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Reasons for European Migrations Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17to the Americas in the 17c c
““Push – Pull”Push – Pull”
Reasons for European Migrations Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17to the Americas in the 17c c
““Push – Pull”Push – Pull”
3 Regions or Sections
• The Chesapeake
• New England
• Southern Colonies
• Middle Colonies
Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay
The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company: Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as
Englishmen Englishmen
Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!they had the rights of Englishmen!
Profit is the GoalProfit is the GoalProfit is the GoalProfit is the Goal
1606: 3 ships1606: 3 shipsThe Susan Constant, The God Speed and The
Discovery
Spring 1607: arrive at mouth of Spring 1607: arrive at mouth of Chesapeake Bay: Chesapeake Bay: Attacked by Attacked by Indians and move on.Indians and move on.
May 24, 1607: 100 colonists [May 24, 1607: 100 colonists [all menall men] ] land at Jamestown, along banks of land at Jamestown, along banks of James RiverJames River
Easily defended, but swarming with Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.disease-causing mosquitoes.
Jamestown is the Jamestown is the “Seedling”“Seedling”
Jamestown is the Jamestown is the “Seedling”“Seedling”
1606-1607: 40 people died on the voyage1606-1607: 40 people died on the voyage
1609: another ship shipwrecked off 1609: another ship shipwrecked off Bermuda.Bermuda.
Settlers died by the dozens! Settlers died by the dozens!
““Gentlemen” colonists would not work Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves: themselves: Game in forests & fish in river Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.uncaught.
Settlers wasted time Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead looking for gold instead of hunting or farmingof hunting or farming..
The NightmareThe NightmareThe NightmareThe Nightmare
High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:
1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrantsimmigrants
1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%
Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……
““Widow-Widow-archy”archy”““Widow-Widow-archy”archy”
High mortality among High mortality among husbands and fathers left husbands and fathers left many women in the many women in the Chesapeake colonies with Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and unusual autonomy and wealth!wealth!
English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660
River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern
River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern
Large plantations [>100 acres].Large plantations [>100 acres].
Widely spread apart [>5 miles].Widely spread apart [>5 miles].
Social/EconomicSocial/EconomicPROBLEMS???PROBLEMS???
Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy
Indian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian Foods
Indian VillageIndian Village
Powhatan UprisingsPowhatan UprisingsPowhatan UprisingsPowhatan Uprisings
Relations between Indians & settlers Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.grew worse.
General mistrust and fear because of General mistrust and fear because of different cultures & languages.different cultures & languages.
English raided Indian food English raided Indian food supplies during the starving supplies during the starving times. times.
Raided Indian villages, burned Raided Indian villages, burned houses, stole supplies, burned houses, stole supplies, burned cornfields.cornfields.
1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan First Anglo-Powhatan WarWar
Culture Clash: Why?Culture Clash: Why?Culture Clash: Why?Culture Clash: Why?
1614-1622 1614-1622 P Peace sealed by the eace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.John Rolfe.
1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.between Indians and settlers.
VVirginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” irginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.against the Native Americans.
Raids reduced native population and Raids reduced native population and drove them further westwarddrove them further westward..
1646:1646: Removed the Powhatans from Removed the Powhatans from their original land; Formally separated their original land; Formally separated Indian and English settlement areasIndian and English settlement areas
Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake
Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake
PocahontasPocahontasPocahontasPocahontas
A 1616 A 1616 engravingengraving
Pocahontas “saves” ??? Pocahontas “saves” ??? Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith
John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe
What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??
Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant
Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612
Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.
Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710
Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710
Why did tobacco prices decline so Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?precipitously?
IndentureIndentured d
ServitudeServitude
IndentureIndentured d
ServitudeServitude
Headright SystemHeadright System
Land grants given to Land grants given to anyone willing to help anyone willing to help populate the colonies. populate the colonies.
Indentured Contract, 1746Indentured Contract, 1746
Headright System:Headright System: Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose
passage they paid.passage they paid.
100 acres given to colonists already living in Va.100 acres given to colonists already living in Va.
With this land give-a-way, With this land give-a-way, Indentured Servants had Indentured Servants had no chance to procure their own landno chance to procure their own land
Kept most poor and led to strife between them and Kept most poor and led to strife between them and the now wealthy landowners.the now wealthy landowners.
Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract: 5-7 years / Promised “freedom dues” 5-7 years / Promised “freedom dues”
[land, £][land, £]
Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.
1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!their indentured contracts!
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:
Vital but ruinous to soil when Vital but ruinous to soil when continuously planted.continuously planted.
Chained economy to a single crop.Chained economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.
Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”
Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”
VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses
VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses
The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses established in established in 16191619 & began to & began to assume the role of the House of assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate legislation.able to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal A Council appointed by royal governorgovernor
Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.
Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.
High death rates ensured rapid High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.turnover of members.
Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power
James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia
He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..
1624 1624 he revoked the charter of he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.the bankrupt VA Company.
Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!under the king’s direct control!
Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony
Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony
English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel
First Africans arrived in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.Jamestown in 1619.
Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..
Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year
for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?
The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery transformed from economic Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.to economic and racial institution.
Early 1600s Early 1600s differences differences between slave and servant between slave and servant were unclear.were unclear.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servants.servants.
Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
Goods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with AfricaGoods Traded with Africa
The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”
Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.
Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.
1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!
Frustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen
Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians (both Blacks & Whites) (both Blacks & Whites) in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley
Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with relations with Indians.Indians.
Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon
GovernoGovernorr
William William BerkeleyBerkeley
Rebels attacked Indians, whether Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.
They burned the capital.They burned the capital.
Rebels went on a rampage of Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.
Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion
It exposed resentments between inland It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.against gentry on coastal plantations.
Socio-economic class differences/clashes Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history.continue throughout American history.
Upper class planters saw the potential power Upper class planters saw the potential power of poor whites and blacks in unity against of poor whites and blacks in unity against them.them.
Passed laws that Passed laws that created a wedge created a wedge between these two allies. One between these two allies. One method: Whites given lesser method: Whites given lesser punishments for same offense. punishments for same offense.
Upper class planters searched for laborers Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel less likely to rebel BLACK SLAVES BLACK SLAVES (unaligned with poor whites)(unaligned with poor whites)
Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion
Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion
Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”
Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.
Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.
Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery
A royal charter wasA royal charter wasgranted to Georgegranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord Baltimore,Baltimore,in 1632.in 1632.
A A proprietary proprietary colony colony created in 1634.created in 1634.
A healthier locationA healthier locationthan Jamestown.than Jamestown.
Tobacco would be the Tobacco would be the main crop.main crop.
His plan was to govern as an absentee His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.proprietor in a feudal relationship.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.relatives.
The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland
The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland
Baltimore permitted high degree of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Protestants.
High number of Protestants threatened High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.Catholics.
Maryland Toleration Act of 1649Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
Decreed death to those who denied the Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
In one way, it was less tolerant than In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!before the law was passed!!
A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics
