Reagan's Secret War, by Martin Anderson - Excerpt

8/14/2019 Reagan's Secret War, by Martin Anderson - Excerpt

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REAGANS SECRET WAR


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REAGANS

SECRET WAR

The Untold Story of His Fight

to Save the World

from Nuclear Disaster

Martin Anderson and

Annelise Anderson

Crown Publishers

New York
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Copyright 2009 by Martin Anderson and Annelise Anderson

All rights reserved.

Published in the United States by Crown Publishers, an imprint of the Crown Publishing

Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.

www.crownpublishing.com

CROWN and the Crown colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation for

permission to reprint handwritten excerpts from Ronald Reagans diary.

All photographs in this book are courtesy of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Anderson, Martin, 1936

Reagans secret war / Martin Anderson and Annelise Anderson.

p. cm.

1. United StatesForeign relationsSoviet Union. 2. Soviet UnionForeign

relationsUnited States. 3. United StatesForeign relations19811989.

4. Reagan, Ronald. 5. Cold War. 6. Nuclear arms control.

I. Anderson, Annelise Graebner. II. Title.

E876.A556 2008

327.73047dc22 2008050918

ISBN 978-0-307-23861-0

Printed in the United States of America

Design by Leonard Henderson

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

First Edition

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For Nancy Reagan and George Shultz

Nancy, who was at Ronald Reagans side

for more than fifty years,

helping him as he shaped

our countryand then the world

And George, who as secretary of statewas with Reagan at every step he took

on the path to defeat the Soviet Union

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contents

Foreword ix

Introduction 1

1. Reagan the Man 9

2. The Awesome Power of a President 17

3. Juggling Priorities: 1981 27

4. Near Death from an Assassin 43

5. The Beginning of the End of the Cold War 49

6. Going for Zero 59

7. The Bond with Pope John Paul II 73

8. The Nuclear Abolitionist: 1982 93

9. Star Wars 111

10. Close to Nuclear War: 1983 133

11. Reagan Wins Reelection: 1984 153

12. Reagans Negotiating Strategy 177

13. The Ascent of Gorbachev: 1985 205

14. Star Wars in Moscow 219

15. The Geneva Fireside Summit 229

16. The Priority of Human Rights 247

17. Gorbachevs Gambit 265

18. Soviet Strategy at Reykjavik: 1986 28719. The Iran-Contra Controversy 317

20. Gorbachev Caves First: 1987 335

21. Treaty Signing in Washington 343

22. The Cold War Ends: 1988 367

Glossary of Acronyms 397

Notes 399

Acknowledgments 433

Index 437



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foreword

By George P. Shultz

How do you judge a presidency and a president?

Accomplishments are one yardstick. In the case of Ronald Rea-

gan, you can point to ample successes, both during his presidency

and throughout his life. He was successful as a negotiator when he

was head of the Screen Actors Guild. He was successful as an actor,

mastering the art of inhabiting a character or role. As a two-term

governor of California, he left the state in much better shape than

he found it and was even more popular when he left office thanwhen he entered.

During the Reagan presidency, I had the privilege of close as-

sociation with Ronald Reagan as he changed our country for the

better. Rather than looking for political glory, he always seemed

motivated by his view of what was best for America. His was a non-

partisan way of thinking.

I saw Reagan inherit an economy in shambles with inflation inthe teens and the prime rate at 20 percent. I watched as he worked

closely with Paul Volcker, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board,

to fight inflation and put us back on the right track. (Reagan was

fond of telling what were, in some respects, old chestnuts. I re-

member him saying, when people warned that a serious effort to

get rid of inflation might well lead to a recession, If not us, who?

If not now, when?)



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In the areas of national security and foreign policy, there was a

dramatic change for the better between the beginning and end of

Reagans presidency. When Reagan entered office, the Cold War

was as cold as it could get, and when he left, it was all over but the

shouting. Sometimes you hear doubters argue that whatever hap-pens just happensthat Reagans policies of strength, realism,

and diplomacy (let alone his skill in negotiations) had nothing to

do with it. But looking at his long list of accomplishments, most

people feel that he must have had something special to offer.

A presidents real legacy is ultimately about morethan accom-

plishments, thoughno matter how impressive they may be. Most

actions of consequence are, in the end, based on ideas. If the ideasare good, they have staying power.

Ronald Reagan was very much a man of ideas, and one of his

key convictions was that nuclear weapons are so destructive they

should not be in the hands of mankind. He recognized the argu-

ments for deterrence through mutual assured destruction. But he

thought this strategy was immoral. I heard him ask on many occa-

sions, Whats so good about a peace kept by the threat of destroy-ing each other?

Close as I was to Reagan, I learned a lot about the depth and

long history of his thinking on the nuclear threat from reading

Martin and Annelise Andersons thorough and illuminating analy-

sis of the recordmuch of it hidden until now in secret files.

Thanks to the Andersons truly vast accumulation of essays, stories,

and letters in the presidents own handwriting, we learn that Rea-gan committed his thoughts to paper almost continuously. This is

significant because the act of writing is fundamentally an act of

thinking. Reagan was a thinker as well as a doer.

Reagan made no secret of his view that we should abolish nu-

clear weapons. But most people did not take this idea seriously

until Reykjavik. I had the privilege of sitting beside Ronald Reagan

in that tiny room in Hofdi House as we talked for two days with

x foreword



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Mikhail Gorbachev and Eduard Shevardnadze. There it emerged

that the leaders of the two countries that jointly controlled more

than 90 percent of the worlds nuclear weapons were calling for

the abolition of those weapons.

I remember vividly the reaction when we returned to Washing-ton. Almost immediately, Margaret Thatcher summoned me to the

British ambassadors residence. There I learned the meaning of a

British verb that derives from Thatchers characteristically carry-

ing a stiff handbag, for I was handbagged.

How could you let the president agree to abolish nuclear

weapons? she accused.

