatalystrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photo-biology A vol 272 pp 41ndash48 2013

[47] A Prasannan and T Imae ldquoOne-pot synthesis of fluorescentcarbon dots from orange waste peelsrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 pp 15673ndash15678 2013

[48] L G Devi and M L Arunakumari ldquoEnhanced photocatalyticperformance of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato) iron (III))anchored TiO

2photocatalyst for methyl orange degradation a

surface modification methodrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276pp 521ndash528 2013

[49] B P Nenavathu A V R Krishna Rao A Goyal A Kapoor andR K Dutta ldquoSynthesis characterization and enchanced photo-catalytic degradation efficiency of Se doped ZnO nanoparticlesusing trypan blue as a model dyerdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 459pp 106ndash113 2013

[50] Y Huo Z Xie X Wang H Li M Hoang and R A CarusoldquoMethyl orange removal by combined visible-light photocatal-ysis and membrane distillationrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 98 pp106ndash112 2013

[51] H U Lee G Lee J C Park et al ldquoEfficient visible-lightresponsive TiO

2nanoparticles incoporated magnetic carbon

photocatalystsrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 240 pp 91ndash98 2014

[52] S O Saheed S J Modise and A M Sipamla ldquoTiO2supported

clinoptilotile characterization and optimization of operational

parameters for methyl orange removalrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 781 pp 2249ndash2252 2013

[53] S J Hu J Yang and X H Liao ldquoHighly efficient degradation ofmethylene blue onmicrowave synthesized FeVO

4nanoparticles

photocatalyst under visible-light irradiationrdquo Applied Mechan-ics and Materials vol 372 pp 153ndash157 2013

[54] E S Aazam and R M Mohamed ldquoEnvironmental remediationof direct blue dyes solutions by photocatalytic oxidation withcuppor oxiderdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 577 pp550ndash555 2013

[55] M Xu J Guo Y Cen X Zhong W Cao and G Sun ldquoShe-wanella decolorationis sp nov a dye-decolorizing bacteriumisolated from activated sludge of a waste-water treatmentplantrdquo International Journal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology vol 55 no 1 pp 363ndash368 2005

[56] E Abadulla T Tzanov S Costa K-H Robra A Cavaco-Paulo and G M Gubitz ldquoDecolorization and detoxification oftextile dyes with a laccase from Trametes hirsutardquo Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology vol 66 no 8 pp 3357ndash3362 2000

[57] N Sakkayawong P Thiravetyan andW Nakbanpote ldquoAdsorp-tion mechanism of synthetic reactive dye wastewater by chi-tosanrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 286 no 1pp 36ndash42 2005

[58] Y Wang G Wang H Wang C Liang W Cai and L ZhangldquoChemical-template synthesis of micronanoscale magnesiumsilicate hollow spheres for waste-water treatmentrdquo ChemistryA European Journal vol 16 no 11 pp 3497ndash3503 2010

[59] J-L Gong B Wang G-M Zeng et al ldquoRemoval of cationicdyes from aqueous solution using magnetic multi-wall carbonnanotube nanocomposite as adsorbentrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 2-3 pp 1517ndash1522 2009

[60] J M Peralta-Hernandeza Y Meas-Vong F J Rodrıguez TW Chapman M I Maldonado and L A Godınez ldquoCom-parison of hydrogen peroxide-based processes for treatingdye-containing wastewater decolorization and destruction ofOrange II azo dye in dilute solutionrdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 76no 3 pp 656ndash662 2008

[61] B N Joshi H Yoon S-H Na J-Y Choi and S S YoonldquoEnchanced photocatalytic performance of graphene-ZnOnanoplatet composite thin films prepared by electrostatic spraydepositionrdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3647ndash36542014

[62] M Wang J Huang Z Tong W Li and J Chen ldquoReducedgraphene oxide-cuprous oxide composite via facial depositionfor photocatalytic dye-degradationrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 568 pp 26ndash35 2013

[63] U G Akpan and B H Hameed ldquoDevelopment and photocat-alytic activities of TiO

2dopedwithCa-Ce-W in the degradation

of acid red 1 under visible light irradiationrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[64] S Zhang J Li M Zeng et al ldquoIn situ synthesis of water-soluble magnetic graphitic carbon nitride photocatalyst andits synergistic catalytic performancerdquo ACS Applied Materials ampInterfaces vol 5 pp 1235ndash1243 2013

[65] P Peralta-Zamora ldquoPhotoelectrochemical or electrophoto-chemical processesrdquo Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Societyvol 21 no 9 pp 1621ndash1625 2010

[66] M E Olya and A Pirkarami ldquoCost-effective photoelectrocat-alytic treatment of dyes in a batch reactor equipped with solarcellsrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 118 pp 557ndash566 2013

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 17: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 17

[67] J Ma B Cui J Dai and D Li ldquoMechanism of adsorptionof anionic dye from aqueous solutions onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 186 no 2-3 pp 1758ndash17652011

[68] M-X Zhu L Lee H-H Wang and Z Wang ldquoRemoval ofan anionic dye by adsorptionprecipitation processes usingalkaline white mudrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 149no 3 pp 735ndash741 2007

[69] Y Dong W Dong C Liu Y Chen and J Hua ldquoPhotocatalyticdecoloration of water-soluble azo dyes by reduction based onbisulfite-mediated borohydriderdquo Catalysis Today vol 126 no3-4 pp 456ndash462 2007

[70] A Szyguła E Guibal M A Palacın M Ruiz and A M SastreldquoRemoval of an anionic dye (Acid Blue 92) by coagulation-flocculation using chitosanrdquo Journal of Environmental Manage-ment vol 90 no 10 pp 2979ndash2986 2009

[71] M A M Salleh D K Mahmoud W A W A Karim and AIdris ldquoCationic and anionic dye adsorption by agricultural solidwastes a comprehensive reviewrdquoDesalination vol 280 no 1ndash3pp 1ndash13 2011

[72] G A Ikhtiyarova A S Ozcan O Gok and A OzcanldquoCharacterization of natural- and organo-bentonite by XRDSEM FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorptionbehaviour in aqueous solutionsrdquo Clay Minerals vol 47 pp 31ndash44 2012

[73] P Baskaralingam M Pulikesi D Elango V Ramamurthi andS Sivanesan ldquoAdsorption of acid dye onto organobentoniterdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 128 no 2-3 pp 138ndash1442006

[74] J FMa J M Yu B Y Cui D L Li and J Dai ldquoTreatment of dyewastewater by zero valent iron composited organobentoniterdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 340 pp 229ndash235 2011

[75] I L Lagadic M K Mitchell and B D Payne ldquoHighly effectiveadsorption of heavy metal ions by a thiol-functionalized mag-nesium phyllosilicate clayrdquo Environmental Science and Technol-ogy vol 35 no 5 pp 984ndash990 2001

[76] F Gao P Botella A Corma J Blesa and L Dong ldquoMonodis-persedmesoporous silica nanoparticleswith very large pores forenhanced adsorption and release of DNArdquo Journal of PhysicalChemistry B vol 113 no 6 pp 1796ndash1804 2009

[77] X Wang R Liu M M Waje et al ldquoSulfonated orderedmesoporous carbon as a stable and highly active protonic acidcatalystrdquo Chemistry of Materials vol 19 no 10 pp 2395ndash23972007

[78] T Suteewong H Sai R Cohen et al ldquoHighly aminatedmesoporous silica nanoparticles with cubic pore structurerdquoJournal of the American Chemical Society vol 133 no 2 pp 172ndash175 2011

[79] J Tao W Jiang H Zhai H Pan R Xu and R TangldquoStructural components and anisotropic dissolution behaviorsin one hexagonal single crystal of 120573-tricalcium phosphaterdquoCrystal Growth and Design vol 8 no 7 pp 2227ndash2234 2008

[80] H Pan J Tao R Xu and R Tang ldquoAdsorption processes of glyand glu amino acids on hydroxyapatite surfaces at the atomiclevelrdquo Langmuir vol 23 no 17 pp 8972ndash8981 2007

