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Realizing the Potential of 5G NR C-V2XShailesh PatilHead of 5G for Automotive Research @ Qualcomm

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• 5G NR C-V2X: Where are we?

• What are the enhancements enabled by 5G NR C-V2X?◦ Focus on sidelink or PC5

• What can 5G NR C-V2X do?◦ How can 5G NR C-V2X solve generic V2X challenges? => Network effect

5G NR C-V2X: Main Questions

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5G NR C-V2X Status

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Evolving C-V2X Direct Communications towards 5G NRWhile maintaining backward capabilities

Basic and enhanced safety C-V2X Rel-14/Rel-15 with enhanced range and reliability

Autonomous driving use cases5G NR C-V2X Rel-16Evolution to 5G NR, while being backward compatible

C-V2X Rel-14 is necessary and operates with Rel-16

Support Autonomous Driving

Basic Safety Advanced applications for manual driving

R-16 is ongoing in 3GPP and will be the first iteration

2017 2018 2019

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

R-16 SI R-16 WIRAN

R-15 SI R-16 WISA2

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5G NR C-V2X Enhancements

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5G NR C-V2X will build on LTE & NR featuresBuild on features from NR R-15 & lessons learnt from LTE V2X trials

• Wideband support

• Flexible numerology

• Advanced coding

• Frame structure

• Reference signals

NR R-15

• Frequency division multiplexing

• Guaranteed latency performance

• Prioritization support

• Backward/forward compatibility

LTE V2X R-14

• High speed performance

• Higher reliability using multicast

• Flexible & distance aware resource allocation

• Distance based HARQ

• Connectionless ‘on the fly’ distance based groups

• Low latency

• Spatial multiplexing support

NR V2X R-16*R-16 standards is still a work in progress

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C-V2X R14 / R16

Evolving C-V2X Direct Communications towards 5G NR

C-V2X R14 / R16

C-V2X R14 only car5G NR C-V2X will be forward/backwards compatible with C-V2X R14/R15

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V2X Transport profiles decided by upper layersEnabling coexistence of multiple RATs and features in R14/15, extend to R16

PPPP

PPPR

<QoS Param><QoS

Param><QoS Param>

<Svc Req><Svc

Req>

TX profile 1

R14

TX profile 2

R15 with 64 QAM

PER PACKET:

TX profile 3

R16

PSID

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High Speed Performance

• Higher carrier spacing allows better handling of Doppler and frequency offset◦ We will target typically 30 KHz

• Variable reference signal design density

• Strategic placement of reference symbols

• Up to ~5x higher spectral efficiency at 250+250

NR can support ~5x higher spectral efficiency as compared to LTE at high speeds

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PSCCH

High speed/MCS

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High Reliability

• Broadcast without feedback cannot ensure reliability

• Multicast with feedback introduced to get higher reliability

• HARQ feedback can be ‘SFN’ to achieve reliability with limited feedback

Enable multicast in addition to broadcast

Broadcast Multicast

Rel

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Distance

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PSCCH

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Distance Aware Resource Allocation

• Important to make sure that there is large distance between vehicles tx on same resource

• Why use distance and not received power?

• Received power suffers from fading

• Distance can be particularly useful for cases where signal is weak but still quite useful◦ Example is across intersection

Avoid resources being used by another vehicle within a certain distance

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PSCCH

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Distance Based HARQ

• Range is very much dependent on the physical terrain between tx and rx◦ LOS range can be 5x NLOS range

• However requirements are based on ‘minimum coverage’

• Distance based HARQ ensures coverage in most geographic scenarios

• Receivers within certain distance provide HARQ feedback to achieve minimum coverage

Minimum coverage range in most geographic scenarios

Actual coverage

Minimum coverage distance

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Distance Based HARQ

• Different applications will target different ranges & reliability

• Distance based HARQ can be application aware and can add correspondingly◦ E.g. Number of HARQ retx can be a

function of target reliability

• Can lead to better reuse of resources and more efficiency

Ability to control coverage for different applications

Application A

Application B

Rel

iabi

lity

Distance

Application AApplication B

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Connectionless ‘On the Fly’ Distance based Groups

Vehicles approaching intersection

Vehicles within a certain distance & interested in same services form a group

Group formed among vehicles for coordinated intersection management

Group disbanded after intersection is navigated

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Spatial multiplexingCan we reap benefits of spatial at high speeds and without periodic ref. signals?

Simulation parameter Value

Antenna config. 2 (Tx) x 4 (Rx)

Data tx and CSFfeedback periodicity

10 Hz (every 100ms)

CQI Table peak 256QAM

PMI codebook DFT type-1 (O=4)

OLSM codebook Householder

15+15kmphr, 2x4 system

~1.8x

~12% CLSM vs OLSM

• Some of the spatial multiplexing gains can be achieved with conservative link adaptation

• Mainly relevant to unicast

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5G NR C-V2X Benefits

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Sensor Object Sharing

• Vehicles have cameras and others sensor.

• Value in sharing sensor object information◦ Safety: e.g. pedestrian that are around the corner◦ Autonomous driving: path and maneuver planning

• Raw vs object information sharing:◦ Why not share raw object information?

• Not enough bandwidth available• Value of such an exchange is limited ◦ Issues like calibration etc.

• Sensor object sharing enables benefit of V2X with limited penetration rate

Sharing perceived object informationYellow vehicle informs red vehicle about blue vehicle

Red vehicle informs yellow vehicle about green vehicle

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Coordinated Driving for Autonomous Vehicles

• Coordinated driving algorithms can allow vehicles to navigate intersections without stopping

• Can be done even in presence of vehicle’s without C-V2X

Autonomous vehicles can coordinate to get efficient maneuvers

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Mixed deployment of different types of vehiclesHow much will V2X vehicles benefit in such mixed deployments?

V2X No Yes No Yes No Yes

Sensors No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Driving Manual Manual Manual Manual Autonomous Autonomous

• V2X can help enable faster maneuvers using trajectory coordination

• How much can sensor sharing & coordinated driving help in mixed scenario?

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Example: Urban Simulation Setup

• Large part of urban travel are maneuvers◦ Lane change◦ Turns◦ Crossing intersection

• How much does the gain cumulatively add up to? Single run results – more exploration needed

How much can 5G NR C-V2X help in travel time & fuel efficiency?

Parking

G H I

D E F

A B C

Pa

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in

g

200m

150m

5G NR C-V2X penetration rate

% age gain in fuel efficiency

% gain in time to travel

10% 5% 11%

25% 14% 19%

50% 20% 29%

100% 20% 31%

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5G NR C-V2X can provide significant benefits, but…

• Significant work is needed in upper layer standards body SAE, C-SAE, & ETSI-ITS

• Sensor object sharing between vehicles needs to be standardized◦ Cooperative perception message in ETSI ITS is a good start

• Sensor object sharing messages should allow for ‘proxy’ vehicle reporting

• Coordinated driving messages needs to be defined while take into account presence of non V2X vehicles

• Minimum performance needs to be defined for content of such messages

• Regulatory support & security issues need to be addressed

Benefits can be achieved with limited penetration

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Conclusions

• 5G NR C-V2X is well on its way to being standardized

• 5G NR C-V2X’s several enhancements that will allow V2X applications to be served in an efficient and flexible manner

• Main applications will be sensor sharing and coordinated driving (for autonomous vehicles)

• Sensor sharing with proxy reporting will allow gains to be achieved even with limited deployment

• This will ultimately enable time and energy savings

• However a lot of work needs to be done at upper layers, on security & regulations to achieve this

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