But Margaret, hes thepresident.Yes, but youre supposed to be the one who has his feet on the

ground.

Margaret, I agreed with him.

I emerged from the ambassadors residence bloodied. And

over the next few days, as I heard similar reactions from others, I

came to realize that this idea of abolishing all nuclear weapons was

one whose time had not yet come. But I still believed in the con-cept, and more important, so did Ronald Reagan.

Today, Reykjavik can be seen as a watershed meeting. Maybe it

was the beginning of the end of the Cold War. Clearly, the number

of nuclear weapons in the hands of the United States and Russia

has been sharply reduced since that time (although huge numbers

still remain and the possibility of proliferation is all too apparent).

The contrast between the resistance to nuclear abolition amongthe political intelligentsia during Reagans presidency and the cur-

rent growing acceptance that this might just be possible was brought

home to me in 2006, when my colleague Sid Drell, a physicist, and I

decided to hold a conference marking the twentieth anniversary of

the Reykjavik meeting with the objective of exploring its implica-

tions. Many outstanding individuals joined us and another of our

colleagues, Bill Perry, at this conference, and in other ways we in-

foreword xi



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cluded our friends Henry Kissinger and Sam Nunn in the effort.

Among the results was an essay in the Wall Street Journalpublished on

January 4, 2007, calling for a world free of nuclear weapons.

Of course, the essay caused some to speak out in opposition,

but the overwhelming response globally was positive. In the UnitedStates, some two-thirds of the former secretaries of state and de-

fense, as well as national security advisers, have publicly expressed

support for this effort.

Many people have commented on how refreshing it is to

have something advanced on a bipartisan basis. Those leading

the initiative all reply that this effort isnt bipartisan; its nonparti-

san. That was always the spirit of Ronald Reagan, who asked him-self what was good for the country and, in the case of nuclear

weapons, what was good for mankind.

Ultimately, the true test of a man and his presidency is whether

his ideas have staying power. And as Martin and Annelise Ander-

son incisively argue in these pages, Reagans idea of abolishing nu-

clear weapons once and for all was of immense importance. The

public was hesitant to embrace it. Advisers Reagan trusted andwho were experts in this arena didnt support it. But none of that

diminished Reagans conviction, and now we see that his idea lives

on and is attracting support in the United States and around the

world.

This book will make an immense contribution to the thinking

on this subject because the authors have defied assumptions about

what Reagan thought and said and conducted painstaking re-search to get at the truth of what he reallyplanned and executed.

All of us who are gripped by the transcendent importance of the

nuclear threat will learn, and be inspired by, this account.

xii foreword



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REAGANS SECRET WAR



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introduction

One eyewitness

is worth more than ten who

tell you what they have heard.

Plautus, Roman playwright, c. 190 b.c.

Ronald Reagan accomplished so much with such apparentease that the casual observer often assumes he had nothing to do

with it, nothing to do with the resurgence of the economy or the

reduction in nuclear arsenals or the end of the Cold War.

Perhaps he had advisers whose lines he read with such skill.

Perhaps it was Gorbachev or Thatcher or the Pope. Or maybe itwas just plain luck.

We think not.

The evidence for this conclusion comes primarily from Reagan

himselfwhat he wrote and what he said, his own words, written

in his own hand or spoken extemporaneously. This evidence

shows that throughout his presidency, Reagan carried out goals hehad long held, carefully plotted the strategy that brought about

the ends he achieved, and made all the major decisions of his ad-

ministration. He did not always reveal to friends, family, the press,

or his closest advisers how he intended to accomplish his objec-

tives or the purpose of his actions. Yet with the benefit of hind-

sight, we see intent, planning, and timing. And as we look back we

begin to understand the origins of the ambitious goals he broughtto his presidency.



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Especially important to this understanding is a new block of ev-

idence declassified for use in this book: the minutes of the National

Security Council (NSC), documents previously classified as Top Se-

cret or Secret, unavailable to researchers or the public until now.

The NSC is the group that advises the president on the mostdifficult decisions he must makethose about national security. In

the Reagan White House, the meetings of the NSC were not tape-

recorded, but a scribe usually took careful notes on what each of

the participants said, including the president. In quoting Reagan,

these minutes reveal his decisions and directions to his staff on na-

tional defense, arms control negotiations, and U.S. strategy with re-

spect to the Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Latin America.Reagan chaired 355 meetings of the NSC or its smaller and

more secretive component, the National Security Planning Group

(NSPG). Minutes were found for 192 of them, and of these more

than 80 have been declassified for use in this bookthose most re-

vealing of Reagans thinking and decision making on national de-

fense, arms control, and dealing with the Soviets.

Martin Anderson was given access to these minutes (and toother classified documents) in a rare confluence of events: he had

the necessary clearances, and both the office of President Reagan

(where Nancy Reagan was making the final decisions) and the

current president had to agree. So did the Central Intelligence

Agency, the National Security Council, the National Security

Agency, and the departments of State and Defense. Each wrote a

letter granting access and giving conditions.To access the documents, Martin went into the vault at the Rea-

gan Library through four locked and secured steel doors and was

given a small desk in the archivists workroom at which he could

take notesnotes that were immediately classified and could not

be taken out of the library. He had to leave his cell phone behind,

and was always accompanied by one of the few archivists at the Rea-

gan Library authorized to handle classified documents, an addi-tional burden on these hardworking people. Security became even

2 REAGANS SECRET WAR



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touchier a short time after Martin began his work, when President

Clintons former national security adviser, Samuel Sandy Berger,

was caught extracting documents from the Clinton Presidential Li-

brary by concealing them in his clothing, even hiding them in his

socks. Henceforth Martins library visits involved pulling up hispant legs to demonstrate that there were no precious papers con-

cealed in his socks.