[81] S Rashmi and V Preeti ldquoDecolorisation of aqueous dye solu-tions by low-cost adsorbents a reviewrdquo Coloration Technologyvol 129 pp 85ndash108 2013

[82] F H Hussein ldquoEffect of photocatalytic treatments on physicaland biological properties of textile dyeing wastewaterrdquo AsianJournal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 9387ndash9392 2013

[83] J Moon C Y Yun K-W Chung M-S Kang and J YildquoPhotocatalytic activation of TiO

2under visible light usingAcid

Red 44rdquo Catalysis Today vol 87 no 1ndash4 pp 77ndash86 2003[84] M Y Abdelaal and RMMohamed ldquoNovel PdTiO

2nanocom-

posite prepared by modified sol-gel method for photocatalyticdegradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irrada-tionrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 576 pp 201ndash2072013

[85] M G Weinbauer C Beckmann and M G Hofle ldquoUtility ofgreen fluorescent nucleic acid dyes and aluminum oxide mem-brane filters for rapid epifluorescence enumeration of soil andsediment bacteriardquo Applied and Environmental Microbiologyvol 64 no 12 pp 5000ndash5003 1998

[86] A Hamrouni H Lachheb and A Houas ldquoSynthesis character-ization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO

2nanocompos-

itesrdquoMaterials Science and Engineering B vol 178 pp 1371ndash13792013

[87] H G Cha H S Noh M J Kang and Y S Kang ldquoPhotocatal-ysis progress using manganese-doped hematite nanocrystalsrdquoNew Journal of Chemistry vol 37 pp 4004ndash4009 2013

[88] T Jiang L Zhang M Ji et al ldquoCarbon nanotubesTiO2

nanotubes composite photocatalysts for efficient degrdation ofmethyl orange dyerdquo Particuology vol 11 pp 737ndash742 2013

[89] A Fatemeh F Nazanin andMA Tehrani Ramin ldquoPreparationof NiO loaded on TiO

2nanostructure as nanophotocatalyst and

its photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene bluerdquoResearch Journal of Chemistry and Environment vol 17 pp 92ndash96 2013

[90] F A Harraz R M Mohamed M M Rashad Y C Wangand W Sigmund ldquoMagnetic nanocomposite based on titania-silicacobalt ferrite for photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue dyerdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 375ndash384 2014

[91] J Zhang W Liu X Wang X Wang B Hu and H LiuldquoEnchanced decolarization activity by Cu

2OTiO

2nanobelts

heterostructures via a strong adsorption-weak photodegrada-tion processrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 282 pp 84ndash91 2013

[92] M Hamadanian M Behpour A S Razavian and V HabbarildquoStructural morphological and photocatalytic characterisa-tions of Ag-coated anatase TiO

2fabricated by the sol gel dip

coating methodrdquo Journal of Experimental Nanoscience vol 8pp 901ndash912 2013

[93] B Shahmoradi A Maleki and K Byrappa ldquoRemoval ofdispersed orange 25 using in situ surface iron-doped TiO

2

nanoparticlesrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013[94] Priyanka and V C Srivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic oxidation of dye

bearing wastewater by iron doped zinc-oxiderdquo Industrial ampEngineeringChemistry Research vol 52 no 50 pp 17790ndash177992013

[95] L Sun Y Shi B Li X Li and Y Wang ldquoPreparation and char-acterization of polypyyroleTiO

2nanocomposites by reverse

microemulsion polymerization and its photocatalytic activityfor the degradation of methyl orange under natural lightrdquoPolymer Composites vol 34 no 7 pp 1076ndash1080 2013

[96] B Saygi and D Tekin ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation kinetics ofreactive black 5 (RB 5) dyestuff on TiO

2modified by pretreat-

ment with untrasound energyrdquo Reaction Kinetics Mechanismsand Catalysis vol 110 no 1 pp 251ndash258 2013

[97] C C Pei and W W F Leung ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof Rhodamine B by TiO

2ZnO nanofibers under visible-light

irradiationrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 114 pp108ndash116 2013

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 18: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

18 The Scientific World Journal

[98] A F Shojaei A R Tabari and M H Loghmani ldquoNormalspinel CoCr

2O4and CoCr

2O4TiO2nanocomposite as novel

photocatalysts for degradation of dyesrdquo Micro amp Nano Lettersvol 8 pp 426ndash431 2013

[99] J B Joo I LeeM Dahl G DMoon F Zaera and Y Yin ldquoCon-trollable synthesis of mesoporous TiO

2hallows shells toward

an efficient photocatalystrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol23 pp 4246ndash4254 2013

[100] L Shi L Liang J Ma et al ldquoHighly efficient visible light-driven AgAgBrZnO composite photocatalyst for degradingRhodamine Brdquo Ceramics International vol 40 pp 3495ndash35022014

[101] B M Rajbongshi and S K samdarshi ldquoZnO and Co-ZnOnanorods-Complementary role of oxygen vacancy in photocat-alytic activity of under UV and visible radiation fluxrdquoMaterialsScience and Engineering B vol 182 pp 21ndash28 2014

[102] P Muthirulan C K Nirmala Devi and M M SundaramldquoFacile synthesis of novel hierarchiral TiO

2Poly(o-

phenylenediamine) core-shell structures with enchancedphotocatalytic performance under solar lightrdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Chemical Engineering vol 1 pp 620ndash627 2013

[103] W Zhang THu B Yang P Sun andHHe ldquoThe effect of boroncontent on properties of B-TiO

2photocatalyst prepared by sol-

gel methodrdquo Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies vol16 pp 261ndash267 2013

[104] A Mohamed S Alberto M-F Victor and E Luis ldquoRemoval ofbasic yellow cationic dye by an aqueous dispersion ofMoroccanstevensiterdquo Applied Clay Science vol 80 pp 46ndash51 2013

[105] Z D Meng L Zhu S Ye et al ldquoHeterogenous photo-catalytic degradation of anionic and cationic dyes over fe-fullerenceTiO

2under visible lightrdquoAsian Journal of Chemistry

vol 25 pp 6001ndash6007 2013[106] V V Panic and S J Velickovic ldquoRemoval of model cationic

dye by adsorption onto poly(methacrylic acid)zeolite hydrogelcomposites kinetics equilibrium study and image analysisrdquoSeparation amp Purification Technology vol 122 pp 284ndash2942014

[107] Q Li Q-Y Yue H-J Sun Y Su and B-Y Gao ldquoA comparativestudy on the properties mechanisms and process designs forthe adsorption of non-ionic or anionic dyes onto cationic-polymerbentoniterdquo Journal of EnvironmentalManagement vol91 no 7 pp 1601ndash1611 2010

[108] Y Zhen Y Hu J Ziwen et al ldquoFlocculation of both anionic andcationic dyes in aqueous solutions by the amphoteric graftingflocculant carboxymethyl chitosan-graft-polyacrylamiderdquo Jour-nal of Hazardous Materials vol 254 pp 36ndash45 2013

[109] A Afkhami M Saber-Tehrani and H Bagheri ldquoModifiedmaghemite nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for removingsome cationic dyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Desalination vol263 no 1ndash3 pp 240ndash248 2010

[110] S Iyyapushpam S T Nishanti and D Pathinettam PadiyanldquoPhotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using 120572-Bi

2O3

prepared without surfactantrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compoundsvol 563 pp 104ndash107 2013

[111] S K Kansal R Lamba S K Mehta and A Umar ldquoPhotocat-alytic degradation of Alizarin Red S using simply synthesizedZnO nanoparticlesrdquo Materials Letters vol 106 pp 385ndash3892013

[112] C Zhu Y Li Q Su et al ldquoElectrospinning direct preparationof SnO

2Fe2O3heterojunction nanotubes as an efficient visible-

light photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloys and Compounds vol 575pp 333ndash338 2013

[113] S Balachandran S G Praveen R Velmurugan and MSwaminathan ldquoFacile fabrication of highly efficient reusableheterostructured Ag-ZnO-CdO and its twin applications ofdye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaningrdquo RSCAdvances vol 4 pp 4353ndash4362 2014

