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Contaminants exceeding screening values and contaminants for which no screening values areavailable were selected for further evaluation for both noncancerous and cancerous illnesses. Theselected contaminants, on-site and off-site concentrations, and the appropriate screening valuesare listed in Table1 through Table 4.

Exposure Pathwavs

-Illness may occur if a contaminant reaches people through an exposure pathway. An exposurepathway consists of five elements: a source of contamination, environmental media and transportmechanisms, a point of exposure, a route of exposure, and a receptor population. Exposure to acontaminant may have occurred in the past, may be occurring now, or may occur in the future.When all the five elements link the cont~min~nt source to an exposed population, a completedexposure pathway exists. When information on one or more of the five pathway elements ismissing, a completed exposure pathway does not exist. If, in the future, the missing pa~wayelement could occur, a potential exposure pathway may exist. See Table 5 for completedexposure pathways at the site. '

Based on existing data, we determined that drinking the groundwater is not a public health threatsince drinking water supplies are drawn from the deep (Floridan) aquifer. The surficial aquifer(shallow groundwater) is highly conwm1nated and, based on the geology of the area,cont~min~tion from the shallow groundwater could move into deep groundwater. However, wedo not think there are private drinking water wells in the area. City water sources are fartheraway and are tested regularly. Since no one is drinking groundwater in the area, we do not thinkpeople could be exposed to contam1nated groundwater. Presently, there are no regulationspreventing people from drilling new wells into the contam1n~ted aquifer.

':-" -Although air monitoring has not been conducted at this site, ambient air at the site is not

considered to be a completed or potential exposure pathway. Since people do not live directlynext to the creek, we do not expect people to be exposed to chemicals that have the potential toevaporate (volatile organic chemicals) into ambient air. Chemicals in the subsurface soil cannotcurrently evaporate into the air where people could be exposed. Additionally, volatile organicchemicals were not detected in the surface soil.

For noncancerous contaminants in soil, we estimated an exposure dose that people were likely toreceive. See Attachment 1 for a discussion on how we derived doses. We then compared ourestimated doses to health guidelines such as the Agency for Toxic Substance and DiseaseRegistry's (ATSDR) Minimal Risk Level (MRL's) and EPA's Reference Doses (RfD's). Rill'sand MRL ' s are an estimate of the daily exposure of a human being to a chemical that should not

cause illness over a specified length of exposure (EP A 1989). If a chemical was below the MRL,Rill, or well below levels reported it in the toxicological literature, we did not evaluate thechemical further. Exceeding a health guideline does not mean necessarily illness will occur. Theamount of the contaminant, duration and route of exposure, the health status and receptivity ofexposed individuals are important factors in determining if illness will occur. See Attachments 2and 3 for information on health guidelines.

8

'"-~---," I,'"'~-

For cancerous contaminants, instead of looking for a level that will or will not cause illness, weassume that people may be harmed and look for the risk of harm. When assessing the amount ofexposure to a carcinogen, we assunle a worst case scenario to err on the side of safety. Wecompared estimates of exposure to EP A's cancer potency factors. Cancer is caused by manyfactors, some of which can not be measured or which are unknown. We used a potency factor toestimate the probability of an individual developing cancer from a lifetime of exposure to aparticular level of a potential carcinogen. The basis for estimating carcinogenic risk for humans isthat there is no threshold exposure; the risk of cancer has some possibility at ariy and all

-exposures. Each exposure carries some degree of risk, regardless of how small. (Williams 1985).We defined the degree of risk for a low increased risk as one in ten-thousand; the degree of riskfor a moderate increased risk as one in one-thousand and the degree of risk for a high increasedrisk as one in one-hundred.

We estimated that people may come into contact with surface soil at this site. The site is notpaved and there is nothing restricting access to the site. During a FDOH telephone survey ofnearby residents, most residents said they never walk across the site. Two percent of the surveyedresidents said they walk across the site three times per week and seven percent said they walkacross the site one to six times per year. Therefore, we estimated a dose that people might receivefrom incidentally ingesting soil on the site. Our estimated dose revealed accidental ingestion ofsoil from this site is unlikely to cause illness. See Table 6 for details on our estimated doses,health guidelines and comparison to the scientific literature.

We estimated that people may come into contact with sediment from ~ Street storm sewer, theunnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek, Cloud Branch Creek and from Lake Monroe. During aFDOH telephone survey of the residents, 67% of the residents have children in or visiting theirhome. Fourteen percent of the surveyed residents said children play in the ditch or creek betweenCedar and Poplar whenever they want to. Therefore, we estimated a dose that people might

-receive from incidentally ingesting soil on the site. Our estimated dose revealed accidentalingestion of sediment from this site is unlikely to cause illness. Therefore, we do not expectillnesses from exposure to cont~minal1ts in sediment. See Table 7 for details on our estimateddoses, health guidelines and comparison to the scientific literature.

We estimated that people may come into contact with surface water in the unnamed tributary ofCloud Branch Creek, Cloud Branch Creek and from Lake Monroe. During a FDOH telephonesurvey of the residents, one person said they used to take their dogs "down there" (the creeks).Another resident said there is a path where children go down there. During the site visit, FDOHstaff saw evidence that indicated the presence of people at the creeks. Therefore, it is reasonableto assunle people have access to the creeks and visited them occasionally. Only four surfacewater samples have been collected (one sample was reported the 1994 Contamination AssessmentReport and three samples were reported in the1997 ESI). See Table 3 for maximum levels found.See Table 8 for details on our estimated doses, health guidelines and comparison to the scientificliterature. Attachment 3 describes how we derived exposure doses for dermal exposure.

