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Reality Therapy
Introduction
Key Concepts
The Therapeutic Process
The Practice of Reality Therapy
The WDEP System
Contributions and Limitations A Multicultural Perspective
Summary
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Introduction
Developed by William Glasser
Based on choice theory
Basic premise and assumptions: People strive to control their lives to fulfill their
needs
We are responsible for what we choose to do
Problem arise from lack of satisfying presentrelationship
Most mental illnesses are ineffectivebehaviours chosen
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Introduction
Roles and Functions of Reality Therapists:
Establishing a working relationship
Teaching clients choice theory Helping them make more effective choices in
lives
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Introduction
Its use in a variety of settings
schools, correctional institutions, general
hospitals, state mental hospital, and substanceabuse centers
Reality therapy approach is applicable to :
counseling, social work, education, crisisintervention, institutional management,community development, corrections andrehabilitatin
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Views of Human Nature
Five innate needs
Survival
Love and belonging Power or achievement
Freedom or independence
Fun Human behaviour is purposeful and driven by
needs
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Views of Human Nature
Needs, wants and perceived ways to satisfythem are stored in our quality world
Quality world is our personal Shangri-La People are driven to satisfy the pictures
through their behaviour
People are the most important component inone's quality world.
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Choice Theory Explanation of Total Behaviour
Choice Theory Explanation ofTotal Behaviour
Choice Theory Explanation of Total Behaviour
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Choice Theory Explanation ofTotal Behaviour
Components of Total Behaviour
Acting
Thinking
Feeling
Physiology
Behaviours are purposeful and chosen
People are responsible for their totalbehaviour
Depressing, headaching, angering, etc
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Characteristics of Reality Therapy
Stresses choices and responsibilities as if people have choices
We choose all we do
We must be responsible for what we choose Focus on conscious behaviours that can be
more easily and directly controlled
Reject transference
Transference seen as refusing ownership andresponsibility over one's behaviours
Therapists firmly yet gently reject transference
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Characteristics of Reality Therapy
Keep the Therapy in the Present
We may be products of our past but we are notvictims of our past, unless we choose to be.
It is the present that we can control
Avoid dwelling on clients' past, especially pastfailure.
Avoid Focusing on Symptoms
Symptoms are results of the frustration of needs
Symptoms will disappear once needs are met
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Characteristics of Reality Therapy
Challenge Traditional Views of MentalIllness
Diagnosis attributes illness to brain pathology,discouraging psychotherapy & responsibilities
Psychiatric drugs have negative side effets,physically and psychologically.
Mental illness: people choose ineffective totalbehaviour
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The Therapeutic Process
Therapeutic Goals
Help clients choose better ways in fulfillingneeds, and connect with significant others
For resistant and pleasure-seeking clients, theonly goal is to connect with them first.
Therapists' Functions and Roles
i. establish good realtionship with clients ii. teach clients to self evaluate
Iii. Instill hope that they are not alone andchange is possible
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The Therapeutic Process
Clients' Experience in Therapy
Find therapists gently, but firmly confronting
May feel a sense of urgency Prompted to explore and self-evaluate
Focus on the present and controllablebehaviours
Client decide to take responsibilities overchoices
Should feel motivated and confident to change
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The Therapeutic Process
Relationship between Therapists and Clients
A teacher and the student in mentoring process
Sincere, understanding, involved, supportive Good personal qualities of therapists: warmth,
congruence, understanding, acceptance,concern, respect for the client, openness,
persistence Therapists should be sincere and comfortable
with their own individual styles
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The Practice of Reality Therapy
1. Creating the counseling environment
Fair, friendly, supportive, caring, accepting,trusting, noncoercive choice environment
Gently yet firmly confontative Therapists' involvement is promoted through:
Attending behaviour
Appropriate humour
Facilitative self-disclosure
Summarizing and focusing
Listening for themes
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The Practice of Reality Therapy
2. Procedures that Lead to Change
People are motivated to change (i) whenconvinced present behaviour is not getting them
what they want and (ii) when they believe theycan choose other behaviours that will bring themwhat they want
A Cycle of counseling consisting of several steps
Intensive use of skillful questioning andconfrontation
Paradoxical techniques, being positive, usingclients' metaphors
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The WDEP System
Developed by Wubbolding(2000, 2001, 2002)
Useful in teaching choice theory and traningtherapists
Skillful questioning as the basic technique
W= Wants, needs, and perceptions
D= Direction and Doing
E= Self-evaluation
P= Planning and Action
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1.Wants and Needs in WDEP
Explore wants, needs, perceptions,hopes,dreams, expectations of oneself and others,of clients in a conducive counseling
environment Define expectation of clients of themselves
and of the therapy
Continuous
What do you want? What is it you want thatyou don't seem to be getting from life?