[114] H Gulce V Eskizeybek B Haspulat F Sari A Gulce and AAvci ldquoPreparation of a new polyanilineCdO nanocompositeand investigation of its photocatalytic activity comparativestudy under UV light and natural sunlight irradationrdquo Indus-trial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 52 pp 10924ndash10934 2013

[115] E Repo S Rengaraj S Pulkka et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of dyes by CdS micropoheres under near UV and blueLED radiatinrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 120pp 206ndash214 2013

[116] NDivya A Bansal andA K Jana ldquoNano-photocatalysts in thetreatment of colored wastewatermdasha reviewrdquo Materials ScienceForum vol 734 pp 349ndash363 2013

[117] D Pathania S Sarita and B S Rathore ldquoSynthesis characteri-zation and photocatalytic application of bovine serum albumincapped cadmium sulphide nanopartilcesrdquoChalcogenide Lettersvol 8 no 6 pp 396ndash404 2011

[118] A Tadjorodi M Imani and H Kerdari ldquoExperimental designto optimize the synthesis of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructureand high performance in photodegaradtion of toxic azo dyesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol 48 pp 935ndash942 2013

[119] L Bouna B Rhouta and F Maury ldquoPhysicochemical studyof photocatalytic activity of TiO

2supported polygorskite clay

mineralrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 ArticleID 815473 6 pages 2013

[120] Z-LMaG-FHuangD-S XuM-GXiaW-QHuang andYTian ldquoCoupling effect of la doping and porphyrin sensitizationon photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO

2rdquo Materials

Letters vol 108 pp 37ndash40 2013[121] Z Shi M Zhou D Zheng H Liu and S Yao ldquoPreparation of

Ce-doped TiO2hollow fibers and their photocatalytic degra-

dation properties for dye compoundrdquo Journal of the ChineseChemical Society vol 60 pp 1156ndash1162 2013

[122] N B Gusiak I M Kobasa and S S Kurek ldquoNature inspireddyes for the sensitization of titanium dioxide photocatalystrdquoChemik vol 67 pp 1191ndash1198 2013

[123] Y Huo X Chen J Zhang G Pan J Jia and H Li ldquoOrderedmacroporous Bi

2O3TiO2film coated on a rotating disk with

enchanced photocatalytic activity under visible irradiationrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 148 pp 550ndash556 2014

[124] L-J Kim J-W Jang and J-W Park ldquoNano TiO2functionalized

magnetic-cored dendrimer as a photocatalystrdquo Applied Cataly-sis B vol 147 pp 973ndash979 2014

[125] J Rattanarak W Mekprasart W Pecharapa and W Techitd-heera ldquoPhotocatalytic activities under UV light of ball-milledTiO2photocatalytsrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 802 pp

237ndash241 2013[126] W C Liu H Y Xu T N Shi L C Wu and P Li ldquoPreparation

and photocatalytic activity of TiO2tourmaline composite cata-

lystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 800 pp 464ndash470 2013[127] T E Agustina F S Arsyad and M Abdullah ldquoPhotocatalytic

degradation of CI reactive red 2 by using TiO2-coated PET

plastic under solar irradiationrdquo Advanced Materials Researchvol 789 pp 180ndash188 2013

[128] X Sun C Li L Ruan et al ldquoCe-doped SiO2TiO

2nanocom-

posite as an effective visible light photocatalystrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 585 pp 800ndash804 2014

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 19: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 19

[129] M-C Wu H-C Liao Y-C Cho et al ldquoPhotocatalytic activityof nitrogen-doped TiO

2-based nanowires a photo-assisted

Kelvin probe force microcopy studyrdquo Journal of NanoparticleResearch vol 16 pp 1ndash11 2014

[130] S Shi M A Gondal A A Al-Saadi et al ldquoFacile preparationof g-C

3N4modified BiOCl hybrid photocatalyst and vital

role of frontier orbital energy levels of model compounds inphotoactivity enchecementrdquo Journal of Colloid and InterfaceScience vol 416 pp 212ndash219 2014

[131] A E Nogueira E Longo E R Leite and E R CamargoldquoSynthesis and photocatalytic properties of bismuth titanatewith different structures via oxidant peroxo method (OPM)rdquoJournal of Colloid and Interface Science vol 415 pp 89ndash94 2014

[132] Q Wang J Hui L Yang et al ldquoEnchanced photoactivityperformance of Bi

2O3H-ZSM-5 composite for rgodamine B

degradation under UV light irradiationrdquo Applied Surface Sci-ence vol 289 pp 224ndash229 2014

[133] Y L Ma R S Xue and H S Yan ldquoPhoto-degaradtion alkalilignin by Bis-(2-Methyl Quinoline) squarylium cyanine TiO

2

photocatalyst in sunlightrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol838 pp 2717ndash2720 2014

[134] Q Wang J Hui Y Huang et al ldquoThe preparation of BiOClphotocatalyst and its performance of photodegradation ondyesrdquoMaterials Science in Semiconductor Processing vol 17 pp87ndash93 2014

[135] W T Yi and C Y Yan ldquoA novel visible-light-driven photocat-alyst Pt surface modofied Bi

2WO6-WO3compositerdquo Applied

Mechanics and Materials vol 448 pp 178ndash181 2014[136] Z Liu B Wu J Niu X Huang and Y Zhu ldquoSolvothermal syn-

thesis of BiOBr thin film and its photocatalytic performancerdquoApplied Surface Science vol 288 pp 369ndash372 2014

[137] Z Li S Yang J Zhou et al ldquoNovel mesoporous g-C3N4

and BiPO4nanorods hybrid architectures and their enchanced

visible-light-driven photocatalytic performancesrdquo ChemicalEngineering Journal vol 241 pp 344ndash351 2014

[138] M Wang Y Che C Niu M Dang and D Dong ldquoEffec-tive visible light-active boron and europium co-doped BiVO

4

synthesized by sol-gel method for photodegradation of methylorangerdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 262 pp 447ndash4552013

[139] G Zhu M Hojamberdiev K I Katsumata et al ldquoHeterostruc-tured Fe

3O4Bi2O2CO3photocatalyst synthesis characteriza-

tion and application in recycleable photodegradation of organicdyes under visible light irradiationrdquo Materials Chemistry andPhysics vol 142 pp 95ndash105 2013

[140] QWang J Hui J Li et al ldquoPhotodegradation of methyl orangewith PANI-modified BiOCl photocatalyst under visble lightirradiationrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 577ndash583 2013

[141] Z Zhanying I M OrsquoHara A K Geoff and O S D WilliamldquoComparative study on adsorption of two cationic dyes bymilled sugarcane bagasserdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol42 pp 41ndash49 2013

[142] S-K Mousa A Mokhtar and G Kamaladin ldquoPreparation ofchitosan-ethyl acrylate as a biopolymer adsorbent for basicdyes removal from colored solutionsrdquo Journal of EnvironmentalChemical Engineering vol 1 pp 406ndash415 2013

[143] K Turhan I Durukan S A Ozturkcan and Z TurgutldquoDecolorization of textile basic dye in aqueous solution byozonerdquo Dyes amp Pigments vol 92 no 3 pp 897ndash901 2012

[144] A T Kah M Norhashimah T T Tjoon N Ismail and PPanneerselvam ldquoRemoval of cationic dye bymagnetic nanopar-ticle (Fe

3O4) impregnated onto activatedmaize cob powder and

kinetic study of dye waste adsorptionrdquo APCBEE Procedia vol1 pp 83ndash89 2012

[145] S M R Billah R M Christie and R Shamey ldquoDirect col-oration of textiles with photochromic dyes Part 1 applicationof spiroindolinonaphthoxazines as disperse dyes to polyesternylon and acrylic fabricsrdquo Coloration Technology vol 124 no4 pp 223ndash228 2008

[146] MM Hassan and C J Hawkyard ldquoDecolourisation of aqueousdyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fentonrsquosreagentrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology vol77 no 7 pp 834ndash841 2002

[147] BMralidharan and S Laya ldquoAnew approach to dyeing of 80 20polyestercotton blended fabric using disperse and reactivedyesrdquo ISRN Materials Science vol 2011 Article ID 907493 12pages 2011