P AHs were found in the surface water, namely the unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek.P AHs are a group of about 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning

9

of coal, oil, gas and char-broiled meats among other things. P AHs usually occur as blendedmixtures rather than as single compounds. Some P AHs aTe carcinogenic and others are not.However, when noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic P AHs interact, noncarcinogenic P AHs act likeco-carcinogens, tumor initiators and promoters (A TSDR 1995). We evaluated P AHs using amethod called toxicity equivalency factors, where the cancer potency of each P AH is compared tobenzo( a )pyrene because there is more information on this P AH compared to the other PARs.There are some reports of skin cancers among people exposed to mixtures containing P AHs(ATSDR 1995). We estimate that people would be at a low increased risk of skin cancer due to

-P AHs from wading in the unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek five.

COMMUNITY HEALTH CONCERNS

In September 1998, the EP A held a public meeting at which FDOH collected health concernsfrom nearby residents. In March 1999, FDOH surveyed nearby residents and collected additionalhealth concerns. In this section, we address each community health concern.

Where is the contamination an<t what are the contaminants involved?The EP A detected metals (arsenic, chromium, and lead), cyanide, and semivolatile organiccompounds (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in the soil on and around the site. Thehighest levels were south of West 6th Street in the former process buildings where coal wasstored and handled.

Sediments from storm drains downstream of the facility, the unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch~Cloud Branch Creek, and Lake Monroe are contaminated with metals, cyanide and semivolatileorganic compounds (P AHs). Surface water in the unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creekcontains PAHs. The groundwater contains metals (arsenic and lead), cyanide, PARs and volatileorganic compounds (benzene, ethyl benzene and xylenes).

.How did the site impact people who lived near the site a long time ago?Some people may have experience skin irritation and may have an increased risk of skin cancer ifthey occasionally waded in the creeks over the course of a lifetime. Although some residentsmight have been exposed to contaminants in the past, it is unlikely their exposure to soil orsediments were high enough to cause illnesses.

.Are people working at the site now in danger?Worker health and safety is protected by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration andthe National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. However, people who go on the sitecould be exposed to surface soil; however, we do not expect illnesses from exposure tocontaminated surface soil.

Residents are concerned whether the number of children in the community who areprescribed Ritalin is related to the site.Ritalin is a stimulant medication that is prescribed to four million children in America each year. Itis used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity

10

Disorder (ADHD; Diller, 1998). Doctors do not know what causes ADHD but scientists arestudying biological causes such as drug, cigarette and alcohol use during pregnancy, toxics andgenetics (NIMH 1996).

Are arthritis and lupus related to chemicals at the site?Arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing joint pain that affects 40 million Americans. Doctorsdo not know what causes arthritis; however, they have implicated infectious agents like bacteria,viruses and fungi (Lappin 1999).

Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease which causes inflammation of various parts of the body,especially the skin, joints, blood and kidneys. The Lupus Foundation of America reported thatdoctors have diagnosed between 1.4 million and two million people with lupus. Doctors do notknow the cause of lupus. While they believe there is a genetic predisposition to the disease,environmental factors such infections, antibiotics, ultraviolet light, extreme stress, and certaindrugs may playa critical role in triggering lupus (Lahatia 1999).

Is lung and liver cancer and cancer in general related to the site?Cancer is a dreaded disease that currently affects more than 8.2 million Americans. It isresponsible for the death of an American every 56 seconds (NCI 1999a). One in four people willdie of cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cancer in people (men and women together) and morethan 13 thousand new cases of liver cancer are diagnosed in the United States every year (NCI1999b ).

We assess carcinogens differently than non-carcinogens. Instead of looking for a level that will orwill not cause illness, we assume that people may be harmed and look for the risk of harm. Whenassessing the amount of exposure to a carcinogen, we assume a worst case scenario. We assumepeople are exposed to a contaminant 350 days per year for 30 years. We use a worst caseexposure scenario to obtain a risk value with a large margin of safety.

If people spend time wading in the unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek over the course of30 years, we expect an increase in skin cancer due to PARs.

Although some nearby residents might have been exposed to carcinogens at the site either fromincidental ingestion of soil or sediment, the estimated exposures were so low and the risk is soinfinitesimal, that it is very unlikely that we could detect an increase of cancer due to soils orsediments in this population.

Is asthma related to the site?About 14.6 million Americans have asthma, a chronic respiratory disease where the lung's airwaysare swollen. Doctors do not know how people get asthma. But once you have asthma, yourlungs react to triggers, things that cause an asthma attack. Triggers can include anything fromviruses to allergies (American Lung Association 1999).

11

-

Are seizures related to the site?Seizures and epilepsy will develop in 181,000 otherwise healthy Americans of all ages each year.A seizure is a brief, temporary disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain. Twenty-fivemillion Americans (one in ten) have had, or will have, a seizure at some point in lives. In about 70percent of cases there is no known cause. Of the remaining 30 percent, the following causes arethe most frequent: head trauma, brain tumor or stroke, lead poisoning (with blood lead levelsgreater than 70 ug/dL), alcoholism, infections such as virus encephalitis, lupus or erythematosus,injury of the fetus during pregnancy or genetic factors (ATSDR 1999; Epilepsy Foundation1999). The levels of lead in the soil, sediment and groundwater at this site are not high enough tocause blood lead levels of 70 ug/dL. However, people or children might be exposed to lead fromeating chipping paint, lead-contaminated dust from home renovations, lead-soldered waterfixtures, or from parents who contact lead at work of from certain hobbies (such as furniturerefInishing or making of stained glass or pottery; A TSDR 1999).

Will cyanide at the site harm my health?Cyanide was detected in the groundwater and surface soil at the site. Cyanide is used in chemicalreactions, like coal gasification, and it is produced by bacteria, fungi, and algae and is in foods andplants. In the body, small amounts are used to form vitamin B12(ATSDR 1999). The cyanide weestimated that people would receive from incidentally ingesting surface soil is below or the sameas the MRL. The MRL is the dose that we do not expect to cause illness. Since there are notprivate wells in the area, we do not expect people to drink cyanide-contaminated groundwater.