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2. Direction and Doing in WDEP
Explore and describe total behaviour
Focus on the present
Emphasizes thinking and doing
Link feelings and physiological reactions tothinking and doing/acting
The choices and responsibilities of clientsfor total behaviours are emphasized
What are you doing now?
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3. Evaluation in WDEP
Confront clients with the consequences oftheir chosen behaviour
Lead them to judge the quality of their choices
Cornerstone of reality therapy to drive change
Is what you are doing helping or hurtingyou? Does what you are doing stand a good
chance in bringing you what you want? Self evalution, except for certain groups of
clients, eg: alcoholics or alcoholics' children
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4. Planning and Action in WDEP
(i) Exploring possible new choices
(ii) Formulating action plans
Help clients come up with a good plan
(iii) Committing to action plans
Assess commitment to carry out plan
Help clients explore and express fear in failing
Firm up commitment in writing
(iv) Devise a new plan if necessary
Do not accept excuses, nonjudmental, convey
belief
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4. Planning and Action in WDEP
The importance of formulating a good plan
Essence of a good plan: SAMIC by
Wubbolding Simple
Attainable
Measurable
Immediate, Involved
Controlled by planner, committed to,continuously done
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Contributions of Reality Therapy
Short-term focus, thus less time consumingand more cost efficient
Development of therapeutic processes thatstrongly support behavioural changes
Phenomenological stand
Existential orientation People are choosing own goals and responsible
for the world they create
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Limitations and Criticisms
Neglect unconscious struggles and drives Repressed conflicts, defense mechanisme
Focus on the present
One's past and traumatic experiences havetremendous influence
Do not make use of dreams
Dreams reveal internal conflicts, wants, needs,hopes, fear and visions of the future
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Limitations and Criticisms
Reject transference Transference reflects past interpersonal
influence
Insights brought on by transference canimprove present relationships
Simplistic views of psychological disorders
There are biochemical and genetical factors Causes additional guilt in patients
May affect growth & autonomy if used bymanipulative therapists
C t ib ti t M lti lt l
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Contribution to MulticulturalCounseling
A nonjudmental, accepting counselingenvironment
Demonstrate respect for clients' personalvalues through encouraging clients' selfevaluation and own decision
Helping clients to formulate and execute plans
that are consistent with clients' cultural values
Specificity and direction of effective actionplans
Li it ti f M lti lt l
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Limitations for MulticulturalCounseling
Wubbolding(2000) expanded practice tomulticultural situations: Japan, taiwan, HongKong, Singapore, Korea, India, Kuwait,
Australia, Columbia, Slovenia, Croatia etc
Differences in various issues
Collectivism vs Individualism
Assertiveness and Communication Style
Concept translation
Discrimination and racism
Ad t ti f M lti lt l
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Adaptations for MulticulturalCounseling
Therapists must be aware and flexible
Accepting clients' priorities in innate needs
Accepting a wide range of acceptable ways tosatisfy needs
Make adaptations tailored to each client'sneeds
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Summary
Reality therapists fucntion as teachers and rolemodels
Therapists create a caring, accepting, involved,supportive and noncoercive environment
Following specific procedures and throughskillful questioning, clients make better choices
Explore wants, needs, & perceptions
Evaluate total behaviour
Self evalution and decision
Planning, commitment and action