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Realising Aspirations? Gender, Ethnicity and
Job Inequalities
Realising Aspirations? Gender, Ethnicity and Job Inequalities
ResearchFindingsandBackgroundDrSamParsons,UCLandProfLucindaPlatt,LSE
Background
• Menandwomenfromdifferentethnicgroupscontinuetofacedifferentlabourmarketoutcomes• Inunemploymentrisks,labourforceparticipation,occupationaldistributionandpay.
• Howfarcanthatbeattributedtodifferentchoices?• Andhowfartowhathappensatlabourmarketentry?
To evaluate the potential role of preferences Weask:Aretheredifferencesinchildren’soccupationalpreferencesthatmighthelpustounderstanddifferentialeconomicoutcomesinadulthood?Specifically:• Doethnicminoritieshaveless“ambitious”jobaspirations?• Dogirlsandboysfrommoretraditionalbackgroundhavemoregender-typicalexpectations?
Why might girls and boys’ preferences vary across ethnic groups? • Occupationalaspirationsshapedby• Socio-economicbackground• Parents’occupationsandlabourmarketparticipation• Parents’attitudesandgendernorms• Familystructure–e.g.loneversuscoupleparentfamilies
• Thesevaryacrossethnicgroups,sowemightexpectoccupationalaspirationstobe“lower”andmoregendertypicalinmanycasesasaresult
At the same time…
• Educationalaspirationsarehighacrossparentsandchildrenforbothgirlsandboysfromminorityethnicgroups• Andeducationalaspirationsandattainmentarelesssensitivetosocialclassbackgroundamongminorities
• Thereforeoccupationalaspirationsmightalsobe‘higher’andlessgendertypicalforminoritygroups
Data: Millennium Cohort Study • Large-scale,multidisciplinary,nationallyrepresentativestudyfollowsapproximately19,000babiesborntofamilies• Familiessurveyedwhenchildrenwereaged9months,andages3,5,7,11,and14years.• Investigateresponsesfromthechildrenatages7,11,and14tothequestion:Whatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?
• Matchtheresponsestoactualhourlyearningsinthatjob(“value”)andtotheproportionofwomenworkinginthatjob(“gendertypicality”),fromLabourForceSurvey
Top five jobs (covering 33-51%): boys
Top five jobs (covering 29-59%): girls
Key findings: value of job
• Differencesbetweenethnicgroupsmuchsmallerthanthosebetweengirlsandboys• Overtimesomeconvergencebetweenboysandgirls• Boysbecomemore‘realistic’andgirlsoptformore‘professional’occupations
• BUTwithinboysandgirls,minorities(particularlygirlsfromSouthAsiangroups)tendtohavehighervalueaspirations
Summary of findings across ethnic group: Value Ethnicgroup Boys GirlsrelativetoWhitemajority
Notadjustedforotherfactors
Adjustedforotherfactors
Notadjustedforotherfactors
Adjustedforotherfactors
Mixed Higher Higher Higher HigherIndian Nodifference Nodifference Higher HigherPakistani Higher Nodifference Higher HigherBangladeshi Lowerinitially Nodifference Higher HigherBlackCaribbean Nodifference Nodifference Nodifference NodifferenceBlackAfrican Higher Higher Higher Higher
Key findings: gender typicality
• Bigdifferencesingendercompositionofaspiredjobsbetweenboysandgirlsacrossallgroups• Acrossgroups,boysstartbyaspiringtoverygendertypicaljobsandgraduatetoslightlylessgendertypicalones• Andgirlsstartwithverygendertypicalchoices,reduceovertimeastheir‘ambition’increases• Amongboysandgirls,manyethnicminorities’choicesassociatedwithlessgendertypicality(nonewithmore)
Summary of findings across ethnic groups: Gender typicality Ethnicgroup Boys GirlsRelativetoWhitemajority
Notadjustedforotherfactors
Adjustedforotherfactors
Notadjustedforotherfactors
Adjustedforotherfactors
Mixed Nodifference Nodifference Lesstypical LesstypicalIndian Lesstypical Nodifference Lesstypical NodifferencePakistani Lesstypical Lesstypical Nodifference LesstypicalBangladeshi Lesstypical Lesstypical Nodifference NodifferenceBlackCaribbean Nodifference Nodifference Nodifference NodifferenceBlackAfrican Lesstypical Lesstypical Lesstypical Lesstypical
Conclusions
• Girlsandboyshavetheirsightssetongood–butneverthelesshighlygenderedoccupations.Thisisthecaseacrossethnicgroups.• Variationacrossgroupsdoesnotsuggestthatminoritiesareselectingintopoorerormoregendertypicaljobs–inmanycasestheopposite• Labourmarketinequalitieswouldnotseemtobeamatterof‘choice’orrevealedpreference
What happens as they enter the labour market? • Forcurrentteenagers,questionisopen• Butforarecentcohortof25-year-olds,amixedpicture
Questionsforthepanel:• Howdoweexplainthesefindings?• Whataretheroutesandchallengestorealisingaspirations?