A TSD R CHll.D HEAL m INITIATIVE

A TSDR and FDOH, through A TSDR' s Child Health Initiative, recognize that the uniquevulnerabilities of infants and children demand special emphasis in communities faced with thecontamination of their environment. Children are at a greater risk than adults from certain kindsof exposure to hazardous substances emitted from waste sites. They are more likely exposedbecause they play outdoors and because they often bring food into contaminated areas. They areshorter than adults, which means they breath dust, soil, and heavy vapors close to the ground.Children are also smaller, resulting in higher doses of chemical exposure per body weight. Thedeveloping body systems of children can sustain permanent damage if toxic exposures occur -

during critical growth stages. Most importantly, children depend completely on adults for riskidentification and management decisions, housing decisions, and access to medical care.

Children may have come into contact with contamina-llts at the Sanford site, however theestimated exposure is not expected to cause illnesses in children.

12

--~

CONCLUSIONS

1. The site poses a public health hazard because we estimate that people would be at a lowincreased risk of skin can~er due to P AHs from wading in the unnamed tributary of Cloud BranchCreek. Currently, access to the tributary of Cloud Branch Creek is unrestricted.

2. The site currently poses a no apparent health hazard from groundwater. The surficial aquifer is-contaminated; however, we do not think people are drinking this contaminated groundwater.There are no regulations preventing people from drilling new wells into the contaminated aquifer.

3. The site poses a no apparent health hazard from surface soil or sediments. We do not expectillness from exposme to contaminants in the surface soils and sediments.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Restrict access to the unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek.

2. Identify the horizontal and vertical extent of groundwater contamination and assme no newwells are installed in the contaminated aquifer.

PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION PLAN

1. The FDOH, Bmeau of Environmental Toxicology, will evaluate data from the RemedialInvestigation when it is complete to determine what additional recommendations, if any, to make.

2. FDOH, Bmeau of Envi!onmental Toxicology, will warn nearby residents not to wade in theunnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek through community education.

13

PREP ARERS OF THE REpORT

Public Health Assessment Author

Julie SmithBiological Scientist IV

Bureau of Environmental ToxicologyFlorida Department of Health

" (850) 488-3385

ATSDR Technical Project Officer:

Debra GableDivision of Health Assessment and Consultation

ATSDR Regional ReQresentative ";;

Bob SafarSenior Regional Representative

"; .,,;.,..

1:c-",'

14

CERTIFICATION

Sanford Coal Gasification Site Public Health Assessment was prepared by the Florida Departmentof Health under a cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease.Registry (ATSDR). It is in accordance with approved methodology and procedures existing atthe time the health consultation was begun.

-.,J.~~~~~~:~~-Technical Project Officer'