The NSC minutes are critical to knowing who Reagan was and

how he accomplished his goals, and they are the final block of evi-

dence necessary to understanding Ronald Wilson Reagan. Only in

these records do we find out what Reagan decided, how he han-

dled controversy among advisers, and what instructions he gaveon negotiating with the most formidable foe of the United States

during the Cold War, the Soviet Union. They are the ultimate evi-

dence of Reagans own role in dealing with the threat of nuclear

catastrophe and ultimately ending the Cold War.

They will not come as a surprise to his closest staff and advisers,

who, after all, were there and have always said that he made all the

decisions, but they will astonish many others, even those who al-ready admire Reagan as a communicator, a politician, and a man

with firm convictions.

Martin Anderson had access to other classified documents in

the Reagan Library, including memorandums of conversations,

known as memcons for short, prepared as a record when the

president met foreign leaders or talked to them on the phone.

One of the documents declassified for this book is a memcon ofReagans December 15, 1981, meeting with the representative of

Pope John Paul II, Vatican Secretary of State Agostino Cardinal

Casaroli.

Of special interest are the transcripts of the four historic U.S.-

Soviet summit meetings where Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev de-

bated and negotiated. The transcripts record not only the plenary

sessions, attended by staff and advisers, but also the private ses-sions between the two men, where only translators and note takers

introduction 3



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were present. Many Soviets and Americans worked on the negotia-

tions, but the man-to-man negotiations between the two leaders

were of key importance. We have excerpted many of these tran-

scripts to give the reader a feel for what happened at these sum-

mits and why.Also of great interest and importance are the dozens of letters

that went back and forth between Reagan and the four men who

led the Soviet Union while he was presidentLeonid Brezhnev,

Yuri Andropov, Konstantin Chernenko, and finally Mikhail Gor-

bachev. Reagan took up his own pen to write some of these letters.

Now declassified, they give us a strong understanding of Reagans

approach to the Soviets and how much was accomplished beforeGorbachev ever took office.

Other evidence abounds, but much of it did not begin to be-

come available until long after Reagan had left the presidency. As

this information became available, even Reagans own staff was

surprised at the extent to which he had been developing his own

policy views and crafting his own speeches over the years. They did

not know that Reagan was, in truth, a writer. Whatever else he wasdoingas student, sportscaster, Hollywood actor, representative

for General Electric, governor, private citizen, presidentRonald

Reagan wrote. He wrote short stories, articles, radio commen-

taries, speeches, letters, two autobiographies, and, during his years

in the White House, a personal diary.

Even we, the co-authors of this book, did not know how much

Reagan had written over the years until we began researching him.And we were intimately acquainted with Reagans political life. We

had worked in Reagans presidential campaigns of 1976 and 1980,

the 1980 transition to the new administration, and the Reagan

White House. Martin Anderson joined Reagans 1976 campaign in

October 1975, taking a leave of absence from Columbias Gradu-

ate School of Business. Martin was in charge of policy develop-

ment and traveled with Reagan, travels that ended at the 1976convention when Reagan lost his challenge to sitting president




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Gerald R. Ford for the Republican nomination. Annelise Ander-

son joined the Reagan campaign in the summer of 1976 when her

teaching responsibilities at California State University, Hayward,

were over for the school year, and staffed a policy research center

at the 1976 convention.In 1979 Martin, again on leave, was back on the campaign trail,

often traveling with Reagan. Both of us were heavily involved with

the Republican Party platform at the convention. During the fall

1980 campaign, Martin traveled with Reagan, and Annelise was se-

lected to travel with vice presidential candidate George H. W. Bush

as his policy adviser and a link to the Reagan campaign. In the

transition following Reagans November 4, 1980, victory, Annelisewas the lead person in developing recommendations for presiden-

tial appointments in the departments of Treasury, Commerce, and

Transportation. When the administration took office, Martin be-

came assistant to the president for policy development, and An-

nelise became an associate director of the Office of Management

and Budget with responsibility for overseeing the budgets of five

cabinet departments and forty agencies with $80 billion in discre-tionary spending.

Despite our years working with Reagan, neither of us knew

that he had writtenin his own hand, usually on yellow tablets

685 essays on domestic and foreign policy for his five-days-a-week

radio commentary program, which was on the air every weekday

from 1975 through 1979 except when he was a declared candidate

for the presidency. The handwritten commentaries were discov-ered in Reagans personal pre-presidential papers in the Reagan

Presidential Library. Some were in dated folders, but more than

sixty had been unceremoniously dumped in one cardboard box,

and the task was to figure out which handwritten drafts went with

which typed broadcastsfound in the Ronald Reagan Subject

Collection in the Hoover Institution Archivesso that we knew

what Reagan had himself written. At the same time we were find-ing handwritten drafts of speeches on foreign policy, national

introduction 5



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defense, agriculture, and much more. Suddenly it was obvious that

Reagan himself had written most of the lines he was delivering.

(Many of the commentaries and some handwritten speeches were

published in the book Reagan, In His Own Hand.)

But we found much more than radio commentaries. Anothertreasure trove was Reagans correspondencehandwritten letters

or drafts of letters on yellow pads to be typed up for signature, and

sometimes letters dictated on tape. Our search went far beyond

the Reagan Library, and we collected copies of handwritten letters

from other archives and from people who had collections of let-

ters because they had corresponded with Reagan frequently. Rea-

gan wrote hundreds of letters a year while governor of California(196775) and hundreds a year while president. (We selected

more than a thousand of these letters for publication in Reagan: A

Life in Letters, but this amounts to only about 10 percent of his total

handwritten or dictated correspondence.) In many of these let-

ters, Reagan wrote about policy and politics, often with ideas and

viewpoints that had not yet made their way into public speeches.

The final treasure trove of Reagans own words is the personaldiary he kept as president. He usedfrom the very beginning

blank books: leather-bound volumes with 812-by-11-inch pages.

