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Action oriented

helping strategies

Cognitive theoryReality theory


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Ellis and Glasser

The two action oriented theorists we willconsider in this section are Albert Ellis andWilliam Glasser. After reading your text, you

should do a search on the web for both of thesehighly influential thinkers. In this section, I havehighlighted only a few tenets from theirdistinctive approaches. At the end of thepowerpoint presentation, there will be your finalinformal written assignment: a case studyapplying these two orientations.


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Albert Ellis

Rational Emotive Therapy An integrative approach: cognitive, affective,

behavioral

Humans are viewed as:

rational(self-constructive)or

irrational (self-defeating)

Suggestibility is greatest in childhood.

Self-damaging habits are exacerbated by

circumstances and family


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Self-defeating v. Self-constructive

Short range hedonism

Not thinking things through

Procrastination

Repeating same mistakes

Being superstitious

Being intolerant

Perfectionism

Avoiding chances to grow

Thinking about thinking

Being creative

Being sensuous

Having interest in others

Learning by mistakes

Actualizing potential forgrowth

Exercise: Apply these terms

to your ow n exper ience; do

these dist in guis h irrat ional

and rat ional think ing?


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Ellis A BC theory

A SIGNIFICANT ACTIVATING EVENT

B INDIVIDUALS BELIEF SYSTEM

C EMOTIONAL CONSEQUENCE

D WHEN IRRATIONAL BELIEFS DISRUPTED

E AN EFFECTIVE PHILOSOPHY DEVELOPS F A NEW FEELING EMERGES & PERSISTS


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Applying the A-B-C theory:

Exercise: Review one of your personalexperiences where you were sad, angry,frustrated, etc. after an event. Try to isolate thethoughts and beliefs you had about the event.Then trace how these thoughts resulted in theparticular emotion. Then, go back to the originalevent and see if you could have thought about it

differently, and if so, how the emotionalconsequence would have changed.


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Ellis irrational beliefs

I MUST ALWAYS BELOVED

I MUST ALWAYS BE

COMPETENT PEOPLE WHO HARM

ME SHOULD SUFFER

DANGEROUS

SITUATIONS SHOULDMAKE ME ANXIOUS

OUTSIDE FORCES ARETO BLAME FOR MYMISERY

I CAN AVOIDPROBLEMS

THE PASTDETERMINES TODAY

BEING PASSIVE ANDUNCOMMITTEDPRODUCES JOY


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Applying Ellis irrational beliefs

Exercise: Review the short list of irrational

beliefs on the previous slide in reference to your

own experience. For example, have you everhad an argument with your loved ones because

it did not seem they were showering you with

enough love and affection? Or, did you ever feel

unfairly treated whenever you had one of lifesmany problems come your way? This section of

Ellis work is really eye-opening. Compare it to

Aaron Becks ideas.


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Ellis therapeutic tasks Reduce awfulizing

Eliminate magical thinking

Point out deficiencies in thoughts &behaviors, not the person

Aim for collaboration, not warmth

Use logical examination, humor, absurdity Validate new thoughts through

experimentation


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Other cognitive behavioral theorists

There are many excellent theorists to consider,along with Ellis. The following two slides refer to

Aaron Beck and Donald Meichenbaum, and

there are many others. One of the advances intheory has come from combining cognitive andbehavioral approaches: both rely more onmeasurable, and to some degree, observabledata. With cognitive data, the material the clientand therapist measure comes from self-reportsand ways of measuring the intensity, frequencyor duration of the thoughts. Consider ways youcan use this theoretical orientation in your own

action-oriented interventions.


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Aaron Becks cognitive triadOur emotional outlook is largely determined

by:

ONES VIEW OF THE SELF

ONES VIEW OF THEWORLD/EXPERIENCES

ONES VIEW OF THE FUTURE


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Donald Meichenbaums

cognitive behavior modificationPersonal growth can occur by:

SELF-OBSERVATION

STARTING A NEW INTERNAL

DIALOGUE

LEARNING NEW SKILLS

Look more closely at your text and search the web to explore

these thinkers in more detail.


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Reality therapy

As with most theorists, William Glassers ideas continueto unfold. Sometimes, a theorist will fine tune language,or add to the original theory. Glasser continues to do

this with his theorizing in an effort to make the theorymore applicable and up to date. The slides which followreflect some of his classical positions and will give you abrief summary of a few key ideas from this influentialthinker. Many Human Relations students find Glasser to

be their favorite. His orientation seems to me to be acompilation of existential, humanistic, cognitive andbehavioral principles, and a way of counterbalancingsome of the overly abstract and ineffective aspects ofearly psychoanalytic thinking.


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William Glasser

Reality Therapy (choice theory) Human beings are motivated by 5 basic

psychological needs:

BELONGING

POWER

FUN

FREEDOMSURVIVAL

Do you recognize Maslows influence in this list?


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Glasser Human behavior is TELEOLOGICAL

PURPOSEFUL

DESIGNED TO MANEUVER THE WORLD

SO THAT NEEDS AND WANTS ARE MET

Behavior is a CHOICE

People should not see themselves as VICTIMS

We must take RESPONSIBILITYfor our actions

What existential theorists do you see influencing these ideas?


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2 general types of personality

First:

FAILURE IDENTITYStage 1: give up

Stage 2: choose negative symptoms

Stage 3: develop negative addictions


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Identities (continued)

Second:

SUCCESS IDENTITY

Stage 1: Wish to grow, changeStage 2: Develop positive symptoms

altruistic actions

effective thinking ( I can, I am valuable)

positive feelings (confidence, enthusiasm, trust)effective behaviors (healthy diet, exercise

Stage 3: Practice positive addictions

Do you see the threads of cognitive theory in this approach to

healthy thinking habit?


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Glassers W - DE - P

W Ask clients what they want

D Ask clients what they are doing (andtheir overall direction)

E Have clients conduct a searching self-evaluation (are wants beneficial, realistic;are there specific actions to achieve lifegoals)

P Have clients establish a plan (simple,attainable, measurable, immediate,involved, controlled by planner,committed to, continuous}

This aspect of Glassers approach, of course, is verybehavioral ly or iented.


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.

For your final informal writtenassignment, follow the ideas of the

cognitive-behavioral theorists (especiallyEllis) and Glassers reality therapy. Thecase of Janet is about a substanceabuser. This essay should also be

divided equally between the twoorientations, and be at least one page inlength. See the home page on Unit 4 to

access the case

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