Division of Health Assessment and Consultation (DHAC)ATSDR

The Division of Health Assessment and Consultation, ATSDR, has reviewed this healthconsultation, and concurs with its findings.

~~~-Chief, SSAB, DHAC,~TSDR

15

REFERENCES

AES (Atlantic Environmental Services, Inc.). 1994. Contamination Assessment Report FloridaPublic Utilities Company (Sanford Gasification Plant). Volume I Technical Report. Prepared forAkerman, Senterfitt & Edison, P .A. Florida.

American Lung Association. 1999. General Asthma Infomlation. [Online]. Available:-htto:/ /www.lungysa.orgLasthma/index.html

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1999. Toxicological Profiles onCD-ROM. CRCnet Base 1999. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. PublicHealth Service. CRC Press.

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 1995. Toxicological Profile forPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PARs). US Department of Health and Human Services,Public Health Service. '

Clark, E. L. 1999. Troubled Times: Coal Gasification. [Online]. Available:htto:/ /www.2etatalk.com/enerl!V/tengylla.htm.

Cooper, Andre R. Sr. 1997. Cooper's Toxic Exposures Desk Reference. Lewis Publishers. NewYork.

Diller, Lawrence, H. 1998. Running on Ritalin. A Physician Reflects on Children, Society andPerformance in a Pill. Bantam Books,. USA.

Ecology and Environment (E&E). 1991. Site Screening Investigation Phase II Report SanfordGasification Plan. Prepared for the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation.Tallahassee, Florida.

ECT (Environmental Consulting and Technology, Inc). 1991. Preliminary Soil BoringInvestigation, Sanford Manufactured Gas Plant Site. Prepared for the Florida Public UtilitiesCompany. Tampa, Florida.

EPA (EnviroDIilental Protection Agency). 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for SuperfundVolume I. National Technical Infomlation Service. December 1989.

EP A (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Fact sheet for the RemedialInvestigation/Feasibility Study for the Sanford Gasification Plant Site. August 1998.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). January 1992. Dermal Exposure Assessment:Principles and Applications. Exposure Assessment Group. Office of Research and Development.Washington, DC.

16

-

EP A (Environmental Protection Agency). 1995. Exposm,e Factors Handbook. Office ofResearch and Development. Washington, DC. ,

EP A (Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Expanded Site Inspection Report for theSanford Gasification Plant Site. Prepared by PRC Environmental Management Inc. for the EP A.

EP A (Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Letter dated September 13, 1999 from CarmenJ. Santiago-Ocasio, EPA, to Julie Smith, Bureau of Environmental Toxicology.

Epilepsy Foundation. 1999. Information and Education. [Online]. Available:

http://www.efa.orweducation/facts.html.

FDEP (Florida Department of Environmental Protection). 1994. Site Inspection PrioritizationReport, Sanford Gasification Plant.

FDEP (Florida Department of Environmental Protection). 1990. Sanford Gasification PlantPreliminary Assessment.

IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (March 1,1997). [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gongispgm3iris/substl0231. htm [September 1999].

Lahita, Robert, M.D. PhD. 1999. Causes, Symptoms, Testing, and Treatment. LupusFoundation of Americia. St. Vincent's Medical Center. New York Medical College. [Online].Available: http://www.luDus.orwinfo/l!eneral.html.

Lappin, Debra. 1999. Arthritis: What we know today. National Institute of Arthritis andMusculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. National Institute of Health. [Online]. Available:

http://www.nih.l!ov/niams/reDorts/laDDin.htm.

NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1999a. Basic Facts. 1990 Facts and Figures. [Online].Available: http://www.cancer.org/statistics/cfI99/basicfacts.html#hadcancer.

NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1999b. Liver Cancer Resomce Center Liver Cancer Overview.[Online] http://www3.cancer .org/cancerinfo/documents/overviews/liveover .asp?ct=25

NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health). 1996. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,. NIH publication 96-3572.

Risk Assistant. 1994. Risk AssistantlM Software. Hampshire Research Institute, Alexandria,VA.

Smith, J.S. October 3, 1997. Memo to File: Site Visit to Sanford Coal Gasification Site.

Williams, Phillip and James Bmson (Eds.) 1985. Industrial Toxicology. Van Nostrand Reinhold.New York.

17

-."".'.la;.' ...,..-

Attachment 1Tables

Table 1Surface Soil Contaminants of Concern Maximum Levels

Retained for Further Evaluation m)

177 E&E 1991 (3-8 it) none

676 E&E 1991 none

1,417 EPA 1997 (6-12 in) 0.1 -CREG B(a)p.;;.,-;-;c;.;c;.;.;.;.,.;..;.;-;.;.:.;.;.:.:.:.:.:.;.;.::.:.;.A\tiiiiil::::!!:!:::::!!::::!::!:::::: 9,500 EPA 1997 none

;.;.-;-;-;-;-;-;;.;.,:.;-;-;-;-;-;;:-:.;-;-;.;-;-;;.;.;-;.;.;.;.;.;.

28 EPA 1997 10 Chronic EMEG

6.0 EPA 1997 none

1.6 EPA 1997 none7.7 EPA1997 none '

0.140 EPA 1997 none

0.260 EPA 1997 0.04 CREG

0.12 EPA 1997 none

2400 E&E 1991 1000 RMEG ;

89 EPA 1997 0.5 CREG

Screening Values: ATSDR EMEGs (environmental media evaluation guidelines), RMEGs (reference dosemedia evaluation guide) and CREGs (Cancer risk evaluation guide for a one in a million excess cancer risk)are not site-specific and are not predictive of health effects. They are only used to select contaminants forfurther evaluation. They are based on levels unlikely to cause illness. They are derived to protect the mostsensitive members of the population and are not cut-off levels but rather screening levels. Contaminantsbelow screening values are unlikely to pose health threat and not evaluated further. Contaminants above thescreening value are evaluated further by estimating a dose and comparing the dose to health guidelines.

P AH -polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsB(a)p -benzo(a)pyreneSurface soil samples were taken onsite, north and south of 6th Street.

18

Table 2

Since there are no private wells in the area, groundwater is not a completed exposure pathway -peoplecannot contact the contaminants. Therefore, groundwater was not carried through the health assessment.Screening Values: A TSDR EMEGs (environmental media evaluation guidelines), RMEGs (reference dose mediaevaluation guide) and CREGs (Cancer risk evaluation guide for a one in a million excess cancer risk) are not site-specific and are not predictive of health effects. They are only used to select contaminants for further evaluation.They are based on levels unlikely to cause illness. They are derived to protect the most sensitive members of thepopulation and are not cut-off levels but rather screening levels. Contaminants below screening values are unlikelyto pose health threat and not evaluated further. Contaminants above the screening value are evaluated further byestimating a dose and comparing the dose to health guidelines.Cr VI -Chromium VI

Table 3Surface Water Contaminants of Concern Maximum Levels

Retained for Further Evaluation (ug/L)