Thank you! and over to panellists
Forfurtherinformation,researchandbriefingpapersetc.see:https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls_research/educational-and-occupational-aspirations-of-young-people-influences-and-outcomes/orhttps://lucindaplatt.com/
Realising Aspirations? Gender, Ethnicity and
Job Inequalities
Unemployment rates by ethnic group, UK 2017/18, %
All Men Women 16-24White 4 4 4 11Mixed 7Indian 5 4 7 13Pakistani 9 8 14 23Bangladeshi 12
Blackgroups 9 7 10 26
Source:ONSLabourMarketStatistics2018
Economic activity rates among those aged 16-64, 2018, by ethnic group
84.0
81.0
90.2
76.2
76.8
76.9
75.9
69.0
75.5
44.9
40.2
69.70.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
White
Mixed
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Blackgroups
White
Mixed
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Blackgroups
Men
Wom
en
Source:ONSLabourMarketStatistics2018
Ethnic group distribution across industries
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
WhiteUK
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
BlackAfrican
Caribbean
Agriculture,energyandwaterManufacturingConstructionWholesaleandretailTransportandstorageAccommodationandfoodservicesInformationandcommunicationFinancialandinsuranceRealestateProfessional,scientificandtechnicalAdministrativeandsupportservicesPublicadministrationEducationHumanhealthandsocialworkOther
Source:ONS,2011Census,EnglandandWales,TableDC6211EW
Average pay across ethnic groups and by generation, 2014, £ per hour
WhiteBritish
Indian:Foreignborn
Indian:U
Kbo
rn
Pakistani:Foreign
born
Pakistani:UKbo
rn
Banglade
shi:Foreign
born
Banglade
shi:UKbo
rn
BlackAfrican:Foreign
born
BlackAfrican:U
Kbo
rn
BlackCarib
bean:
Foreignbo
rn
BlackCarib
bean:U
Kbo
rn
Men 16.28 17.06 16.34 11.96 13.45 9.79 12.62 12.78 16.20 12.95 15.56
Women 12.47 13.14 14.33 11.48 12.00 10.93 12.36 11.71 14.89 12.26 14.34
Source:DerivedfromTable1inS.LonghiandM.Brynin(2015)TheEthnicityPayGap.EqualityandHumanRightsCommissionResearchReport108.ManchesterEHRC.
Minoritygroupparents’educationalaspirationsarehighParentsthinktheirchildis‘verylikely’togotouniversity(age11)
25.337.1
58.159.2
74.931.6
77.9
32.248.9
77.166.7
7456.6
78.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
WhiteMixedIndian
PakistaniBangladeshi
BlackCaribbeanBlackAfrican
WhiteMixedIndian
PakistaniBangladeshi
BlackCaribbeanBlackAfrican
Boys
Girls
%Parentsthinkingchildis'verylikely'togotouniversity
IFSreport(2015)showsthatamongstudentstakingGCSEsin2008,• 33%White,• 45%Pakistani,• 49%Bangladeshi,57%Black
African,• 67%IndianwentontoUniversity
Source:MillenniumCohortStudy
Minority group children’s educational aspirations are high Average probability of “how likely to go to university”, asked at age 14
60.968.3
81.374.9
77.858.5
81.7
68.373.8
85.382.4
80.273.3
88.80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
WhiteMixedIndian
PakistaniBangladeshi
BlackCaribbeanBlackAfrican
WhiteMixedIndian
PakistaniBangladeshi
BlackCaribbeanBlackAfrican
Boys
Girls
Averageestimatedprobabiltyofattendinguniversity
Source:OwnanalysisofMillenniumCohortStudy
Attainment is less sensitive to family background for minorities
Source:DepartmentforEducation,StatisticalFirstRelease,2016,%attaining5+A*-CatGCSE
29.339.6
59.847.7
5839.5
49.4
41.253.5
72.557.7
73.256.1
63.9
63.766.7
77.859.8
66.852.6
66.3
75.278.4
87.470.3
79.871.1
78.20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
whiteBritishMixedgroups
IndianPakistani
BangladeshiblackCaribbean
blackAfrican
whiteBritishMixedgroups
IndianPakistani
BangladeshiblackCaribbean
blackAfrican
Boys
Girls
FSM(lowincome) NotFSM
Weekly gross pay among graduates at age 25 (2016/7) by ethnic group
512.60450.76460.23
547.70429.54
491.40
434.92502.80
367.40400.79
342.70452.20
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
WhiteIndian
PakistaniBangladeshi
BlackCaribbeanBlackAfrican
WhiteIndian
PakistaniBangladeshi
BlackCaribbeanBlackAfrican
Men
Wom
en
£perweek(gross)Source:OwnanalysisofNextSteps