[148] H Y Ze F T Jing Q W Xiao C Xiu L Wei and Z YingldquoEffects of disperse dyes on dyeing of ethylated Chinese firpowderrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 788 pp 241ndash2452013

[149] W Cui HWang L Liu Y Liang and J GMcEvoy ldquoPlasmonicAgAgCl-intercalated K

4Nb6O17

composite for enchancedphotocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible lightrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 820ndash827 2013

[150] Z Ali N R KhalidMNawaz Chaudhry S TajammulHussainI Ahamad and N A Niaz ldquoSignificant effect of grapheneon catalytic degradation of methylene blue by pure and Cedoped TiO

2at nanoscalerdquo Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and

Biostructures vol 8 pp 1525ndash1534 2013[151] Q Wang J Li Y Bai et al ldquoPhotodegradation of textile dye

Rhodamine B over a novel biopolymer-metal complex wool-PdCdS photocatalysts under visible light irradiationrdquo Journalof Photochemistry and Photobiology B vol 126 pp 47ndash50 2013

[152] B Krishnakumar and M Swaminathan ldquoSolar photocatalyticdegradation of Naphthol Blue Blackrdquo Desalination amp WaterTreatment vol 51 pp 6572ndash6579 2013

[153] O Sharma and M K Sharma ldquoUse of cobalt hexacyanofer-rate(II) semiconductor in photocatalytic degradation of neutralred dyerdquo International Journal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp1615ndash1622 2013

[154] P Du L Song J Xiong L Wang and N Li ldquoA photovoltaicsmart textile and a photocatalytic functional textile based onco-electronspunTiO

2MgO core-sheath nanorods novel textile

of integrating energy and environmental science with textileresearchrdquo Textile Research Journal vol 83 pp 1690ndash1702 2013

[155] J Yang C ChenH JiWMa and J Zhao ldquoMechanismof TiO2-

assisted photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible irra-diation photoelectrocatalytic study by TiO

2-film electrodesrdquo

Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 46 pp 21900ndash219072005

[156] P Eskandari F Kazemi and Y Azizian-Kalandaragh ldquoConve-nient preparation of CdS nanostructures as a highly efficientphotocatalyst under blue LED and solar light irradiationrdquoSeparationampPurification Technology vol 120 pp 180ndash185 2013

[157] F Wen and C Li ldquoHybrid artificial photosynthetic systemscomprising semiconductors as light harvesters and biomimeticcomplexes as molecular cacatalystrdquo Accounts of ChemicalResearch vol 46 pp 2355ndash2364 2013

[158] L M Duan J H Liu Q Y Pang L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoEfficientsunlight active nanocomposite photocatalytst for degradationof pollutant organic dyesrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol726 pp 650ndash653 2013

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

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NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 20: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

20 The Scientific World Journal

[159] S Da Dalt A K Alves and C P Bergmann ldquoPhotocatalyticdegradation of methyl orange in water solutions in the presenceof MWCNTTiO

2compositesrdquoMaterials Research Bulletin vol

48 pp 1845ndash1850 2013[160] N Divya A Bansal and A K Jana ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of azo Orange II in aqueous solutions using copper-impregnated titaniardquo International Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Technology vol 10 pp 1265ndash1274 2013

[161] J Dong H Xu F Zhang C Chen L Liu and G Wu ldquoSyner-gistic effect over photocatalytic active Cu

2O thin films and their

morphological and orientational transformation under visiblelight irradaiationrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 470 pp 294ndash3022014

[162] O Sharma andM K Sharma ldquoCopper hexacyanoferrate (II) asphotocatalyst decolarisation of neutral red dyerdquo InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research vol 5 pp 2706ndash2716 2013

[163] S S Shinde C H Bhosale and K Y Rajpure ldquoKinetic analysisof heterogenous photocatalysis role of hydroxyl radicalsrdquoCatalysis Review vol 55 pp 79ndash133 2013

[164] K Zhou Y Shi S Jiang YHu andZGui ldquoFacile preparation ofCu2Ocarbon heterostucture with high photocatalytic activityrdquo

Materials Letters pp 213ndash216 2013[165] X Lu N Hu J Li HMa K Du and R Zhao ldquoInfluence of TiO

impregnated with a novel copper (II) carboxylic porphyrin andits application in photocatalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenolrdquoResearch on Chemical Intermediates vol 40 no 5 pp 1911ndash19222014

[166] W Hu F Ren R Bai Z Zhou and W Xu ldquoPreparation andphotocatalytic properties of CuO-TiO

2conductive polymer

fiber compositesrdquo Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae vol 33 pp431ndash436 2013

[167] PDeepak and S Shikha ldquoEffect of surfactants and electrolyte onremoval and recovery of basic dye by using ficus carica cellulosicfibers as biosorbentrdquo Surfactant vol 49 pp 306ndash314 2011

[168] R O Cristavoa A P M Tavares J M Loureiro R A RBoaventura and E A Macedo ldquoOptimisation of reactive dyedegradation by laccase using Box-Behnken designrdquo Environ-mental Technology vol 29 no 12 pp 1357ndash1364 2008

[169] A Khan N A Mir M M Haque M Muneer and C BoxallldquoSolar photocatalytic decolorization of two azo dye derivativesacid red 17 and reactive red 241 in aqueous suspensionrdquo Scienceof Advanced Materials vol 5 pp 160ndash165 2013

[170] S K Kavitha and P N Palanisamy ldquoSolar photocataliticdegradation of Vat Yellow 4 dye in aqueous suspension ofTiO2-optimization of operational parametersrdquo Advances in

Environmental Sciences vol 2 pp 189ndash202 2010[171] S T Tan A A Umar A Balouch et al ldquoZnO nanocubes with

(1 0 1) basal plane photocatalyst prepared via a low-frequencyultrasonic assisted hydrolysis processrdquo Untrasonic Sonochemvol 21 pp 754ndash760 2014

[172] A A Taha A A Hriez Y-N Wu H Wang and F Li ldquoDirectsynthesis of novel vanadium oxide embedded porous carbonnanofiber decorated with iron nanoparticles as a low-cost andhighly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalystrdquo Journal ofColloid and Interface Science vol 417 pp 199ndash205 2014

[173] H Xu J Zhang Y Chen H Lu J Zhuang and J Li ldquoSynthesisof polyaniline-modified MnO

2composite nanorods and their

photocatalytic applicationrdquoMaterials Letters vol 117 pp 21ndash232014

[174] C Wang X Zhang B Yuan et al ldquoMulti-heterojunctionphotocatalyst based on WO

3nanorods structural design and

optimization for enchanced photocatalytic activity under visi-ble lightrdquoChemical Engineering Journal vol 237 pp 29ndash37 2014

[175] N A S Al-Areqi A Al-Alas A S N Al-Kamali K A SGhaleb and K Al-Mureish ldquoPhotodegradation of 4-SPPN dyecatalyzed byNi(II)-substitedBi

2VO55

systemunder visible lightirradiation influence of phase stability and perovskite vanadateoxygen vacancies of photocatalystrdquo Journal of Molecular Catal-ysis A vol 381 pp 1ndash8 2014

[176] Y He D Li J Chen et al ldquoSn3O4 a novel heterovalent-tin

photocatalyst with hierarchical 3D nanostructures under visiblelightrdquo RSC Advances vol 4 pp 1266ndash1269 2014

[177] O F Lopes E C Paris and C Ribeiro ldquoSynthesis of Nb2O5

nanoparticles through the oxidant peroxide method appliedto organic pollutant photodegradation a mechanistic studyrdquoApplied Catalysis B vol 144 pp 800ndash808 2014

[178] M Buchalska J Kuncewicz E Swietek et al ldquoPhotoinducedhole injection in semiconductor-coordination compoun sys-temrdquo Coordination Chemistry Reviews vol 257 pp 767ndash7752013

[179] A Abidov B Allebergenov O Tursunkulov et al ldquoThe evalua-tion of photocatalytic properties of iron doped titania photocat-alyst by degradation of methylene blue using fluorescent lightsourcerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 652 pp 1700ndash17032013