He could not add or replace a page. By the end of his presidency

there were five volumes, all filled with his own script. He was con-

cise and to the point, and he wrote about everythingevents, pol-

icy decisions, working with the Congress, impressions of foreign

leaders, personality conflicts in his administration, family, friends,horseback riding, the weather, and social engagements. For years

no oneexcept Nancyknew he was keeping a diary. The diary is

invaluable as a contemporaneous account and as a record of the

consistency of his policies and the persistence of his efforts to

make those policies reality on issues such as taxes, the budget, and

national defense. Many of the diary entries become clear only in

the context of events.




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Another major resource mined by the authors are the tran-

scripts of Reagans frequent meetings with members of the press.

Reagan gave a number of formal news conferences during his pres-

idency, five or six a year, but he also met with various members of

the press or particular groupsforeign correspondents, radio cor-respondents, regional groups, editorial boards of newspaperson

many occasions. He also did question-and-answer sessions with stu-

dents and other citizen groups where the press was present. Includ-

ing his formal news conferences, he met more than eighty times a

year with one or more members of the pressa total of 678 meet-

ings during the eight years. The transcripts of these interactions

alone are massive, over three thousand pages. All are included inthe official public papers of Ronald Reagan, but they are difficult to

search either in printed form or online. Yet they are important, as

Reagan often revealed his positions on issues and objectives in

these less formal meetings before he made official statements. We

have made a special collection of these transcripts and created our

own index.

Reagans speeches and Saturday radio addresses are also im-portant, not only because they embody his skills in communicat-

ing with the public but also because he wrote so many of them

himself, even though he had superb speechwriters. Reagan had al-

ways drafted many of his own speeches, and he continued to write

a considerable number of them when he was president. In addi-

tion, he held meetings with his speechwriters to give them direc-

tion. Several specific instructions survive in his own hand, as wellas his own editing on speeches drafted by others. The Presidential

Handwriting File of Speeches at the Reagan Presidential Library

includes 2,639 speechesalmost one a day for the 2,922 days of

his presidencythat his hand touched in one way or another. Of

these, sixty-four have significant sections (sometimes the entire

speech) drafted in his own hand, and almost half include his own

edits and rewriting.

introduction 7



20/42

A final resource for us has been the White House Daily Diary,

not to be confused with Reagans personal diary. The daily diary is

actually a by-the-minute log of the presidents comings and goings,

his phone contacts, and his meetings, listing all participants

including those attending meetings of the NSC and the NSPG.The log is maintained by representatives of the National Archives

stationed in the White House. The entire log is some eighteen

thousand pages. A classified electronic copy is maintained by the

Ronald Reagan Library. The declassified log, which excludes some

family matters and private information such as Social Security

numbers of White House guests, was copied, and Lawrence Liver-

more National Laboratory agreed to use its best scanning technol-ogy to create a searchable electronic copy, so we could check the

times and attendance of meetings, phone conversations, travel,

and so forth. It has proved invaluable for us in such tasks as deter-

mining how often he met with given members of Congress, where

he was when he recorded his weekly radio broadcasts, and with

whom he met in the press.




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Chapter 1

reagan the man

Ronnie became a loner. . . .

He doesnt let anybody get too close.Theres a wall around him.

Nancy Reagan, 1989

The best clue to understanding Ronald Reagan is Nancy Rea-gan. She is a graduate of Smith College in Massachusetts, a highlyintelligent woman, an actress who met Ronald Reagan in Holly-

wood and married him in 1952. They were happily in love for

more than fifty years. Nancy was also his closest friend, perhaps his

only real friend, and she knew far more about him than anyone

else in the world.

In 1989, just after they had left office, Nancy wrote a book

about her life in which she told us more about Ronald Reaganthan anyone. She knew the key to his self-assurancehe was a

loner. Here is how she explained Reagan in her book:

Its hard to make close friends or to put down roots when youre

always moving, and I think thisplus the fact that everybody

knew his father was an alcoholicexplained why Ronnie became a

loner. Although he loves people, he often seems remote, and hedoesnt let anybody get too close.



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Theres a wall around him. He lets me come closer than any-

one else, but there are times when even I feel that barrier.

Ronnies closest friends and advisers have often been disap-

pointed that he keeps this distance. . . .

Ronnie is an affable and gregarious man who enjoys other peo-

ple, but unlike most of us, he doesnt need them for companion-

ship or approval.

As he himself has told me, he seems to need only one other

personme.1

Despite all appearances, then, Reagan was a very private man.

His pollster, Richard Wirthlin, met with him one day in March1983, to give him the latest results. It was good news; the national

polls were showing that Reagans policies were widely supported.

While he was reporting the polls, Reagan interrupted in midsen-

tence and said:

You know what I really want to be remembered for?

I want to be remembered as the President of the UnitedStates who brought a sense and reality of peace and security. I

want to eliminate that awful fear that each of us feels some-

times when we get up in the morning knowing that the world

could be destroyed through a nuclear holocaust.2

As far as we know he only said that once, in private. His usual

answer about his legacy was a response about restoring the Ameri-can economy.

Another foundation for Reagans actions, perhaps, was his

high intelligenceand his ability to hide it. He was an extraordi-

narily bright pupil who even taught himself how to read a newspa-

per when he was five years old.3 But as time went on, he seemed to

quickly learn something that most highly intelligent people learn

as they grow older: a child who seems to know all the answers soon



23/42

has few friends. So he spent more time playing ball and being a

regular student.

Unlike many intelligent people, Reagans self-confidence was

also great enough that he never felt he had to demonstrate his

knowledge or his quickness. Indeed, on the front of his desk in theWhite House was a small sign that carried the words Theres no

limit to what a man can do or where he can go if he doesnt mind

who gets the credit.

