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Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter By Janamejaya Channegowda Power Electronics Group Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore - 560 012 India February 2014

Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

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Page 1: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Real-time Simulation Of TheBuck Converter

By

Janamejaya Channegowda

Power Electronics Group

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Science

Bangalore - 560 012

India

February 2014

Page 2: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Chapter 1

Introduction

This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities) on an FPGA platform. The focal point during theentire flow of the report will be on the conversion of differential equations of the buckconverter to discrete equations and their final implementation in real-time. The builtblock diagram files and experimental results have also been added.

1

Page 3: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Chapter 2

Switching Model

Nomenclature

• Vg = Input voltage

• Vf = Forward voltage drop of the diode

• Vc = Voltage across capacitor

• Vl = Voltage across inductor

• Vsw = Voltage drop across switch

• il = Current through inductor

• io = Current through load

• ic = Current through capacitor

• id = Current through the diode

• Rl = Resistance of inductor

• Rc = ESR of capacitor

• Ro = Load resistance

• Ts = Time step for simulating the models = 2µs

• Vb = Base voltage = 100 V

• ib = Base current = 4 A

• Zb = Base impedance = 25Ω

2

Page 4: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

+

Figure 2.1: Circuit of the buck converter being considered

+

Figure 2.2: Circuit of the buck converter with switch and diodes being replced by voltagesources

+

Figure 2.3: Circuit of the buck converter when switch is ON

2.1 Switch is ON

When Switch ”S” is ON, voltage across inductor is given by:

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 3

Page 5: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

L · dildt

= Vg − Vsw − ilRl − Vo (2.1)

The Current through the capacitor is given by:

C · dvcdt

= il − io (2.2)

2.2 Switch is OFF

+

Figure 2.4: Circuit of the buck converter when switch is OFF

When Switch ”S” is OFF, voltage across inductor is given by:

L · dildt

= −Vf − ilRl − Vo (2.3)

The Current through the capacitor is given by:

C · dvcdt

= il − io (2.4)

2.3 Discrete equations obtained when switch is ON

2.3.1 Inductor current

Vl = Vg − Vsw − ilRl − Vo (2.5)

L · dildt

= Vg − Vsw − ilRl − Vo (2.6)

L · dildt

= Vg − Vsw − ilRl − (icRc + Vc) (2.7)

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 4

Page 6: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

ic = il − io (2.8)

ic = il −VoR

(2.9)

ic = il −icRc + Vc

R(2.10)

ic + ic ·Rc

R= il −

VcR

(2.11)

ic =R

R +Rc

·(il −

VcR

)(2.12)

Substituting this in the Vl expression we get :

Vl = Vg − Vsw − ilRl −[(

R

R +Rc

)·(il −

VcR

)·Rc + Vc

](2.13)

Converting the equations into dicrete quantities:

il(k + 1)− il(k)

Ts=VgL− Vsw

L− ilRl

L−[(

R

R +Rc

)·(il −

Vc(k)

R

)· Rc

L+Vc(k)

L

](2.14)

Divide throughout by Ibase (ib) and Vbase (vb) to per-unitize the current and voltagerespectively:

ilpu(k + 1)− ilpu(k) =

Ts·Vgpu·Vb

L·ib− Ts·Vswpu·Vb

L·ib− Ts·ilpu(k)·Rl

L−[(

RR+Rc

)(ilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)·Vb

ibR

)TsLRc

+ Vcpu(k)·Vb

ib·L

]Finally:

ilpu(k+1)−ilpu(k) = a·Vgpu−a·Vswpu−a·ilpuRlpu−[(ilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)

Rpu

)· b+ Vcpu(k) · a

](2.15)

Where, a =TsLZb

=2µs2mH25Ω

= (409)d = (199)h (2.16)

and, b =TsLRl

=2µs2mH2Ω

= (32)d = (20)h (2.17)

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 5

Page 7: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

2.3.2 Capacitor voltage

From previous equations we have:

ic =

[R

R +Rc

] [il −

VcR

](2.18)

Converting the equations into discrete form and per-unitizing them by dividing through-out by Ibase (ib) and Vbase (vb) we get:

Cdvcdt

=

[R

R +Rc

] [il −

VcR

](2.19)

vc(k + 1)− vc(k)

Ts=

[R

RC + CRc

] [il −

VcR

](2.20)

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =

[Ts

RC + CRc

] [R · ilpu(k) · ib

vb− Vcpu

](2.21)

Neglecting the term CRc we get:

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =

[TsRC

][Rpuilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)] (2.22)

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =Ts

RZbZbC

[Rpuilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)] (2.23)

Finally we get:

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =TsZbC

[ilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)

Rpu

](2.24)

here:

xc =TsZbC

= (131)d = (83)h (2.25)

2.4 Discrete equations obtained when switch is OFF

2.4.1 Inductor Current

We have:

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 6

Page 8: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Vl = −Vf − ilRl − Vo

L · dildt

= −Vf − ilRl − [icRc + Vc]

we have ic = il − io

ic = il −VoR

ic = il −[icRc + Vc

R

]ic =

[R

R +Rc

] [il −

VcR

]Substituting the above value of ic in Vl we get :

Vl = −Vf − ilRl −[(

R

R +Rc

)·(il −

VcR

)·Rc + Vc

]Converting the equations into discrete form and per-unitizing them by dividing through-

out by Ibase (ib) and Vbase (vb) we get:

L

[il(k + 1)− il(k)

Ts

]= −Vf − ilRl −

[(R

R +Rc

)·(il(k)− Vc(k)

R

)·Rc + Vc

]il(k + 1)− il(k) = −Ts

LVf − il(k)Rl

TsL−[(

TsL

)(RRc

R +Rc

)(il(k)− Vc(k)

R

)]− Vc(k)

TsL

Noting that RRc

R+Rcratio is always 0.59, for example 100·0.6

100+0.6, we take it’s inverse (1.67)

in all the calculations of constants.

ilpu(k + 1)− ilpu(k) = −TsLVfpu

Vbib− ilpu(k)

TsLRl

[(TsL

1.67

)(ilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)Vb

ibR

)]− TsVcpu(k)Vb

Lib

ilpu(k + 1)− ilpu(k) = −TsLZb

Vfpu − ilpu(k)TsLRl

[(TsL

1.67

)(ilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)

RZb

)]− Vcpu(k)

TsLZb

Finally:

ilpu(k + 1)− ilpu(k) = −AVfpu −Bilpu(k)−[Cilpu(k)− CVcpu(k)R−1

pu

]−AVcpu(k) (2.26)

Where:

A =TsLZb

=2µ2m25Ω

= (409)d = (199)h (2.27)

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 7

Page 9: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

B =TsLRl

=2µ2m2Ω

= (32)d = (20)h (2.28)

C =TsL

1.67

=2µ2m1.67

= (27)d = (1B)h (2.29)

2.4.2 Capacitor Voltage

From previous equations we have:

ic =

[R

R +Rc

] [il −

VcR

](2.30)

Converting the equations into discrete form and per-unitizing them by dividing through-out by Ibase (ib) and Vbase (vb) we get:

Cdvcdt

=

[R

R +Rc

] [il −

VcR

](2.31)

vc(k + 1)− vc(k)

Ts=

[R

RC + CRc

] [il −

VcR

](2.32)

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =

[Ts

RC + CRc

] [R · ilpu(k) · ib

vb− Vcpu

](2.33)

Neglecting the term CRc we get:

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =

[TsRC

][Rpuilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)] (2.34)

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =Ts

RZbZbC

[Rpuilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)] (2.35)

Finally we get:

vcpu(k + 1)− vcpu(k) =TsZbC

[ilpu(k)− Vcpu(k)

Rpu

](2.36)

here:

xc =TsZbC

= (131)d = (83)h (2.37)

2.5 Block diagram implementation of switching model

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 8

Page 10: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.5:

Con

stan

tsuse

din

the

blo

ckdia

gram

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 9

Page 11: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.6:

DA

Cin

terf

ace

par

tI

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 10

Page 12: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.7:

DA

Cin

terf

ace

par

tII

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 11

Page 13: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.8:

DA

Cin

terf

ace

par

tII

I

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 12

Page 14: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.9:

The

induct

orcu

rren

tis

pre

vente

dfr

omb

ecom

ing

neg

ativ

e

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 13

Page 15: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.10

:T

he

enab

lesi

gnal

sar

ege

ner

ated

ata

freq

uen

cyof

500k

Hz

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 14

Page 16: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.11

:T

he

freq

uen

cyb

eing

gener

ated

at50

kH

z

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 15

Page 17: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.12

:C

alcu

lati

onof

induct

orcu

rren

tpar

tI

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 16

Page 18: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.13

:C

alcu

lati

onof

induct

orcu

rren

tpar

tII

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 17

Page 19: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.14

:B

lock

sin

volv

edin

inte

grat

ion

ofin

duct

orcu

rren

tan

dca

pac

itor

volt

age

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 18

Page 20: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.15

:B

lock

show

ing

the

sele

ctio

nof

on/o

ffin

stan

ces

ofth

ein

duct

orcu

rren

tb

eing

sele

cted

bas

edon

swit

chin

gfr

equen

cy

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 19

Page 21: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.16

:B

lock

show

ing

the

calc

ula

tion

ofin

duct

orcu

rren

tduri

ng

the

offp

erio

d

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 20

Page 22: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

2.17

:B

lock

show

ing

the

calc

ula

tion

ofou

tput

volt

age

duri

ng

on/o

ffp

erio

dof

the

swit

ch

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 21

Page 23: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Chapter 3

Average Model

The various formulae for calculating inductor current and output voltage during CCMand DCM are given below:

Continuous conduction mode

Vo = VinD

[1− Vf (1−D)

DVg

] [R

Rl +R

](3.1)

Il =VoR

(3.2)

Discontinuous conduction mode

Vo =DVg

D +D2

[1− VfD2

DVg

](3.3)

Il =VoR

(3.4)

K =2L

RTswhere Ts = Switching frequency (3.5)

Kcri = 1−D (3.6)

and finally:

D2 =−D +

√D2 + 4K

2(3.7)

22

Page 24: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

3.1 Block diagram implementation of average model

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 23

Page 25: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.1:

The

const

ants

invo

lved

inth

eblo

ckdia

gram

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 24

Page 26: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.2:

Cal

cula

tion

ofD

2par

tI

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 25

Page 27: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.3:

Cal

cula

tion

ofD

2par

tII

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 26

Page 28: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.4:

Clo

cks

that

are

use

din

the

DA

Cin

terf

ace

par

tI

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 27

Page 29: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.5:

DA

Cin

terf

ace

par

tII

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 28

Page 30: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.6:

Gen

erat

ion

ofen

able

puls

esat

500k

Hz

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 29

Page 31: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.7:

Sel

ecti

onof

induto

rcu

rren

tin

CC

M

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 30

Page 32: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.8:

Sel

ecti

onof

induto

rcu

rren

tin

DC

M

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 31

Page 33: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.9:

Cal

cula

tion

ofK

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 32

Page 34: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.10

:C

alcu

lati

onof

outp

ut

volt

age

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 33

Page 35: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Fig

ure

3.11

:C

alcu

lati

onof

outp

ut

volt

age

duri

ng

DC

M

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 34

Page 36: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Chapter 4

Real-time simulation results

Switching Model

Figure 4.1: The start-up transient of the inductor current of the switching model

35

Page 37: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.2: The transient of the inductor current of the switching model when load changesfrom 1000 ohm to 100 ohm

Figure 4.3: The transient of the inductor current of the switching model when duty ratiochanges from 0.2 to 0.5

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Page 38: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.4: The transient of the inductor current of the switching model when inputvoltage changes from 40 V to 60 V

Figure 4.5: The start-up transient of the output voltage of the switching model

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Page 39: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.6: The transient of the output voltage of the switching model when load changesfrom 1000 ohm to 100 ohm

Figure 4.7: The transient of the output voltage of the switching model when load changesfrom 100 ohm to 1000 ohm

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Page 40: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.8: The transient of the output voltage of the switching model when duty ratiochanges from 0.2 to 0.5

Figure 4.9: The transient of the output voltage of the switching model when input voltagechanges from 40 V to 60 V

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Page 41: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Average Model

Figure 4.10: The start-up transient of the inductor current of the average model

Figure 4.11: The transient of the inductor current of the average model when load changesfrom 1000 ohm to 100 ohm

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Page 42: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.12: The transient of the inductor current of the average model when duty ratiochanges from 0.2 to 0.5

Figure 4.13: The transient of the inductor current of the average model when input voltagechanges from 40 V to 60 V

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Page 43: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.14: The start-up transient of the output voltage of the average model

Figure 4.15: The transient of the output voltage of the average model when load changesfrom 1000 ohm to 100 ohm

04/02/2014 Department of Electrical Engg, IISc, Bangalore Page 42

Page 44: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.16: The transient of the output voltage of the average model when load changesfrom 100 ohm to 1000 ohm

Figure 4.17: The transient of the output voltage of the average model when duty ratiochanges from 0.2 to 0.5

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Page 45: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

Development of Off-line and Real-Time Simulator for Electric vehicle /Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

Figure 4.18: The transient of the output voltage of the average model when input voltagechanges from 40 V to 60 V

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Page 46: Real-time Simulation Of The Buck Converter · Chapter 1 Introduction This report concentrates on enumerating the steps involved in implementing a buck con-verter (considering non-idealities)

References

[1] A VHDL Primer, 3rd Edition by Jayaram Bhasker

[2] Digital Electronics - A Practical Approach with VHDL, 9th Edition by William Kleitz

[3] FPGA board document by Venugopal.S

[4] FPGA DOCUMENT-2 by N. Praveen Kumar

[5] FPGA Board Document, Ver.1.3, Revision 2, February 20, 2007 by Parag AnandRajne, Jayalakshmi and Ravi Krishna

[6] Digital Systems Design with FPGA, course material by Kuruvilla Varghese

[7] Dynamic Performance of Switched Mode Power Converters in Simulation of powerelectronic circuits, course material by M.B.Patil, V.T.Ranganathan and V. Rama-narayanan. Narosa, New Delhi, 2009.

[8] Course material on Switched mode power conversion by V.Ramanarayanan.

[9] Fundamentals of power electronics by Robert.W.Erickson and Dragan Maksimovic.

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