Reasons Europeans Came to America

Gold, God, Glory

Biggest disagreements between Native Americans and Europeans

Land Ownership

Country that treated the Native Americans the most fairly and did

not set up big colonies.

France

First English settlement. (Not permanent)

Roanoke

First permanent English settlement. 1607

Jamestown

Came to America for religious freedom. Started colonies in Massachusetts. (2 groups)

Pilgrims and Puritans

Economy based on shipbuilding, trading, fishing.

New England

Economy based on large-scale farming of cash crops on plantations.

Southern Colonies

Founded when Roger Williams was kicked out of Massachusetts because the religious laws were

too strict.

Rhode Island

Most diverse- has Quakers, Jews, Catholics, Dutch, Germans, and Huguenots. And largest

middle class.

Middle Colonies

Founded to get money. Maintained closest ties to England.

Southern Colonies

Came to America when their journey was paid for. In return they worked for seven years and

then were freed.

Indentured Servants

Way of giving land to settlers in the south. The amount of land a settler received was based on the number of

people in his family, including slaves and servants.

Headright Method

Created with the Mayflower Compact. Held town meetings to decide laws. This is an

example of…

Government by Consent & Direct Democracy

First meeting in Jamestown in 1619, example of representative Government

VA House of Burgesses

War between the English settlers and the French and their Indian allies. Started in the Ohio River Valley. The war left the

British in debt, and led to the British relying on the colonists to help pay for the war through taxes.

French and Indian War

This ends the French and Indian war. It was signed in 1763, between the British and the French. The French lost territory in the colonies, and led to the creation of the Proclamation Line

of 1763.

Treaty of Paris

Two movements that led the colonists to question traditional authority.

Great Awakening & Enlightenment

British economic policy towards the colonists which said it was the purpose of the colonists to provide raw materials

to England and buy England’s finished products.

Mercantilism

Enlightenment thinker who introduced the idea of Natural Rights and government based on the

consent of the people.

John Locke

Wrote Common Sense, provided reasons/grievances for why

America should be independent.

Thomas Paine

The most important tax issued by Parliament, passed in 1765. It placed a duty on paper products, such as legal documents and

newspapers. This was a direct tax, which angered the colonists. It was repealed by Parliament in 1766.

Stamp Act

Passed by Parliament in 1773, it placed a tax on all tea imported into the colonies, except tea

from the British East India Company.

Tea Act

People who supported independence.

Patriots

People who supported the British King.

Loyalists

First time the colonists met together to create a unified front against England. Created the

Committees of Correspondence.

Continental Congress

Wrote the Declaration of Independence using the ideas of Locke and Paine.

Thomas Jefferson

Created an alliance between the Americans and the French to defeat the British.

Treaty of Alliance

American military leader during the Revolution. His leadership preserves the American army.

George Washington

Battle that ends the American Revolution with the help of the

French.

Yorktown

First governing document of America. Weaknesses included: can’t tax, no army, no president, no

courts. Didn’t want a government like England.

Articles of Confederation

Rebellion of farmers who were in debt, showed we needed a stronger central government.

Shay’s Rebellion

Father of the Constitution

James Madison

Biggest issue dividing the country during the Constitutional Convention.

Representation in Congress for small and big states.

Compromise that set up bicameral legislation with lower house based on population and

upper house equal.

Great Compromise

Compromise that decided how slaves would be counted in the population.

3/5ths compromise

People who supported the Constitution and wanted a strong central government.

Federalists

People who did not support the Constitution. Wanted a Bill of Rights. Supported states’

rights.

Antifederalists

First 10 Amendments of the Constitution. Protects people’s natural rights. Written by

James Madison.

Bill of Rights

First two political parties. Divided over the issue of states rights vs. power of the national

government.

Federalists & Democratic Republicans

First time power transferred peacefully between the political parties.

Election of 1800

Supreme Court case that gave the Court judicial Review.

Marbury v. Madison

Doubled the size of America. Purchased by Jefferson from France.

Louisiana Purchase

Crop that dominated the South during the Antebellum Era. Made possible by the cotton

gin. Caused people to move West.

King Cotton

Protective tariff designed to raise taxes on imports so goods coming from foreign countries would be more expensive than goods from the US. This

helped the north and raised the price of manufactured goods for the South. This tariff put a 50% duty on manufactured goods and was named the “Tariff of

Abominations.”