One of Reagans key tactics while deep in long and arduous

negotiations was to accept what his opponent had offered. He

never crowed over what he was given; he just said thanks. As he ex-

plained it one day inFortunemagazine:

Ive never understood people who want me to hang in

there for a hundred percent or nothing. Why not take seventy

percent or eighty percent, and then come back another day for

the other twenty or thirty percent.4

One of the few people who seemed to understand how Reaganmanaged the White House was Washington Posteditor Meg Green-

field. In 1984 she wrote an essay for Newsweek titled How Does

Reagan Decide? As a liberal Democrat, she observed something

that even many of Reagans closest conservative supporters failed

to understandthat he made decisions like a labor negotiator for

a workers union. She summed up part of his decision-making

style like this:

The long waiting out of the adversary, the immobility meanwhile,

the refusal to give anything until the last moment, the willing-

nessnonethelessfinally to yield to superior pressure or force

or particular circumstance on almost everything, but only with

something to show in return, and only if the final deal can be in-

terpreted as furthering the original Reagan objective.5

reagan the man 11



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Reagan was also an unusual boss. Those who worked for him

liked him. They did not necessarily agree with all of his policies,

but they still found him pleasant and friendly. He didnt criticize

his advisers in front of others. He didnt chew people out. He

didnt reprimand them, he didnt complain to them face-to-faceand he never yelled at them. Sometimes he might look a little dis-

appointed when things went wrong, but you rarely felt a sense of

failure or humiliation.

When people first met Reagan, they often thought he was too

easygoing and friendly to be tough. The impression was like a soft

down pillow. What people failed to see was the two-inch-thick rod

of steel right down the inside of the pillow.Perhaps the most important key to Reagans success was the

quality of his advisers and staff. Individually the men and women

in his staff were very different, and they all had skills that matched

the jobs they held. But the one thing they all shared was that they

were all smart and sensible. Some presidents have felt uncomfort-

able with brilliant men and women; Reagan thrived on them.

Even his political opponents noted that the group of advisersand staff was unusual. Robert Strauss, perhaps the most savvy Dem-

ocrat around when Reagan was elected, called Reagans staff sim-

ply spectacular. Its the best White House staff Ive ever seen.6

President Reagans management philosophy was best summed

up when a reporter asked: Your friend Roger Smith, chairman of

General Motors, says that youve done a great job of focusing on

the big picture without getting bogged down in detail. How do youdecide which problems to address personally, and which to leave

to subordinates? Reagan replied:

You surround yourself with the best people you can find,

delegate authority, and dont interfere as long as the overall

policy that youve decided upon is being carried out.

In the Cabinet meetingsand some members of the Cabi-net who have been members of other Cabinets told me there



25/42

reagan the man 13

have never been such meetingsI use a system in which I want

to hear what everybody wants to say honestly. I want the deci-

sions made on what is right or wrong, what is good or bad for

the people of this country. I encourage all the input I can

get. . . .

And when Ive heard all that I need to make a decision, I

dont take a vote.

I make the decision.

Then I expect every one of them, whether their views have

carried the day or not, to go forward together in carrying out

the policy.7

All this does not mean that Reagan was some kind of superhu-

man who could not be riled or upset. In fact, one of the most un-

appreciated facets of Reagans character was his temper; it flared

rarely, but was memorable when it did. If Reagan was crossed

crossed badlyhe exploded into what could be called a black

Irish rage. His face darkened, his jaw muscles clenched and

bulged, and his lips got thin and tight. In public he might showsporadic flashes of displeasure, but never real anger. It wasnt that

he did not get angry, but rather that he usually covered it up.

During his presidential campaign, on one of those rare occa-

sions of real furya well-justified one, we might addwe watched

him lean back a bit, reach up and grab the right side of his eye-

glasses, rip the glasses off, and fling them across the room into the

wall closest to him. After he smashed his glasses into the wall, hecalmed down quickly and carried on. No one who was there can

remember what happened to the eyeglasses. That kind of outburst

didnt happen oftenbut it did happen.

Once during the campaign in 1976 Reagan was holding an im-

promptu press conference outside a building with a narrow alley.

Some of the reporters were asking questions that had an insulting

tone. After Reagan finished answering the last question, he turnedand headed through the alley into the building, with the Secret



26/42

Service clearing the way. When he was about halfway down the

alley, one of the reporters, a particularly provocative one, yelled:

Whats the matter? Are you afraid to answer the question?

Reagan stopped, his face turning red. Abruptly he turned and

headed back out through the alley. His eyes were blazing, focusedon the heckler waiting outside. As he moved through the alley, one

of the advisers was standing in the way. Reagan, with one swift thrust

of his arm, shoved him aside, slamming him against the wall. Out-

side he angrily answered the reporters question, then turned back

and went into the building. (The fellow he moved was fine.)

Another rare example of what could make Reagan upset was a

rewritten draft of one of his speeches. One day, Peter Hannaford,one of his oldest and most valued speechwriters, handed him a

new redraft of a major speech for him to read on the plane. Rea-

gan smiled, slipped on his reading glasses, and started to read.

After two or three pages, his eyebrows narrowed and his jaw tight-

ened. Then, after reading the next page, he lifted it, raised it high

in the air, and slammed it down hard onto the small pile he had

just read. He continued to read, slamming each succeeding pagedown harder and harder. It was clear he didnt like the redraft of

the speech.8

After Reagan had been in office for nearly six months, very few

people understood his foreign policy. It especially bothered some

of the reporters writing about him. They feared that he was on a

course that could be dangerous, even leading the United States to

a nuclear war. It was true that Reagan had never spelled out a de-tailed picture of what he wished to do in foreign policy, but it did

not seem to bother him. A letter he dictated to a friend, John O.

Koehler, on July 9, 1981, explains his reluctance to do soand

serves as a perfect example of his quietly self-confident approach:

I know Im being criticized for not having made a great

speech outlining what would be the Reagan foreign policy. Ihave a foreign policy; Im working on it.




27/42

I just dont happen to think that its wise to always stand up

and put in quotation marks in front of the world what your for-

eign policy is. Im a believer in quiet diplomacy and so far

weve had several quite triumphant experiences by using that

method.