-II",'.'.'.".'.',','.','.",.'.".".'.'.'.'",""'.','.'.',".',',',',','.'.'.'.'."',".".".'

-:",;-:;-:;.;.;.;.;.;:;.:.;,:.;.;.,.:.:,;;.;.;;.:.;«.;;.;-:-:,C~.,;" , ,.. 911 E1:~ ND --ND --0.005 CREG B(a)p

;::,:::;;:::;;;:;:;;::;:;;:;:;;:;:;:;:;;;;;;;;;;::;;;;:;;;:;::;;:;;;;;:;::::

5500 ~:: 860 ~:~ ND --none

.., ..."72 ~:~ ND -ND -0.02 CREG

...,... .." .".240 ~~ 38 ~:~ ND -none

580 ~:~ 78 ~:~ ND --50 RMEG

51 EPA ND -ND --4 RMEG1997

,.., ,..

6 ~:~ ND -ND --none ,.;

.'.,',.",.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.,,'.., ,.,.".., ",-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:;-::-:-:,:::-:.:.;.;:,:-::::-::.:.:.;.;.:.;.;.;,;.'9 ~:~ ND -ND --

'..',..,.,." ,','.',"',.'.'."..',"

ND --ND --1 ~:9~ 0.06 CREG

Screening Values: A TSDR EMEGs (environmental media evaluation guidelines), RMEGs (reference dose mediaevaluation guide) and CREGs (Cancer risk evaluation guide for a one in a million excess cancer risk) are not site-spe:cific and are not predictive of health effects. They are only used to select contaminants for further evaluation.They are based on levels unlikely to cause illness. They are deriv~d to protect the most sensitive members of thepopulation and are not cut-off levels but rather screening levels. Contaminants below screening values are unlikelyto pose health threat and not evaluated further. Contaminants above the screening value are evaluated further byestimating a dose and comparing the dose to health guidelines.ND-not detected above A TSDR screening values*From the 1994 CAR, we used sample SW-02 beginning of the unnamed tributary.For Cancer analysis, we used the sum ofTEFs' for the maximum level ofPAHs in surface water: 104.9 ug/L

20

M .i.I.j;I~

Table 4Sediment Contaminants of Concern Maximum Levels

Retained for Further Evaluation (ppm)

...;;':~::~;::~:~:~:~:~:~::::::::::::~:;'7.4 ~:~ 15000 ~:~ 2000

'...' "..'"..""

4400 'i::; ND -none -

"",:;:;:;::;:;:;:;"""""""",:;"":"",:,,,2.8 ~~ 16 'i::; 0.5 CREG

., :':':::':":':':::::::::::::':':::':::':'::i:::'i68 ~~ 190 ~:~ none -

'i:ii::':::'::':':':':'::':':':::':::':':':::':':':120 ~~ 1000 ~:~ none -

..'.' '."' ".".."...".'..".

ND --0.31 ~:~ none -

. ".', "'."

ND --1.9 ~:~ none -

cc,;.c.;.;.,,"C"';';":';'»;'"""ND --220 ~:~ none --

0.012 ~:~ ND --none --

.'..'.'.'.'..'..".

':Mi~~~::!@i:::::i::::: ND --0.006 EPA none --i~!tt~;'B.!i!::::::: 1997

ND -1300 ~:~ none -

Screening Values: A TSDR EMEGs (environmental media evaluation guidelines), RMEGs (reference dose mediaevaluation guide) and CREGs (Cancer risk evaluation guide for a one in a million excess cancer risk) are not site-specific and are not predictive of health effects. They are only used to select contaminants for further evaluation.They are based on levels unlikely to cause illness. They are derived to protect the most sensitive members of thepopulation and are not cut-off levels but rather screening levels. Contaminants below screening values are unlikelyto pose health threat and not evaluated further. Contaminants above the screening value are evaluated further byestimating a dose and comparing the dose to health guidelines.ND-not detected above background levels nor A TSDR screening values* 6th Street Stonn Sewer-SedOI; Unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek- Sed 02, UTfIA, 2A and 3B

21~~ ill...

Table 4 (Continued)Sediment Contaminants of Concern Maximum Levels Tetained for Further

Evaluation(ppm)

46.8 EPA 1997 20.5 EPA 1997 0.1 CREG B(a)p

16 EPA 1997 1.5 EPA 1997 0.5 ChronicEMEG

220 EPA 1997 20 EPA 1997 none --

"...' .'.."..'.'.:-~,I;:\::;:::::;i:;i:;:i::iiii;:;:: 1300 EPA 1997 ND --none --

,::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.g~iiji:i:::i::iii:iiii[iii::ii[i::;:ii 6 EP A 1997 ND --none -

1bW~li:::::: 0.32 EP A 1997 ND --none -;:;:;:;:;:;;:;:::":::-:-:::-:':-:-:-::':-»C:-:-:'

;;;;;;;;;;;;:;;;;;;:;,::;:;;;;;::-ND --1.1 EPA 1997 none --

"."...'"',"'.'.'..'.'..'..."'.!~~:!!!!~!~!~::: ND --3.6 EPA 1997 none --,

cc-:-:-:-:-:-:-:»:--:-:-:-:-::-::-:-:-:-::-:-:-:-:-:'inMdHi:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 0.055 EPA 1997 0.0036 EPA 1997 none --:::::::::::::::;:;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

0.0011 EPA 1997 ND -none --

w1ij$~;;Mi:;.::--; 2600 EP A 1997 ND -none --

Screening Values: A TSDR EMEGs (environmental media evaluation guidelines), RMEGs (reference dose mediaevaluation guide) and CREGs (Cancer risk evaluation guide for a one in a million excess cancer risk) are not site-specific and are not predictive of health effects. They are only used to select contaminants for further evaluation.They are based on levels unlikely to cause illness. They are derived to protect the most sensitive members of thepopulation and are not cut-off levels but rather screening levels. Contaminants below screening values are unlikelyto pose health threat and not evaluated further. Contaminants above the screening value are evaluated further byestimating a dose and comparing the dose to health guidelines.ND-not detected above background levels nor A TSDR screening values

,

22

~ ...0_-

Table 5Completed Exposure Pathways

111___1.SCG :~~faCe :~:~: Ingestion ;::::~ ;:i;::t, ~~::::~ 1,893*

""'.".".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' .

*1,893 people live within one-half mile of the site. We estimate people living one-half mile from the site mightcross or walk on the SGP site.**7,500 people live within one mile of the site. We estimate people living one mile of the site might be exposed tocontaminated surface water and sediments from the unnamed tributary of Cloud Branch Creek, Cloud Branch creek

and Lake Monroe.

23II

Table 6Comparison of Estimated Dose from Exposure to Surface Soil to Health Guidelines

24

Table 7Comparison of Estimated Dose from Exposure to Sediment to Health Guidelines

25

Table 7 (Continued)Comparison of Estimated Dose from Exposure to Sediinent to Health Guidelines

26

Table 8Comparison of Estimated Dose from Exposure to Surface Water to Health Guidelines

cancer potency factors based on the quality, adequacy and consistency of the data. Scientists have not identified quality, adequate orco~sistent data for these chemicals. Therefore, we cannot assess these chemicals.

Aluminum, lead, manganese, antimony and cobalt were not included because metals are generally poorly absorbed from the skin, thereforethese compounds are not presented in this table.

27

Attachment 2Figures

Figure 1Sanford, Seminole County, Florida

28

Figure 2Sanford Coal Gasification

29

Figure 3Sanford Coal Gasification Detailed Map

30

Attachment 3Derivation of Exposure Doses

In this section, we will discuss how and when people contact contaminants. We estimated an exposure doseof each contaminant a child (for potential non-cancer effects) and adult (for potential carcinogenic effects)might receive by coming into contact with contaminated surface soil.