[180] M Luo D Bowden and P Brimblecombe ldquoRemoval of dyesfrom water using a TiO

2photocatalyst supported on black

sandrdquo Water Air and Soil Pollution vol 198 no 1ndash4 pp 233ndash241 2009

[181] H M Lim J S Jung D S Kim D J Lee S-H Lee and W NKim ldquoModification of natural zeolite powder and its applicationto interior non-woven textile for indoor air quality controlrdquoMaterials Science Forum vol 510-511 pp 934ndash937 2006

[182] R Rahimi M M Moghaddas S Zargari and R RahimildquoSynthesis ofmesoporous V-TiO

2with different surfactants the

effect of surfactant type on photocatalytic processrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 702 pp 56ndash61 2013

[183] L Pinho J C Hernandez-Garrido J J Calvino and MJ Mosquera ldquo2D and 3D characterization of a surfactant-synthesized TiO

2-SiO2mesoporous photoctalytst obtained at

ambient temperaturerdquo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics vol15 pp 2800ndash2808 2013

[184] H Park Y ParkW Kim andW Choi ldquoSurface modification ofTiO2photocatalyst for environmental applicationsrdquo Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology C vol 15 pp 1ndash20 2013[185] P Goswami R K Debnath and J N Ganguli ldquoPhotophysical

and photochemical properties of nanosized cobalt-doped TiO2

photocatalystrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25 pp 7118ndash7124 2013

[186] HMeng BWang S Liu R Jiang andH Long ldquoHydrothermalpreparation characterization and photocatalytic activity ofTiO2Fe-TiO

2composite catalystsrdquo Ceramics International vol

39 pp 5785ndash5793 2013[187] S Vivekanandhan M Schreiber C Mason A K Mohanty

and M Misra ldquoMaple leaf (Acer sp) extract mediated greenprocess for the functionalization of ZnO powders with silvernanoparticlesrdquoColloids and Surface B vol 113 pp 169ndash175 2014

[188] S Xie Y Liu Z Chen X Chen and X Wang ldquoSuperior pho-tocatalytic properties of phosphorous-doped ZnOnanocombsrdquoRSC Advances vol 3 pp 26080ndash26085 2013

[189] S Balachandran K Selvam B Babu and M SwaminathanldquoThe simple hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-ZnO-SnO

2

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 21: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 21

nanochain and its multiple applicationsrdquo Dalton Transactionsvol 42 pp 16365ndash16374 2013

[190] J Miao Z Jia H-B Lu D Habibi and L-C Zhang ldquoHet-erogenous photocatalytic degradation of mordant black 11 withZnO nanoparticles under UV-Vis lightrdquo Journal of the TaiwanInstitute of Chemical Engineers 2013

[191] Q-L Ma R Xiong B-G Zhai and YM Huang ldquoCore-shelledZnZnO microspheres synthesised by ultrasonic irradation forphotocatalytic applicationsrdquo Micro amp Nano Letters vol 8 pp491ndash495 2013

[192] S Ameen A M Shaheer H-K Seo and H-S Shin ldquoMin-eralization of rhodamine 6G dye over rose flower-like ZnOnanomaterialsrdquoMaterials Letters vol 113 pp 20ndash24 2013

[193] N-F Hsu M Chang and K-T Hsu ldquoRapid synthesis ofZnO dandelion-like nanostructures and their applications inhumidity sensing and photocatalysisrdquo Materials Science inSemiconductor Processing vol 21 pp 200ndash205 2014

[194] N W C Jusoh A A Jalil S Triwahyono et al ldquoSequen-tial desilication-isomorphous substitution route to preparemesostructured silica nanoparticles loaded with ZnO and theirphotocatalytic activityrdquo Applied Catalysis A vol 468 pp 276ndash287 2013

[195] L M Duan J H Liu X T Xu L Xu and Z R Liu ldquoThe prepa-ration and sunlight activity of nanocomposite photocatalystsfor degradation of methyl orange solutionrdquo Advanced MaterialsResearch vol 750 pp 1397ndash1400 2013

[196] Y V Marathe and V S Shrivastava ldquoEffective removal ofnon-biodegradable methyl orange dye by using CdSactivatedcarbon nanocomposite as a photocatalystrdquo Desalination ampWater Treatment 2013

[197] G Yang B Yang T Xiao and Z Yan ldquoOne-step solvothermalsynthesis of hierarchically porous nanostructured CdSTiO

2

heterojunction with higher visible light photocatalytic activityrdquoApplied Surface Science vol 283 pp 402ndash410 2013

[198] M Liu J Zheng Q Liu et al ldquoThe preparation load and photo-catalytic performance of N-doped and CdS-coupled TiO

2rdquoRSC

Advabces vol 3 pp 9483ndash9489 2013[199] J Fu B Chang Y Tian F Xi and X Dong ldquoNovel C

3N4-CdS

composite photocatalysts with organic-inorganic heterojunc-tions in situ synthesis exceptional activity high stability andphotocatalytic mechanismrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry Avol 1 pp 3083ndash3090 2013

[200] L Shao G Xing W Lv et al ldquoPhotodegradation of azo-dyes inaqueous solution by polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat-supportedmetalloporphyrinsrdquoPolymer International vol 62 pp 289ndash2942013

[201] N Sobana B Krishnakumar andM Swaminathan ldquoSynergismand effect of operational parameters on solar photocatlyticdegradation of an azo dye (Direct Yellow 4) using activatedcarbon-loaded zinc oxiderdquo Materials Science in SemiconductorProcessing vol 16 pp 1046ndash1051 2013

[202] H-Y Zhu J Yao R Jiang Y-Q Fu Y-H Wu and G-M ZengldquoEnchanced decolarization of azo dye solution by cadmiumsulfidemulti-walled carbon nanotubespolymer composite incombination with hydrogen peroxide under simulated solarlight irradiationrdquoCeramics International vol 40 pp 3769ndash37772014

[203] N A S Al-Areqi A S N Al-Kamali K A S Ghaleb AAl Alas and K Al-Mureish ldquoInfluence of phase stabilizationand perovskite vanadate oxygen vacancies of the BINIVOXcatalyst on photocatalytic degradation of azo dye under visible

light irradiationrdquo Radiation Effects amp Defect Solids vol 169 pp117ndash128 2014

[204] C Andriantsiferana E F Mohamed and H Delmas ldquoPhoto-catalytic degradation of an azo-dye on TiO

2activated carbon

composite materialrdquo Environmental Technologies vol 35 pp355ndash363 2014

[205] J H Shariffuddin M I Jones and D A Patterson ldquoGreenerphotocatalysts hydroxyapatite derived fromwastemussel shellsfor the photocatalytic degradation of model azo dye wastew-aterrdquo Chemical Engineering Research and Design vol 91 pp1693ndash1704 2013

[206] B Subash A Senthilraja P Dhatshanamurthi M Swaminthanand M Shanti ldquoSolar active photocatalyst for effctive degrada-tion of RR 120 with dye sensitized mechanismrdquo SpectrochimicaActa vol 115 pp 175ndash182 2013

[207] M H Habibi and E Askari ldquoSpectrophotometric studies ofphoto-induced degradation of Tertrodirect Light Blue (TLB)using a nanostructure zinc zirconate compositerdquo Journal ofIndustrial and Engineering Chemistry vol 19 pp 1400ndash14052013

[208] H Liu G Li J Qu and H Liu ldquoDegradation of azo dye AcidOrange 7 in water by Fe0granular activated carbon system inthe presence of ultrasoundrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol144 no 1-2 pp 180ndash186 2007

[209] G Buitron M Quezada and G Moreno ldquoAerobic degradationof the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilterrdquoBioresource Technology vol 92 no 2 pp 143ndash149 2004

[210] S M A G Ulson de Souza E Forgiarini and A A Ulson deSouza ldquoToxicity of textile dyes and their degradation by theenzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 147 no 3 pp 1073ndash1078 2007

[211] W Zhai G Li P Yu L Yang and L Mao ldquoSilverphosphatecarbon nanotube-stabilized pickering emulsionfor highly efficient photocatalysisrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry vol 117 pp 15183ndash15191 2013