The problem is, you cant talk about it afterward or then

you cant do it again.9

reagan the man 15



28/42

index

Able Archer exercise, 141143ABM treaty (seeAnti-Ballistic Missile

[ABM] Treaty [1972])Abramowitz, Morton, 148Adelman, Kenneth, 148, 287288,

300301, 327Afghanistan, 37, 44, 53, 133, 160, 206, 226,

402n24Airborne Warning and Control Systems

(AWACS), 341

Allen, Richard V., 45, 50, 6263, 67, 113,250, 339

Al Shiraanewspaper, 318, 319American Life, An(Reagan), 332333

Amnesty International, 358Anderson, Annelise, x, xii, 46Anderson, Martin, x, xii, 26, 31, 112114,

416n21Andrew, Christopher, 135136Andropov, Yuri, 122, 129, 143, 149, 153,

160, 164, 210, 290

death of, 155, 156Gorbachev and, 190, 207health of, 137, 141letter to Reagan (August 4, 1983), 137letter to Reagan (August 27, 1983),

139140personality of, 135Reagan and, 4, 135141, 145, 147Reagans letter to (July 11, 1983),

137139Reagans letter to (August 24, 1983), 139

Reagans letter to (December 23, 1983),147RYAN and, 136, 141, 210, 289succeeds Brezhnev, 109

Angola, 35, 37Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system, in

Soviet Union, 212, 217, 218, 219,272273, 325

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972),129, 217, 218, 293, 295, 296,298304, 306, 308, 309, 314, 325

interpretations of, 238239, 280, 283,290296, 298, 300304, 306, 314,325

NSPG discussion of, 280, 325Reagans views on, 129Soviet violations of, 218, 274, 289, 291,

293, 295, 298, 303, 308309, 311,325

at summit meetings, 238239, 290296,298304, 306, 308

Anti-satellite (ASAT) interceptor, 182, 184Anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons, 273, 289,

301, 309

Arab oil embargo, 340Arbatov, Georgy, 215Are Liberals Really Liberal? (Reagan),

339Arms buildup, 1718, 28, 3839, 82, 95,

102103, 130, 133, 135, 143, 169,180, 205, 279, 289290, 309310

Arms Control and Disarmament Agency,158, 288, 300

B-1 bomber, 38, 39

B-52 bomber, 38, 39Backis, Audrys, 77Baker, Howard H., 354, 361, 389Baker, James A., III (Jim), 45, 77, 116, 120,

145, 206, 215, 319Baltimore Sun, 173Barton, Sir Andrew, 43Baruch plan, 108Bay of Pigs fiasco, 36Bendetsen, Karl, 114Berger, Samuel (Sandy), 3

Berlin Wall, 249, 250, 345347, 357358,360, 375, 385, 392Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr A., 389Brady, James, 46Brezhnev, Leonid, 4, 33, 61, 79, 153, 156,

158, 160, 164, 166, 179, 225, 290death of, 109on dtente, 184, 186187health of, 61, 136on human rights 225, 248letter to Reagan (March 6, 1981), 4345,

49, 135Reagans letter to (April 18, 1981),

4955, 71, 135, 248



29/42

Brezhnev, Leonid (contd)Reagans letter to (December 23, 1981),

8788, 89SALT agreements and, 103

Brokaw, Tom, 359Bukovsky, Vladimir, 250, 251

Burns, Arthur, 31Burns, Robert, 265Bush, George H. W., 5, 77, 83, 84, 116,

145, 156, 204, 319, 394on human rights, 215216

Cadell, Patrick, 318California State University, Hayward, 5Camp David, 123124, 192193, 219, 220,

353Captive Nations Committee, 358Carlucci, Frank C., 83, 324326, 353, 354,

389Carter, Jimmy, 23, 25, 28, 36, 38, 39, 103,

402n24Casaroli, Agostino (Cardinal), 3, 73,

7782, 91Casey, William, 35, 64, 67, 83, 146, 181,

183, 215, 222223, 319, 340, 408n23infighting and, 179, 207Iran-Contra and, 322324, 333health of, 322323Reagan and, 207

Caterpillar, 83Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2, 50,

94, 127,Chteau Fleur dEau, Geneva, 230Chernenko, Konstantin, 4, 163, 164, 186

address to Twenty-seventh Congress ofCommunist Party (February 23,1985), 199200

death of, 203204health of, 156157, 160, 176, 181, 196letter to Reagan (December 20,1984),

191192, 195196letter to Reagan (February 23, 1984), 158letter to Reagan (November 8, 1984, 178letter to Reagan (November 17,1984),

179181Reagan and, 156158, 160, 177181,

184185Reagans letter to (February 14, 1984),

157Reagans letter to (December 7, 1984),

185

SDI and, 195196, 210Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion,

277280, 290, 310, 372, 390391

Chernyaev, Anatoly S., 313315, 389Church, George J., 205Churchill, Winston, 40CIA (seeCentral Intelligence Agency

[CIA])Clark, William P., 83, 101, 114, 116, 124,

127, 408Clifford, Clark, 25Clinton Presidential Library, 3Cohn, Harry, 119Cold War, x, 3, 60, 135, 140142, 154

Brezhnev letter and end of, 55end of, xi, 1, 5, 165, 201, 339, 342, 367,

394395Moscow summit and end of, 369377,

387389Thatcher statement on end of, 367

Columbia University Graduate School ofBusiness, 4

Commerce, U.S. Department of, 5Confessions of a Nazi Spy(movie), 85Congress, U.S., 6, 8, 3034, 38, 5558, 95,

115, 149150, 201, 228, 255, 263,279, 284, 299, 314

composition of, 25, 30, 317319House of Representatives and, 2425Iran Contra and, 219, 319, 321, 322, 337Reagan fighting and, 33, 325, 341, 337,

356357

Reagan meeting with, 3031, 56,369370

Reagans need for support of, 49, 55,201, 226, 255257, 262, 314, 326,353, 367

visit to Soviet Union and, 258259Congressional elections of 1986, 317Consumer price index, 28Contras, 319, 320, 322, 331333, 335, 341Cooke, Terrance (Cardinal) 75Coors, Joseph, 114