Tariff of 1828

A compromise was reached that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also created the 36 30’ line, states above the line would be free, and below the line would

be slave states.

Missouri Compromise

He invented the cotton gin in 1793, giving southern farmers a new cash crop. As a result they planted more cotton to

increase profits and became even more dependent on slave labor.

Eli Whitney

Land purchased from Spain.

Florida

Land won by America from the Mexican-American war.

Mexican Cession

Gets their independence after the Alamo.

Texas

-Allowed California to be a free state-Outlawed the slave trade in Washington D.C-Mexican Cession would use popular sovereignty (vote)-New Fugitive Slave Law.

Compromise of 1850

When this tariff was passed, John C. Calhoun resigned from office to lead S.C.’s opposition to the tariff. This tariff led S.C. to pass the Ordinance of Secession, leading to the Fore Bill. Ultimately, another compromise tariff was passed in

1833, lowering the tariff.

Tariff of 1832

Movement made up of people who supported the end of slavery.

Abolition

A slave’s master took him into free state than back to a slave state. The slave

sued claiming ‘once free, always free.’ The Supreme Court decided slaves were not citizens, so could not sue. The court also said slaves were property protected by the Constitution, so no state could be free, meaning the Missouri Compromise

and Kansas Nebraska Act were unconstitutional.

Dred Scott Case

This was passed when Kansas wanted to become a state. Since it was above the

Missouri Compromise line it could not be a slave state. This act allowed Kansas and

Nebraska to use Popular Sovereignty, thinking Kansas would vote to be a slave

state and Nebraska would vote to be free. This act repealed the 36’ 30’ line

and led to “Bleeding Kansas.”

Kansas/Nebraska Act

Abraham Lincoln is elected to the presidency, leading South Carolina to secede from the

Union.

Election of 1860

Thomas Sumner was a representative from MA who gave a speech denouncing the actions of the Southerners in Kansas, and criticizing a South Carolinian, a relative of South Carolina representative Preston

Brooks. In retaliation for the speech, Brooks beat Sumner with his cane.

Brooks/Sumner Affair

Their plan was to fight a defensive war, using supplies from Europe gained from the sale of cotton, until the Northern forces tired of the

war. To get the support of Europe they decided not sell their cotton, and instead

store it in warehouses, until European countries realized they needed the Southern

cotton (King Cotton Diplomacy).

Confederate War Strategy

Their strategy was to blockade Southern ports to cut off supplies from Europe (Anaconda Plan), to break the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River and to attack the Confederate capital at Richmond

Union War Strategy

Example of “total war,” meaning he targeted the Confederate Army and civilians. He led

his troops across Georgia and South Carolina destroying everything in his path. His

soldiers moved through Atlanta to Savannah burning everything. After Savannah, he

moved into Columbia, which he wanted to destroy since it was the capital of the state

Sherman’s March to the Sea

A law that said runaway slaves had to be caught and returned to the South.

Fugitive Slave Law

After the Kansas-Nebraska act allowed people in these territories to decide for

themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders through

‘popular sovereignty,’ northern abolitionists and southern slave owners

moved into the Kansas Territory to swing the vote. Soon their fighting led

to deaths and continued violence/bloodshed.

Bleeding Kansas

The right of new states to hold a popular vote to decide whether or not they would be a slave or free state. This idea is first used with the Compromise of 1850, and then again with

the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Popular Sovereignty

Name for northern whites who moved south and supported Radical Reconstruction. Some moved to start new businesses and make

money off of the south, while others came to help improve the lives of freed blacks and the poor. Some were missionaries or teachers.

Carpetbaggers

Battle that allows Lincoln to pass the Emancipation Proclamation.

Antietam

Frees slaves in the rebelling states, allows African Americans to join the Union army, changes the purpose of the war to be also about freeing slaves, prevents England and France from joining

the war to help the South.

Emancipation Proclamation

Turning point of the Civil War.

Gettysburg

Speech given by Lincoln that says the country is one nation, for the people, of the people, by the

people, and all men were created equal.

Gettysburg Address

Place where the Civil War ended.

Appomattox Court House

The location of the first battle of the Civil War. The shots fired here began the war. The Confederates fired first under the

command of Beauregard, while the Union troops were under the command of Anderson.