[212] K Ullah Z-D Meng S Ye L Zhu and W-C Oh ldquoSynthesisand characterization of novel PbS-grapheneTiO

2composite

with enchanced photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Industrialand Engineering Chemistry vol 20 no 3 pp 1035ndash1042 2014

[213] M Cheng M Zhu Y Du and P Yang ldquoEnchanced photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution based on efficient electron transferin triphenylaminebased dye functionalized AuPt bimetalliccoreshell nanocompositerdquo International Journal of HydrogenEnergy vol 38 pp 8631ndash8638 2013

[214] T Soltani andM H Entezari ldquoPhotolysis and photocatalysis ofmethylene blue by ferrite bismuth nanoparticles under sunlightirradiationrdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis A vol 377 pp 197ndash203 2013

[215] H-Y Sun C-B Liu Y Cong M-H Yu H-Y Bai and G-B Che ldquoNew photocatalyst for the degradation of organicdyes based on [Co

2(14-BDC)(NCP)

2]nsdot 4nH2Ordquo Inorganic

Chemistry Communications vol 35 pp 130ndash134 2013[216] RComparelli E FanizzaM L Curri PDCozzoli GMascolo

and A Agostiano ldquoUV-induced photocatalytic degradation ofazo dyes by organic-capped ZnO nanocrystals immobilizedonto substratesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 60 no 1-2 pp 1ndash112005

[217] S K SharmaH Bhunia and P K Bajpai ldquoTiO2-assisted photo-

catlytic degradation of diazo dye reactive red 120 decolarizationkinetics andmineralization investigationsrdquo Journal of AdvancedOxidation Technologies vol 16 pp 306ndash313 2013

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 22: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

22 The Scientific World Journal

[218] H Aliyan R Fazaeli and R Jalilian ldquoFe3O4mesoporous SBA-

15 a magnetically recoverable catayst for photodegradation ofmalachite greenrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 276 pp 147ndash1532013

[219] A Khanna andV K Shetty ldquoSolar light induced photocatalysticdegradation of Reactive Blue 220 (RB 220) dye with highlyefficient AgTiO

2core-shell nanoparticles a comparision with

UV photocatalysisrdquo Solar Energy vol 99 pp 67ndash76 2014[220] M-C Chang H-Y Shu T-H Tseng and H-W Hsu ldquoSup-

ported zinc oxide photocatalyst for decolarization andmineral-ization of orange G dye wastewater under UV 365 irradiationrdquoInternational Journal of Photoenergy vol 2013 Article ID595031 12 pages 2013

[221] K Zhao Z Wu R Tang and Y Jiang ldquoPreparation ofhighly visible-light photocatalytic active N-doped TiO

2

microcuboidsrdquo Journal of the Korean Chemical Society vol 57pp 489ndash492 2013

[222] P Xiong L Wang X Sun B Xu and X Wang ldquoTernarytitania-cobalt ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite a magneti-cally recycleable hybrid for adsorption and photodegradationof dyes under visible lightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 52 pp 10105ndash10113 2013

[223] Y-J Xu Y Zhuang and X Fu ldquoNew insight for enhancedphotocatalytic activity of TiO

2by doping carbon nanotubes

a case study on degradation of benzene and methyl orangerdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 114 no 6 pp 2669ndash26762010

[224] Y Zhang J Wan and Y Ke ldquoA novel approach of preparingTiO2films at low temperature and its application in photo-

catalytic degradation of methyl orangerdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 177 no 1ndash3 pp 750ndash754 2010

[225] M R Xu G Ni and F Zhao ldquoPreparation characterization andphotocatalytic properties of Cu P-codoped TiO

2nanoparti-

clesrdquoAdvancedMaterials Research vol 239-242 pp 2562ndash25652011

[226] B Leena B Mohit and K S Mohan ldquoPhotocatalysis of giemsadye an approach towards biotechnology laboratory effluenttreatmentrdquo Journal of Environmental amp Analytical Toxicologyvol 113 pp 1ndash10 2011

[227] S G Abuabara L G C Rego and V S Batista ldquoInfluence ofthermal fluctuations on interfacial electron transfer in function-alized TiO

2semiconductorsrdquo Journal of the American Chemical

Society vol 127 no 51 pp 18234ndash18242 2005[228] I H Laura G Robert J B Jesse et al ldquoSpectral characteristics

andphotosensitization of TiO2nanoparticles in reversemicelles

by perylenesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 117 pp4568ndash4581 2013

[229] Y Zhang Z-R Tang X Fu and Y-J Xu ldquoTiO2-graphene

nanocomposites for gas-phase photocatalytic degradation ofvolatile aromatic pollutant is TiO

2-graphene truly different

from other TiO2-carbon composite materialsrdquo ACS Nano vol

4 no 12 pp 7303ndash7314 2010[230] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse efflu-ents by ferrioxalate-FentonUV-A and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo

Dyes amp Pigments vol 47 no 3 pp 207ndash218 2000[231] I A Alaton I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoAdvanced

oxidation of a reactive dyebath effluent comparison of O3

H2O2UV-C and TiO

2UV-A processesrdquo Water Research vol

36 no 5 pp 1143ndash1154 2002[232] G Li J Qu X Zhang and J Ge ldquoElectrochemically assisted

photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 with 120573-PbO2

electrodes modified by TiO2rdquoWater Research vol 40 no 2 pp

213ndash220 2006[233] I Arslan I A Balcioglu and D W Bahnemann ldquoHeteroge-

neous photocatalytic treatment of simulated dyehouse effluentsusing novel TiO

2-photocatalystsrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 26

no 3 pp 193ndash206 2000[234] Z-X Lu L Zhou Z-L Zhang et al ldquoCell damage induced by

photocatalysis of TiO2thin filmsrdquo Langmuir vol 19 no 21 pp

8765ndash8768 2003[235] H Yu S Chen X Quan H Zhao and Y Zhang ldquoFabrication of

a TiO2-BDD heterojunction and its application as a photocata-

lyst for the simultaneous oxidation of an azo dye and reductionof Cr(VI)rdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 42 no10 pp 3791ndash3796 2008

[236] Z Zainal L K Hui M Z Hussein A H Abdullah and I KR Hamadneh ldquoCharacterization of TiO

2-ChitosanGlass

photocatalyst for the removal of a monoazo dye viaphotodegradation-adsorption processrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 164 no 1 pp 138ndash145 2009

[237] S U M Khan M Al-Shahry and W B Ingler Jr ldquoEfficientphotochemical water splitting by a chemically modified n-TiO2rdquo Science vol 297 no 5590 pp 2243ndash2245 2002

[238] F Dong S Guo H Wang X Li and Z Wu ldquoEnhancementof the visible light photocatalytic activity of C-doped TiO

2

nanomaterials prepared by a green synthetic approachrdquo Journalof Physical Chemistry C vol 115 no 27 pp 13285ndash13292 2011

[239] P CManess S Smolinski DM Blake ZHuang E JWolfrumand W A Jacoby ldquoBactericidal activity of photocatalytic TiO

2

reaction toward an understanding of its killing mechanismrdquoApplied and Environmental Microbiology vol 65 no 9 pp4094ndash4098 2009

[240] C Shifu L Xuqiang L Yunzhang and C Gengyu ldquoThepreparation of nitrogen-doped TiO

2minus119909N119909photocatalyst coated

on hollow glass microbeadsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 253no 6 pp 3077ndash3082 2007

[241] D Chen D Yang QWang and Z Jiang ldquoEffects of boron dop-ing on photocatalytic activity and microstructure of titaniumdioxide nanoparticlesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 45 no 12 pp 4110ndash4116 2006

[242] W Li Y Bai C Liu et al ldquoHighly thermal stable and highlycrystalline anatase TiO

2for photocatalysisrdquo Environmental

Science and Technology vol 43 no 14 pp 5423ndash5428 2009[243] D B Ingram and S Linic ldquoWater splitting on composite

plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photoelectrodes evidence forselective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers nearthe semiconductor surfacerdquo Journal of the American ChemicalSociety vol 133 no 14 pp 5202ndash5205 2011