Corwin, Norman, 9798Council of Economic Advisers, 31Cronkite, Walter, 3334Cruise missile, 38, 44, 82Cuba, 3435Cuban missile crisis, 35, 38, 173, 369

Daniloff, Nicholas, 284, 285Davis, Edith, 354355

Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration

and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms

Control(Talbott), 153Deaver, Michael, 93, 120, 145, 206Declaration of Independence, 84, 383

438 index



30/42


31/42

Gorbachev, Mikhail (contd)nuclear weapons, elimination of, xi, 214,

240241, 266267, 301304, 307,314, 364

nuclear weapons, reduction of, 245,266267, 296, 298, 301304, 307,

314, 368Reagan, negotiations with (seeGenevasummit; Moscow summit; Reykjaviksummit; Washington summit)

Reagans letter to (March 11, 1985),208209

Reagans letter to (April 30, 1985),210211

Reagans letter to (February 16, 1986),272273

Reagans letter to (February 22, 1986),273274

Reagans letter to (April 11, 1986), 276Reagans letter to (May 23, 1986), 278Reagans letter to (July 1, 1986),

282283Reagan and, 207, 211212, 216,

223224, 233, 239, 245246,261265, 269, 307, 310, 313, 315,342, 344345, 361362, 365,376380, 385, 388, 390, 394

resignation of, 268, 301rise of, 190

SDI, opposition to, 191, 193195, 210,213215, 217, 224, 237, 238,240243, 245, 263264, 281, 288,289, 292, 295, 297298, 300303,305314, 336

space ban and, 212, 214, 237, 240242,263, 267, 272, 284, 306, 308, 338

statement on INF (February 28, 1987),335336

sudden agreement with Reagansdemands, reasons for, 338339,

342Thatcher and, 191, 193U.S. grain shipments and, 299300,

341visit to London (December 17, 1984),

190191zero-zero and, 294295

Gorbachev, Raisa, 193, 365Gordievsky, Oleg, 134Graham, Daniel, 114Grain shipments, to Soviet Union,

299300, 341Greenfield, Meg, 11Greenspan, Alan, 31

Gromyko, Andrei A., 157, 160, 180, 186,196, 205, 210, 252, 389

human rights and, 252meeting with Reagan (September 28,

1984), 164171speech at United Nations (1962),

210211speech at United Nations (September27, 1984), 163

Ground-launched cruise missiles(GLCMs), 44, 65, 71, 271

GRU, 136

Haig, Alexander, 36, 4445, 4950, 52, 77,103, 106, 252

NSC meeting on Poland and, 83,8586

Reagan and, 50, 52, 108resignation of, 108109zero-zero initiative and, 6570

Hannaford, Peter, 14Helsinki agreement, 84, 89, 211, 215, 253,

360, 374375Helsinki Watch, 358Hezbollah, 318High frontier concept, 114Hill, James, 112Hinckley, John, 45, 47Hiroshima, 97, 180

Hitler, Adolf, 40, 63, 194Hollywood Independent Citizens

Committee of the Arts, Sciencesand Professions, 97

Hoover Institution Archives, RonaldReagan Subject Collection, 5

House of Representatives (seeCongress,U.S.)

How Does Reagan Decide? (Greenfield),11

Howe, Sir Geoffrey, 190

Human rights, 205, 215, 225, 247248,250263, 268, 291, 297, 313, 347,357362, 365, 368, 373375, 378

Geneva summit and, 247264Gorbachevs views on, 212, 235,

258261, 268, 291, 359, 362, 368,374375

Moscow summit and, 381387NSC minutes on, 3536, 84Reagans radio commentaries on, 74,

250251

Reagans speeches on, 75, 248249, 324,345347, 357359, 373375,381387

440 index



32/42

Reagans views on, 5355, 84, 8789,168, 211215, 225, 248262, 268,360365, 368

Reykjavik summit and, 290291, 297Washington summit and, 360, 362, 364,

365

ICBMs (seeintercontinental ballisticmissiles [ICBMs])

Ikle, Fred, 215Inflation, ix, 2831INF Treaty, 361, 363365, 367, 368,

371373, 376, 377, 386389, 391negotiations and, 117, 271, 336338,

347353, 355357, 361, 372Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),

18, 103, 112, 135, 182, 217, 245,276, 290, 293, 294, 392, 394

Interest rates, 28Intermediate-range nuclear force (INF),

106, 123125, 159, 182, 187, 189,238, 271, 283, 290, 335338,347349, 355357, 363365

International Harvester, 83Iran-Contra scandal, 318323, 330333,

335, 339, 342Iranian hostage crisis, 37Iranian revolution of 1979, 340Iran-Iraq War, 340

Israel, 37, 318319, 341

Jackson-Vanik Amendment (1973), 225James, Penn, 74Jefferson, Thomas, 247, 281, 370Jennings, Peter, 359Jews, in Soviet Union, 205, 225, 256,

258259, 362John Paul II, Pope, 1, 3

(seealso Vatican)assassination attempt, 75

communism and, 7475human rights and, 75information channel for, 82, 90, 408n23nuclear war and, 76, 7982, 9091, 108Reagan and, 7475, 76, 9091, 108,

408n23representatives secret meeting with

Reagan (December 15, 1981), 7782Soviet Union and, 79, 82

visit to Poland (1979), 74, 77Wilson meeting with, 7374

Johnson, Lyndon B., 23Joint Chiefs of Staff, 115116, 119, 128Jones, David, 35

Kalb, Marvin, 174Kampelman, Max, 202, 336, 337Kandinski, Wassily, 385Kennedy, Edward M., 111Kennedy, John F., 23, 35, 36, 173Kennedy, Robert F., 249

Keyworth, George (Jay), 113, 114KGB, 46, 6364, 109, 135, 136, 284, 340, 354Directorate T and, 6265, 225, 339340Line X and, 64