Fort Sumter

Loyalty to a particular region or section of a country instead of the nation as a whole.

Sectionalism

Members of Congress who wanted to punish the South. This party was mostly comprised of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags.

Radical Republicans

A bill written by radicals in the Congress. It required 50 percent of the voters of a state to take an oath of allegiance and it allowed

only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. However, Lincoln used a pocket-veto to end this plan.

Wade Davis Bill

This was the strictest plan. Any ex-Confederate couldn’t be in office or vote,

while black males gained the right to voteSouthern states were readmitted after they

wrote a new constitution approved by Congress and approve the 14th amendment,

South was divided into 5 military districts.

Radical Republican Plan or Reconstruction Act of 1867

Prohibited all former military and political officers in the Confederacy from voting

Forced Confederates with more than $20,000 in property to appeal for a pardon

All southern states had to approve the 13th amendment and nullify their ordinances of

secessionAll southern states had to repay loans made to

finance the Confederacy.

Johnson’s Plan

Pardoned southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the U.S.Prevented high ranking Confederate officials from voting

A state could rejoin the union when 10% of the voters took an oath of allegiance.

Most people in Congress believed this plan was too easy on the South.

Lincoln’s Plan

Gave the formerly enslaved black males the right to vote.

15th Amendment

Made the formerly enslaved people full citizens of the United States.

14th Amendment

Freed the slaves.

13th Amendment

Filled the need for labor on plantations. Former slaves worked for their former owners on plantations. This is a type of tenant farming. The former slaves/poor whites worked on the land in exchange for about 1/3 of what they grew. While this system gave people a place to live

and work, it became like another form of slavery as the farmers never could earn enough money to pay off their debts.

Sharecroppers

Started as a social club for ex-confederates, but developed into an organization of terror. Their efforts were blocked during

Reconstruction by the north, but after WWI they came back even stronger than during Reconstruction.

Ku Klux Klan

An agency created by northerners who wanted to help improve the lives of former slaves. It attempted to build

houses, schools, and churches for the former slaves. It also provided some money to help the people get a new

start, as well as advice and some legal help. Its original promise to freedmen

was “40 acres and a mule.”

Freedmen’s Bureau

The name for southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the republican government. These people were disliked even more than northerners who moved south for economic

gain.

Scalawags

Race relations did not improve; there was an increasing tension between blacks and whites. The KKK grew in S.C. and government corruption increased during the period.

Failures of Reconstruction

African Americans were allowed to participate in state government; education developed for all and new schools

were built and opened; thousands of free blacks learned to read and write.

Successes of Reconstruction

1877 when President Rutherford B. Hayes withdrew the federal troops from South Carolina after he is elected president with the Compromise of 1877.

End of Reconstruction

Movement that called for a ban on alcohol in the United States.

Temperance Movement/Prohibition

Passed in 1919, it led to prohibition.

18th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote.

19th Amendment

The separation of races. It was made “legal” by Plessey v. Ferguson.

Segregation

Forbids the sale, consumption, and distribution of alcohol in the United States.

Prohibition

Ruled that separate but equal facilities were legal. Effectively legalizes segregation.

Plessey v. Ferguson

Movement of people from one area or region to another. During the late 19th century, it mostly occurred as people moved to

cities in search of jobs. By the end of the 19th century, 40% of Americans lived in cities. Population shifted from rural to urban.

Migration

Laws that established segregation in public schools and other places. They paced restriction on who could vote with poll taxes

and literacy tests. They strictly decreased the rights blacks gained during Reconstruction.

Jim Crow Laws

Law that encouraged people to move west. It gave them free land as long as they lived and

farmed on the land.

Homestead Act of 1862

Industrialization, led to inequality between the rich and poor. Bad living conditions in the cities, poor working

conditions. But everyone thought it was new and shiny.

Gilded Age

Change in immigration after 1871

People start coming from South & Eastern Europe

Movement during the late 19th century responding to issues such as child labor, health care, temperance, & education.

Americans looked to the government to improve the social and political problems across the US.

Progressive Movement

President Teddy Roosevelt helps Panama get its independence from Colombia so America could

build a canal.

Panama Canal

John Hay writes a policy to get equal trading rights for all countries to China.

Open Door Policy

American business leaders start investing in Latin America to get Latin American support

and make money for America.