[244] J-H Sun S-Y Dong Y-K Wang and S-P Sun ldquoPreparationand photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnOmicrocrystal photocatalystrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 172 no 2-3 pp 1520ndash1526 2009

[245] W Xie Y Li W Sun J Huang H Xie and X Zhao ldquoSurfacemodification of ZnO with Ag improves its photocatalyticefficiency and photostabilityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry andPhotobiology A vol 216 no 2-4 pp 149ndash155 2010

[246] W Chen W Lu Y Yao and M Xu ldquoHighly efficient decom-position of organic dyes by aqueous-fiber phase transfer andin situ catalytic oxidation using fiber-supported cobalt phthalo-cyaninerdquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 41 no 17pp 6240ndash6245 2007

[247] A C Lucilha C E Bonancea W J Barreto and K TakashimaldquoAdsorption of the diazo dye Direct Red 23 onto a zinc oxide

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 23: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 23

surface a spectroscopic studyrdquo Spectrochimica Acta Part A vol75 no 1 pp 389ndash393 2010

[248] L S Andrade L A M Ruotolo R C Rocha-Filho et al ldquoOnthe performance of Fe and FeF doped Ti-PtPbO

2electrodes

in the electrooxidation of the Blue Reactive 19 dye in simulatedtextile wastewaterrdquo Chemosphere vol 66 no 11 pp 2035ndash20432007

[249] M Nasr-Esfahani and M H Habibi ldquoSilver doped TiO2

nanostructure composite photocatalyst film synthesized by sol-gel spin and dip coating technique on glassrdquo InternationalJournal of Photoenergy vol 2008 Article ID 628713 11 pages2008

[250] L Bjornsson P Hugenholtz G W Tyson and L L BlackallldquoFilamentous Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) are abun-dant in wastewater treatment processes with biological nutrientremovalrdquoMicrobiology vol 148 no 8 pp 2309ndash2318 2002

[251] J J Plumb J Bell and D C Stuckey ldquoMicrobial populationsassociated with treatment of an industrial dye effluent in ananaerobic baffled reactorrdquo Applied and Environmental Microbi-ology vol 67 no 7 pp 3226ndash3235 2001

[252] T Ito K Sugita and S Okabe ldquoIsolation characterizationand in situ detection of a novel chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in wastewater biofilms growing undermicroaerophilic conditionsrdquoApplied and Environmental Micro-biology vol 70 no 5 pp 3122ndash3129 2004

[253] S M Burkinshaw and G W Collins ldquoAftertreatment to reducethe washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeatedwashingrdquo Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists vol 114no 5-6 pp 165ndash168 1998

[254] R S Shraddha S Simran K Mohit and K Ajay ldquoLac-case microbial sources production purification and potentialbiotechnological applicationsrdquoEnzyme Research vol 2011 Arti-cle ID 217861 11 pages 2011

[255] MAlvaro E CarbonellM Espla andHGarcia ldquoIron phthalo-cyanine supported on silica or encapsulated inside zeolite Y assolid photocatalysts for the degradation of phenols and sulfurheterocyclesrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 57 no 1 pp 37ndash42 2005

[256] S-L Chen X-J Huang and Z-K Xu ldquoFunctionalization ofcellulose nanofiber mats with phthalocyanine for decolorationof reactive dye wastewaterrdquo Cellulose vol 18 no 5 pp 1295ndash1303 2011

[257] K K Kim C S Lee R M Kroppenstedt E Stackebrandt andS T Lee ldquoGordonia sihwensis sp nov a novel nitrate-reducingbacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactorrdquoInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiol-ogy vol 53 no 5 pp 1427ndash1433 2003

[258] L Zhou W Guo G Xie and J Feng ldquoPhotocatalytic degrada-tion of reactive brilliant red X-3B over BiOI under visible lightirradiationrdquo Desalination amp Water Treatment vol 51 pp 6517ndash6525 2013

[259] D C Xu Z-W Lian M-L Fu B Yuan J-W Shi and H-JCui ldquoAdvanced near-infrared-driven photocatalyst fabricationcharacterization and photocatalytic performance of 120573-NaYF

4

Yb3+ Tm3+TiO2core shell microcrystalsrdquo Applied Catalysis

B vol 142 pp 377ndash386 2013[260] S Song L Xu Z He J Chen X Xiao and B Yan ldquoMechanism

of the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive black 5 at pH120 using SrTiO

3CeO

2as the catalystrdquo Environmental Science

and Technology vol 41 no 16 pp 5846ndash5853 2007[261] C Pan and Y Zhu ldquoNew type of BiPO

4Oxy-acid salt photocat-

alyst with high photocatalytic activity on degradation of dyerdquo

Environmental Science and Technology vol 44 no 14 pp 5570ndash5574 2010

[262] A Furube T Shiozawa A Ishikawa A Wada K Domen andC Hirose ldquoFemtosecond transient absorption spectroscopyon photocatalysts K

4Nb6O17

and Ru(bpy)3

2+-intercalatedK4Nb6O17thin filmsrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 106

no 12 pp 3065ndash3072 2002[263] U Ruh S Hongqi W Shaobin M A Hua and O T Moses

ldquoWet-chemical synthesis of InTaO4for photocatalytic decom-

position of organic contaminants in air and water with UV-vislightrdquo Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry Research vol 51 pp1563ndash1569 2011

[264] V Gunasekar B Divya K Brinda J Vijakrishnan V Pon-nusami and K S Rajan ldquoEnzyme mediated synthesis of Ag-TiO2photocatalyst for visible light degradation of reactive

dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Sol-Gel Science andTechnology vol 68 pp 60ndash66 2013

[265] X Liu J Xing J Qiu and X Sun ldquoPreparation and charac-terization of visible light-driven praseodymium-doped meso-porous titania coated magnetite photocatalystrdquo Indian Journalof Chemistry vol 52 pp 1257ndash1262 2013

[266] Y Y Wang H Xie W Zhang Y B Tang and F Y ChenldquoPreparation and photocatalytic activity of Fe-Ce-N tri-dopedTiO2photocatalystrdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 750 pp

1276ndash1282 2013[267] L Liu H Bai J Liu and D D Sun ldquoMultifuntional graphene

oxide-TiO2-Ag nanocomposites for high performance water

disinfection and decontamination under solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Hazardous Materials vol 261 pp 214ndash223 2013

[268] C T NamW-D Yang and LM Duc ldquoStudy on photocatalysisof TiO

2nanotubes prepared by methanol-thermal synthesis at

low temperaturerdquo Bulletin of Materials Science vol 36 pp 779ndash778 2013

[269] X Lin D Fu L Hao and Z Ding ldquoSynthesis and enchancedvisible-light responsive of C N S-tridoped TiO

2hollow

spheresrdquo Journal of Environmental Sciences vol 25 pp 2150ndash2156 2013

[270] L-X Zhu Z-H Zhao X-Y Yue and J-M Fan ldquoOne-pothydrothermal synthesis of AgAg2S modified porous TiO

2

and its photocatalytic and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis vol 27 pp 467ndash473 2013

[271] C Namasivayam R Jeyakumar and R T Yamuna ldquoDyeremoval from wastewater by adsorption on ldquowasterdquoFe(III)Cr(III) hydroxiderdquo Waste Management vol 14 no7 pp 643ndash648 1994

[272] A Jain K P Raven and R H Loeppert ldquoArsenite andarsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite surface charge reductionand net OH-release stoichiometryrdquo Environmental Science andTechnology vol 33 no 8 pp 1179ndash1184 1999

[273] A Gurses M Yalcin and C Dogar ldquoElectrocoagulation ofsome reactive dyes a statistical investigation of some electro-chemical variablesrdquoWaste Management vol 22 no 5 pp 491ndash499 2002

[274] H Lachheb E Puzenat A Houas et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-dation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S Crocein OrangeG Methyl Red Congo Red Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titaniardquo Applied Catalysis B vol 39 no 1 pp 75ndash902002

[275] C Guillard H Lachheb A Houas M Ksibi E Elaloui andJ-M Herrmann ldquoInfluence of chemical structure of dyes ofpH and of inorganic salts on their photocatalytic degradation