For non-cancerous contaminants in surface soil, we estimated the dose that an elementary school childweighing 24 kilograms (50 pounds) would receive by incidentally eating 200 milligrams of contaminatedsurface soil 250 days a year for 6 years. Scientific studies reveal a reasonable maximum amount of.incidental soil ingestion for children is 200 mg/day. Children could be exposed 250 days a year becausethey would not contact the contamination during days with bad weather. Children represent a sensitivesubpopulation. Exposures that are protective of children are most likely protective of adults. Forcarcinogenic compounds, we estimated an exposure dose that an adult weighing 70 kilograms (150 pounds)would receive over a lifetime (estimated at 30 years) of incidentally ingesting 100 milligrams of surface soila day, 350 days out of the year (Risk Assistant 1994).

For contaminants in sediment, we estimated the dose that a person might receive by incidentaIJ~eating thesediment. Community members said they see children playing in the creeks in the area. For noncancerouscompounds, we estimated the amount a child might eat and for carcinogenic compounds, we estimated theamount an adult might eat, using the same exposure estimates that we used for contaminants in surface soil.We assumed children would incidentally eat the same amount of soil for several reasons. First, adherence ofsoil on skin is directly related with the moisture content of the soil (Kissel et al1995 in EPA 1995). TheEP A concluded "very high adherence levels were seen for individuals contacting wet soils such as mightoccur during wading or other shore area recreational activities." We estimated children would play in thesediment at the streams and creeks 250 days per year and for one hour each time.

Much uncertainty exists regarding the importance of dermal exposure to contaminants in surfacewater and how to evaluate it. Wet skin absorbs compounds twofold faster than dry skin. Whenskin temperatures increase, absorptio~ also increases. This may be an important consideration forthe people living near this site, because the average year round daytime temperature is about 80degrees. Chemicals are absorbed better from the face and trunk than from the palms of the handsand soles of the feet. Oil soluble compounds are better skin penetrants than water solublecompounds, while compounds that are soluble in both water and oils are the best skin penetrants.Despite their rapid loss from the skin surface by evaporation, volatile chemicals are good skinpenetrants. Metals are poorly absorbed by the skin (BPA 1992). For example, aluminum is used inantiperspirants without ill effects by most people (A TSDR 1999). Therefore, we concentrated ourestimates on organic contaminants.

For noncarcinogenic contaminants in surface water, we estimated the dennal dose an elementary child mightreceive from wading in the creek. Community members said they see children playing in the creeks in thearea. Community members also said they take their dogs to the creek to wash them. During our site visit,we saw evidence of people frequenting the creeks. Wading can expose large areas of skin to inorganiccontaminants that can be absorbed from water through the skin. We estimated that a child weighing 24kilograms wo~ld wade 250 times per year for about 10 minutes (average for boys aged 3-11 spending timeoutdoors on weekdays (Timmer et al. 1985 in EPA 1995). We estimated that half of their body wouldbecome submersed in the water (866 cm2 body area; USEPA 1995). For carcinogenic compounds, weestimated an exposure dose that an adult would receive from swimming 0.5 hours, 5 times per year, the

31

average time people spend swimming (USEPA 1995). We estimated that their lower extremities would besubmersed in the water (22,000 cm2 body area; Risk Assistant 1994).

Since people are generally exposed to mixtures of PARs, scientists have a special way to assess the healththreat to these compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene is a toxic and extensively studied compound. Scientistsexpress the toxicity of other PARs as a fraction of the toxicity attributed to benzo(a)pyrene. Each fractionis called a Toxic Equivalent Factor (TEF). We sum the TEFs to obtain a level of a contaminant to assessfor cancer.

To evaluate each contaminant, we compared our exposure estimate with ATSDR and EPA health.guidelines. These health guidelines help us screen the contaminants that require further investigation.Guidelines alone, however, cannot determine a particular contaminant's potential health threat. If exposuredose estimates were less than the health guideline, we did not evaluate the contaminant further. If exposuredose estimates exceeded the health guideline or if no health guideline existed, we then compared exposureestimates with doses in human or animal studies and described the results.

Summary of Exposure Parameters

Residents in the SCG areaParameter

Adult (cancer estimates) Child (non-cancerestimates)

18+ 5-12Age

50 pounds150 poundsI Body Weight

6 years

!

Exposure Duration 30 years

250 daysI Exposure Frequency 350 days

100 mg/day 200 fig/daySoil and Sediment Ingestion Rate

10 minutes/dayITime spent wading in creeks or swimmingin Lake Monroe

0.5 hours /5 times peryear

22,000 cm2 (lowerextremities)

866 cm2 (half of body forboys age 6-7)

Skin surface area available for contact

32

Attachment 4Comparison Values Used in Selecting Contaminants of Concern and Health Hazard

Categories

Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREG's) are estimated contaminant concentrations based onone excess cancer in a million individuals exposed to a chemical over a lifetime. These are veryconservative values designed to protect sensitive members of the population.

Reference Dose Media Evaluation Guides (RMEG's) are estimates of a daily oral exposure to a9hemical that is unlikely to produce any non-cancerous adverse health effects over a lifetime. Theyare based on USEP A reference doses (RtDs) and are conservative values designed to protectsensitive members of the population.

Environmental Media Evaluation Guides (EMEG's) are screening values developed byATSDR for chemicals that are relatively toxic, frequently encountered at National Priority List(NPL) sites, and present a potential for human exposure. They are derived to protect the mostsensitive members of the population (e.g., children), and are not cut-off levels, but rather screeningvalues. They do not consider carcinogenic effects, chemical interaction, multiple route ofexposure, or other media-specific routes of exposure. They are very conservative concentrationvalues designed to protect the public.

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) is the maximum permissible level of a contaminant inwater which is delivered to any user of a public water supply that is protective of adverse humanhealth effects.

Reference Dose (Rm) is health guideline estimate of a daily exposure to a chemical that is likelyto be without an appreciable risk ofharmful effects during a lifetime of exposure. It wasdeveloped by USEP A and is expressed in units of milligrams of contaminant per kilogram of body

weight per day (mg/kg/day).

Minimal Risk Level (MRL) is health guideline estimate of daily human exposure to a chemicalthat is likely to be without an appreciable risk of hannful non-carcinogenic effects over a specifiedduration of exposure. It does not protect hypersensitive individuals. MRLs were developed byATSDR and are expressed in mg/kg/day.