Dollar Diplomacy

Starts from the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine and yellow journalism. America wants to help Cuba get its Independence.

America gains Philippines, Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico.

Spanish American War

Took place between 1914-1917. America joined the fighting after a German U-Boat sank the Lusitania and killed American

passengers in 1917. However, the fighting began three years earlier with the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand.

WWI

International organization that was created from the 14 Points and meant to stop future war. Reason why

the senate does not ratify the Treaty of Versailles.

League of Nations

Overspeculation, buying on credit, installment plan.

Causes of the Stock Market Crash

A series of social and economic programs created by Franklin D. Roosevelt that created jobs, benefits, and social security for Americans, to help bring America out of the depression.

New Deal

Provided jobs for young people throughout the country. Paid artists to paint, write, or perform

works of art.

Works Progress Administration

Worked to bring electricity to rural areas. The most famous project of this program was the

Tennessee River Valley project.

Rural Electrification Act

Provides money for people who have retired. Also provided money for the disabled.

Social Security Act

President during the Great Depression and World War II. Created the New Deal.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Time of social/cultural change. Women rebelled by cutting their hair and wearing short skirts. The Charleston dance was popular.

Cars became more affordable and widespread. Alcohol was illegal, so there was a rise in crime with bootlegging and speakeasies..

Roaring 20s

Leader of the women’s suffrage movement in America. Helped women gain the right to vote.

Susan B. Anthony

An organization formed to work for equal rights for blacks. Created by W.E.B. DuBois

NAACP

Japanese bombed America because America stopped selling them oil and steel. Caused

America to join the war.

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Battle that prevents Hitler from getting the Suez Canal

El Almein

When Hitler invades the Soviet Union and fails to capture it or its oil.

Stalingrad

Turning point of WWII in Europe. Allies invade Normandy and push Hitler back into Europe.

D-Day

Battle in the Pacific that is turning point of the Pacific War. Keeps Japan from getting Hawaii.

Battle of Midway

Americans placed this group into camps during WWII because they thought they were a threat

to security.

Japanese Internment

Hitler’s plan to kill all the Jews because he blamed them for Germany’s problems.

Final Solution

Meeting that set the standard for how prisoners of war should be treated.

Geneva Convention

Ends the war in the Pacific. Japan surrenders.

Dropping of the Atomic Bomb

Asian American segregated units during WWII

Nisei Units

Trials that punished Nazi officers and set the policy that people can be punished for their

actions during war.

King Cotton

War that is fought indirectly between two super powers.

Cold War

Country that was divided into two after WWII. East was communist, West was democratic.

Germany

War during the 1950s. America tried to prevent the spread of Communism. The war ended in a stalemate-

north was communist, south was democratic.

Korean War

Idea that kept both the US and Soviet Union from attacking each other. Started by

Eisenhower.

Massive Retaliation/Mutually Assured Destruction

War in the 1960s, did not have popular support in America, as soon as America leaves the

country becomes Communist

Vietnam War

America tries to prevent the communist take over in Cuba but fails.

Bay of Pigs

Closest America and the Soviet Union come to actually fighting each other. When Soviet Union places nuclear

weapons 90 miles off the coast of America.

Cuban Missile Crisis

President of America at the end of the Cold War. Helps negotiate the end of the war.

President Reagan

Symbolic end of the Cold War

Tearing down the Berlin Wall

Landmark Supreme Court case that ruled segregation was illegal. It ruled that all public facilities had to be desegregated “with all deliberate speed.” It overturned, Plessey v. Ferguson.

However, it was not until the 1970s that most schools integrated.

Brown v. Board of Education

Federal legislation that outlawed literacy tests and other efforts to prevent blacks from voting.

Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Federal legislation that declared segregation in public facilities and discrimination in business and labor unions illegal. Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Many African Americans left the south because of lack of economic opportunities and discrimination searching for

better opportunities. Most moved to the North and the West.

Great Migration

Fighting took place in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Israel. From 1990-1991. George H. W. Bush was

president.

Persian Gulf War

Treaty signed by President Clinton that encouraged trade between the countries of

North America.

North American Free Trade Agreement

President during Sept. 11th, launches War on Terror

President George W. Bush

Law that allows the government to invade privacy in an effort to protect the citizens of

America.

Patriot Act