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 24: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

24 The Scientific World Journal

by TiO2comparison of the efficiency of powder and supported

TiO2rdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A vol 158

no 1 pp 27ndash36 2003[276] F Han V S R Kambala M Srinivasan D Rajarathnam and

R Naidu ldquoTailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for thedegradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment a reviewrdquoApplied Catalysis A vol 359 no 1-2 pp 25ndash40 2009

[277] C-Y Kuo ldquoPrevenient dye-degradation mechanisms usingUVTiO

2carbon nanotubes processrdquo Journal of Hazardous

Materials vol 163 no 1 pp 239ndash244 2009[278] M Alvaro E Carbonell and H Garcia ldquoPhotocatalytic degra-

dation of sulphur-containing aromatic compounds in thepresence of zeolite-bound 246-triphenylpyrylium and 246-triphenylthiapyryliumrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol 51 no 3 pp195ndash202 2004

[279] M Alvaro E Carbonell H Garcia C Lamaza and MNarayana Pillai ldquoShip-in-a-bottle synthesis of 246-triphenylthiapyrylium cations encapsulated in zeolites Yand beta a novel robust photocatalystrdquo Photochemical andPhotobiological Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 189ndash193 2004

[280] H-Y XuW-C Liu J Shi H Zhao and S-YQi ldquoPhotocatalyticdiscoloration of Methyl Orange by anataseschorl compositeoptimization using response surface methodrdquo EnvironmentalScience and Pollution Research vol 21 no 2 pp 1582ndash1591 2014

[281] J Cao C Zhou H Lin B Xu and S Chen ldquoDirect hydroysispreparation of plate-like BiOI and their visible light photocat-alytic activity for contaminant removalrdquo Materials Letters vol109 pp 74ndash77 2013

[282] S Sharma R Ameta R K Malkani and S C Ameta ldquoUseof semi-conducting bismuth sulfide as a photocatalyst fordegradation of Rose BengalrdquoMacedonian Journal of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering vol 30 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2011

[283] Q Yan J Wang X Han and Z Liu ldquoSoft-chemical methodfor fabrication of SnO-TiO

2nanocomposites with enchanced

photocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Materials Research vol 28pp 1862ndash1869 2013

[284] J Liu Q Yang W Yang M Li and Y Song ldquoAquatic plantinspired hierarchical artificial leaves for highly efficient photo-catalysisrdquo Journal of Materials Chemistry A vol 26 pp 7760ndash7766 2013

[285] A Y Stepanov L V Sotnikova A A Vladimirov D VDyagilev and T A Larichev ldquoThe synthesis and investigationof crystallographic and adsorption properties of TiO

2powdersrdquo

Advanced Materials Research vol 704 pp 92ndash97 2013[286] S Moradi P Aberoomand-Azar S Raeis-Farshid S Abedini-

Khorrami andMHGivianrad ldquoSynthesis and characterzationof Al-TiO

2ZnO and Fe-TiO

2ZnO photocatalyst and their

photocatalytic behaviourrdquo Asian Journal of Chemistry vol 25pp 6635ndash6638 2013

[287] W-J Yoo and S Kobayashi ldquoHydrophosphinylation of unacti-vated alkenes with secondary phosphine oxides under visible-light photocatalysisrdquo Green Chemistry vol 15 pp 1844ndash18482013

[288] Y Zhang Y Zhang and J Tan ldquoNovel magnetically separableAgCliron oxide composites with enchanced photocatalyticactivity driven by visible lightrdquo Journal of Alloys and Com-pounds vol 574 pp 383ndash390 2013

[289] H-N Cui J-Y Wang M-Q Hu et al ldquoEfficient photo-drivenhydrogen evolution by binuclear nickle catalysts of differentcoordination in noble-metal-free systemsrdquoDaltonTransactionsvol 42 pp 8684ndash8691 2013

[290] Q Zhang C Tian A Wu Y Hong M Li and H Fu ldquoInsitu oxidation of AgZnO by bromine water to prepare ternaryAg-AgBrZnO sunlight-derived photocatalystrdquo Journal of Alloysand Compounds vol 563 pp 269ndash273 2013

[291] L Li X Liu Y Zhang et al ldquoVisible-light photochemicalactivity of heterostructured core-shell materials composed ofselected ternary titanates and ferrites coated by TiO

2rdquo ACS

Applied Materials amp Interfaces vol 5 pp 5064ndash5071 2013[292] P Jiang D Ren D He W Fu J Wang and M Gu ldquoAn easily

sedimentable and effective TiO2photocatalyst for removal of

dyes in waterrdquo Separation amp Purification Technology vol 122pp 128ndash132 2014

[293] P Guo L T Meng and C H Wang ldquoCore-shell WO3TiO2

nanorod heterostructures for solar light photocatalysisrdquoAdvanced Materials Research vol 850 pp 78ndash81 2014

[294] K Ullah S Ye L Zhu Z-D Meng S Sarkar and W-C OhldquoMicrowave assisted synthesis of a noblemetal-graphene hybridphotocatalyst for high efficient decomposition of organic dyesunder visible lightrdquo Materials Science and Engineering B vol180 pp 20ndash26 2014

[295] R Adhikari G Gyawali S H Cho R Narro-Garcia TSekino and SW Lee ldquoFe3+Yb3+ co-doped bismuthmolybdotenanosheets upconversion photocatalyst with enchanced photo-catalytic activityrdquo Journal of Solid State Chemistry vol 209 pp74ndash81 2014

[296] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenchanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis B vol144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[297] M Shamshi Hassan T Amma and M-S Khil ldquoSynthesis ofhigh aspect ratio CdTiO

3nanofibers via electrospinning char-

acterization and photocatalytic activityrdquoCeramics Internationalvol 40 pp 423ndash427 2014

[298] C Karakaya Y Turker and O Dag ldquoMolten-salt-assistedself-assembly (MASA)-synthesis of mesoporous metal titanate-titania metal sulfide-titania and metal selenide-titania thinfilmsrdquo Advanced Functional Materials vol 23 pp 4002ndash40102013

[299] X Cai Y Cai Y Liu et al ldquoPhotocatalytic degradation proper-ties of Ni(OH)

2nanosheetsZnO nanorods composites for azo

dyes under visible-light irradaiationrdquo Ceramics Internationalvol 40 pp 57ndash65 2014

[300] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin and J Yao ldquoPreparation and pho-tocatalysis performances of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membranes doped by rare earth elementsrdquo Chinese Journal ofMaterials Research vol 24 no 5 pp 540ndash546 2010

[301] X Zhang W Chen Z Lin J Yao and S Tan ldquoPreparation andphotocatalysis properties of bacterial celluloseTiO

2composite

membrane doped with rare earth elementsrdquo Synthesis and Reac-tivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistryvol 41 no 8 pp 997ndash1004 2011

[302] G Manimegalai S Shantha Kumar and C Sharma ldquoPesticidemineralization in water using silver nanoparticlesrdquo Interna-tional Journal of Chemical Sciences vol 9 no 3 pp 1463ndash14712011

[303] A Yahia Cherif O Arous M Amara S Omeiri H Kerdjoudjand M Trari ldquoSynthesis of modified polymer inclusion mem-branes for photo-electrodeposition of cadmiumusing polarizedelectrodesrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 227 pp 386ndash393 2012

[304] J Taranto D Frochot and P Pichat ldquoPhotocatalytic air purifi-cation comparative efficacy and pressure drop of a TiO

2-coated

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials

Page 25: Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decolorization of

The Scientific World Journal 25

thin mesh and a honeycomb monolith at high air velocitiesusing a 04 m3 close-loop reactorrdquo Separation amp PurificationTechnology vol 67 no 2 pp 187ndash193 2009

[305] A R Khataee and M B Kasiri ldquoPhotocatalytic degradationof organic dyes in the presence of nanostructured titaniumdioxide influence of the chemical structure of dyesrdquo Journal ofMolecular Catalysis A vol 328 no 1-2 pp 8ndash26 2010

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CeramicsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of

Biomaterials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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CrystallographyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

MetallurgyJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Nano

materials

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal ofNanomaterials