Public Health Hazard CategoriesThe first conclusions of every health assessment identifies the level of public health hazard posedby the site. These categories are selected to characterize the degree of public health hazard at thesite based on completed exposure pathways, susceptibility of the community, comparison ofexposure doses to health based standards and determine whether action should be taken to reducehuman exposure. The categories are:

Urgent Public Health Hazard where short tenn exposures (less than one year) to hazardoussubstances could result in illness that require rapid intervention. Recommendations will mitigatethe health risks posed by the site.

33

Public Health Hazard where long term exposures (more than one year) to hazardous substancescould result in illness that require rapid intervention. Recommendations will mitigate the healthrisks posed by the site..

Indeterminate Public Health Hazard when a professional judgement on the level of health hazardcannot be made because information critical to such a decision is lacking. Recommendations caninclude identifying the data or information needed to adequately to assess the public health risksposed by the site and to mitigate the potential health exposures.

No AQQarent Public Health Hazard where human exposme to contaminated media may beoccurring, may have occurred in the past, and may occm in the future but the exposme is notexpected to cause any illness. Recommendations can include community health education or atracing system.

No Pyblic Health Hazard where because of the absence of exppsure, the site does NOT pose apublic health hazard. Recommendations can include community health education or a tracing

system.

34

Attachment 5Glossary of Environmental Health Terms

Absorption: How a chemical enters a person's blood after the chemical has beenswallowed, has come into contact with the skin, or has been breathed in.

Acute Exposure: Contact with a chemical that happens once or only for a limited period oftime. ATSDR defines acute exposures as those that might last up to 14days.

Additive

Effect: A response to a chemical mixture, or combination of substances, that mightbe expected if the known effects of individual chemicals, seen at specificdoses, were added together.

Adverse HealthEffect: A change in body function or the structures 'of cells that can lead to disease

or health problems.

Antagonistic Effect: A response to a mixture of chemicals or combination of substances that isless than might be expected if the known effects of individual chemicals,seen at specific doses, were added together.

ATSDR: The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ATSDR is afederal heal~ agency in Atlanta, Georgia that deals with hazardoussubstance and waste site issues. ATSDR gives people information aboutharmful chemicals in their environment and tells people how to protectthemselves from coming into contact with chemicals.

Background Level: An average or expected amount of a chemical in a specific environment.Or, amounts of chemicals that occur naturally in a specific environment.

Used in public health, things that humans would eat -including animals, fishand plants.

See Community Assistance Panel.

Cancer: A group of diseases which occur when cells in the body become abnonnaland grow, or multiply, out of control

Carcinogen: Any substance shown to cause tumors or cancer in experimental studies.

CERCLA:

See Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabilityAct.

35

Chronic Exposure: A contact with a substance or chemical that happens over a long period oftime. ATSDR considers exposures of more than one year to be chronic.

Completed ExposurePathway: See Exposure Pathway.

Community AssistancePanel (CAP): A group of people from the community and health and environmental

agencies who work together on issues and problems at hazardous wastesites.

Comparison Value:(CVs) Concentrations or the amount of substances in air, water, food, and soil that

are unlikely, upon exposure, to cause adverse health effects. Comparisonvalues are used by health assessors to select which substances andenvironmental media (air, water, food and soil) need additional evaluatio¥while health concerns or effects are inves,tigated.

Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and LiabilityAct (CERCLA): CERCLA was put into place in 1980. It is also known as Superfund. This

act concerns releases of hazardous substances into the environment~ and thecleanup of these substances and hazardous waste sites. A TSDR wascreated by this act and is responsible for looking into the health issuesrelated to hazardous waste sites.

Concern: A belief or worry that chemicals in the environment might cause harm to

people.

Concentration: How much or the amount of a substance present in a certain amount of soil,water, air, or food.

Contaminant: See Environmental Contaminant.

Delayed HealthEffect: A disease or injury that happens as a result of exposures that may have

occurred far in the past.

Deffi1al Contact: A chemical getting onto your skin. (see Route of Exposure).

Dose: The amount of a substance to which a person may be exposed, usually on adaily basis. Dose is often explained as "amount of substance(s) per bodyweight per day".

Dose / Response: The relationship between the amount of exposure (dose) and the change inbody function or health that result.

36

Duration:

The amount of time (days, months, years) that a person is exposed to achemical.

EnvironmentalContaminant: A substance (chemical) that gets into a system (person, animal, or the

environment) in amounts higher than that found in Background Level, orwhat would be expected.

EnvironmentalMedia: Usually refers to the air, water, and soil in which chemicals ,of interest are

found. Sometimes refers to the plants and animals that are eaten by humans.Environmental Media is the second part of an Exposure Pathway.

U.S. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency (EP A): The federal agency that develops and enforces environmental laws to

protect the environment and the public's health.

Epidemiology: The study of the different factors that detennine how often, in how manypeople, and in which people will disease occur.

Exposure: Coming into contact with a chemical substance. {For the three ways peoplecan come in contact with substances, see Route of Exposure.)

ExposureAssessment: The process of finding the ways people come in contact with chemicals,

how often and how long they come in contact with chemicals, and theamounts of chemicals with which they come in contact.

Exposure Pathway: A description of the way that a chemical moves from its source (where itbegan) to where and how people can come into contact with (or getexposed to) the chemical.

ATSDR defines an exposure pathway as having 5 parts:1. Source of Contamination,2. Environmental Media and Transport Mechanism,3. Point of Exposure,4. Route of Exposure, and5. Receptor Population.

When all 5 parts of an exposure pathway are present, it is called aCompleted Exposure Pathway. Each of these 5 terms is defined inthis Glossary.

Frequency: How often a person is exposed to a chemical over time; for example, everyday, once a week, twice a month.

37

Hazardous Waste: Substances that have been released or thrown away into the environmentand, under certain conditions, could be harmful to people who come intocontact with them.

Health Effect: A TSDR deals only with Adverse Health Effects (see definition in thisGlossary).

Indeterminate PublicHealth Hazard: The category is used in Public Health Assessment documents for sites where

important information is lacking (missing or has not yet been gathered)about site-related chemical exposures.

Swallowing something, as in eating or drinking. It is a way a chemical canenter yom body (See Route of Exposme).

Ingestion:

Inhalation: Breathing. It is a way a chemical can ent~r your body (See Route of

Exposure).

LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level. The lowest dose of a chemical ina study, or group of studies, that has caused harmful health effects in peopleor animals.

See Cancer.Malignancy:

Minimal Risk Level. An estimate of daily human exposure -by a specifiedroute and length of time --to a dose of chemical that is likely to be withouta measurable risk of adverse, noncancerous effects. An MRL should not beused as a predictor of adverse health effects.

The National Priorities List. (Which is part of Superfund.) A list kept bythe u.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the most serious,uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites in the country. An NPLsite needs to be cleaned up or is being looked at to see if people can beexposed to chemicals from the site.

NOAEL: No Observed Adverse Effect Level. The highest dose of a chemical in astudy, or group of studies, that did not cause hannful health effects inpeople or animals.

No Apparent PublicHealth Hazard: The category is used in A TSDR' s Public Health Assessment documents for

sites where exposure to site-related chemicals may have occurred in the pastor is still occurring but the exposures are not at levels expected to causeadverse health effects.

38

The category is used in A TSDR' s Public Health Assessment documents forNo PublicHealth Hazard:

Public Health Assessment. A report or document that looks atchemicals at a hazardous waste site and tells if people could beharmed from coming into contact with those chemicals. The PHAalso tells if possible further public health actions are needed.

PHA:

A line or column of air or water containing chemicals moving from thesource to areas further away. A plume can be a column or clouds of smokefrom a chimney or contamlnated underground water sources orcontAminated surface water (such as lakes, ponds and streams).

Plume:

Point of Exposure: The place where someone can come into contact with a contaminatedenvironmental medium (air, water, food or soil). For examples:the area of a playground that has conta"'lnated dirt, a contamlnated springused for drinking water, the location where fruits or vegetables are grown incontaminated soil, or the backyard area where someone might breathe

contamlnated air.

A group of people living in a certain area; or the number of people in a

certain area.Population:

Potentially Responsible Party. A company, government or person that isresponsible for causing the pollution at a hazardous waste site. PRP's areexpected to help pay for the clean up of a site.

PRP:

Public HealthAssessment(s): See PHA.

Public HealthHazard: The category is used in PHAs for sites that have certain physical features or

evidence of chronic, site-related chemical exposure that could result inadverse health effects.

Public HealthHazard Criteria: PHA categories given to a site which tell whether people could be harmed

by conditions present at the site. Each are defined in the Glossary. Thecategories are:-Urgent Public Health Hazard-Public Health Hazard-Indeterminate Public Health Hazard-No Apparent Public Health Hazard-No Public Health Hazard

39

sites where there is evidence of an absence of exposure to site-relatedchemicals.

ReceptorPopulation: People who live or work in the path of one or more chemicals, and who

could come into contact with them (See Exposure Pathway).

Reference Dose(RfD) : An estimate, with safety factors (see safety factor) built in, of the daily, life-

time exposure of human populations to a possible hazard that is not likely tocause harm to the person.

Route of Exposure: The way a chemical can get into a person's body. There are three exposureroutes:-breathing (also called inhalation),-eating or drinking (also called ingestion), and-or getting something on the skin (also called dermal contact).

Safety Factor: Also called Uncertainty Factor. When scientists ~on't have enough information todecide if an exposure will cause harm to people, they use "safety factors" andformulas in place of the information that is not known. These factors and formulascan help determine the amount of a chemical that is not likely to cause harm topeople.

SARA: The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act in 1986 amendedCERCLA and expanded the health-related responsibilities of ATSDR.CERCLA and SARA direct A TSDR to look into the health effects fromchemical exposures at hazardous waste sites.

Sample Size: The number of people that are needed for a health study.

Sample: A small number of people chosen from a larger population (See Population).

Source(of Contamination): The place where a chemical comes from, such as a landfill, pond, creek,

incinerator, tank, or drum. Contaminant source is the first part of an

Exposure Pathway.

SpecialPopulations: People who may be more sensitive to chemical exposures because of certain

factors such as age, a disease they already have, occupation, sex, or certainbehaviors (like cigarette smoking). Children, pregnant women, and olderpeople are often considered special populations.

Statistics: A branch of the math process of collecting, looking at, and summarizingdata or information.

Superfund Site: See NPL.

40

Survey: A way to collect infonnation or data from a group of people (population).Surveys can be done by phone, mail, or in person. A TSDR cannot dosurveys of more than nine people without approval from the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services.

Synergistic effect: A health effect from an exposure to more than one chemical, where one ofthe chemicals worsens the effect of another chemical. The combined effectof the chemicals acting together are greater than the effects of the chemicalsacting by themselves.

Toxic: Harmful. Any substance or chemical can be toxic at a certain dose(amount). The dose is what determines the potential harm of a chemical andwhether it would cause someone to get sick.

Toxicology: The study of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans or animals.

Tumor: Abnonnal growth of tissue or cells that have formed a lump or mass.

UncertaintyFactor: See Safety Factor.

Urgent PublicHealth Hazard: This category is used in ATSDR's Public Health Assessment documents for

sites that have certain physical features or evidence of short-term (less than1 year), site-related chemical exposure that could result in adverse healtheffects and require quick intervention to stop people from being exposed.

41