Khrushchev, Nikita, 346Kings Row(movie), 237Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 83Kissinger, Henry, xii, 93, 173Koehler, John O., 14Korean Airlines incident (September 1,

1983), 140, 141Krasnoyarsk Radar Station, Siberia, 274,

276, 289, 294, 303, 309310Krol, John (Cardinal), 75, 408n23Kuhn, Jim, 230231

Laghi, Pio, 77, 408n23Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 8League of Finnish-American Societies, 375Lehman, Ron, 336, 337Lenin, V. I., 299, 380Letters of Ronald Reagan

to Andropov (August 24, 1983), 139

to Andropov (December 23, 1983), 147to Andropov (July 11, 1983), 137, 138to Brezhnev (April 18, 1981), 4955,

135, 248to Brezhnev (December 23, 1981),

8788, 89to Chernenko (December 7, 1984),

184185to Chernenko (February 14, 1984), 157to Col. Barney Oldfield (March 17,

1986), 274

to Gorbachev (March 11, 1985),208209

to Gorbachev (April 30, 1985), 210211to Gorbachev (February 16, 1986),

272273to Gorbachev (February 22, 1986),

273274to Gorbachev (April 11, 1986), 276to Gorbachev (May 23, 1986), 278to Gorbachev (July 1, 1986), 282283to John O. Koehler (July 9, 1981), 14, 15

to John Tringali (January 6, 1988), 369to Pope John Paul II, 9091to Virginia Adams (April 21, 1982), 106

index 441



33/42

Lettow, Paul, 59Liberation theology, 74Lincoln, Abraham, 155Lomonosov, Mikhail, 382Longfellow, H. W., 335

Machiavelli, Niccol, 17MAD (seeMutual Assured Destruction[MAD] policy)

Magazine Publishers Association, 207Marshall Plan, 83, 84Marx, Karl, 299Matlock, Jack F., 215, 338, 380, 389, 394McCarthy, Timothy, 46McClelland, Woodford, 252McFarlane, Robert C. (Bud), 120, 145, 146,

187, 202, 215, 231, 318, 322, 323Meese, Edwin, III (Ed), 45, 67, 83, 93, 113,

114, 116, 120, 145, 146, 148, 206,215, 318, 320, 321

Mein Kampf(Hitler), 63Midgetman missile, 301Military, U.S.

importance of economic recovery tostrength of, 24, 2829, 54, 5758,176, 367, 370

morale and, 2324, 367peace without surrender and, 39, 142,

206, 290, 342, 347

Reagans statements on, 165, 347, 370spending and, 32, 38strength of, 24, 3233, 39, 54, 163, 290

Minuteman missile, 38, 112Missile defense, 111116, 119121,

128131, 136, 144, 174175(see alsoStrategic Defense Initiative

[SDI])Mitrokhin, Vasili, 135136Mitterand, Franois, 6364, 157, 192Mondale, Walter, 158, 160, 172175

Moscow State University, Reagans speechat (May 31, 1987), 380387

Moscow summit (May 1988), 344,371372, 375391

Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction(MBFR) talks, 147149

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) policy,x, 22, 125, 129, 166, 192, 282, 369

MX multiple-warhead missile, 38, 39, 120,301

Nagasaki, 97Nathan, Richard, 24National Archives, 8

National Association of Evangelicals,121122

National Conference of Christians andJews, 93

National Conference on Soviet Jewry, 358National Intelligence Estimate (1982), 217

National Press Club, Reagan speech to(November 18,1981), 7071National Security Agency, 2National Security Council (NSC)

meetings, 2, 3, 8, 3437, 101102,413n21

on arms control strategy, 61, 6566,6870, 102106, 119, 148, 276277

chaired by Reagan, 1921, 3436, 61, 63,6566, 89, 144, 201, 276

first Reagan meeting of (February 6,1981), 1921, 3436

on human rights, 3536, 8386, 90,215216, 252

on Latin America, 3436on Middle East, 3637on Mutual and Balanced Force

Reduction (MBFR) talks (January13, 1984), 147149

on negotiating strategy, 61, 6566,6870, 103, 147148

on Poland (December 1981), 8386,8990

Reagan as decision maker at, 1921, 108on SDI, 144, 216on Soviet Union, 3436, 6263, 66, 69,

8386, 8990, 101102, 144, 147,215216

on START (April 21, 1982), 102106on U.S.-Soviet negotiations (March 4,

1985), 201on U.S.-Soviet negotiations (September

20, 1985), 215216on zero-zero initiative, 6768

National Security Decision Directive 86(March 28, 1983), 124125

National Security Decision Directive 192(October 11, 1985), 325326

National Security Planning Group (NSPG)meetings, 2, 8, 34, 413n21

on arms control strategy, 39, 117119,143, 181182, 187188, 220,270271, 280, 326330, 348351,371372

chaired by Reagan, 1921, 34, 145, 208,

218, 270, 275, 279, 324, 371on Gorbachevs proposal (February 3,

1986), 270271

442 index



34/42

on Iran-Contra scandal (November 25,1986), 319320

on Latin America, 319320on Moscow summit (February 9, 1988),

371373on NATO summit (February 26, 1988),

372373on negotiating strategy, 118, 183189,220, 270271, 280, 326230,371372

on Pershing II missile deployment(January 13, 1983), 143

review of Reagans arms controlpositions (September 8, 1987),348352

on SDI, 184, 187189, 270271,280281, 324330, 348351

on Soviet noncompliance with armscontrol agreements (March 25 and

April 16, 1986), 275277on Soviet plans for protracted nuclear

war (December 9, 1983), 145146on Soviet strategic defenses (October 7,

1985), 218on Soviet Union, 183188, 218, 273,

275, 279280, 325326on status of arms control negotiations

(March 19, 1984), 158160on U.S.-Soviet negotiations (June/July

1986), 279281on U.S.-Soviet negotiations

(November/December 1984),181183, 185189

on zero-zero initiative (January 13,1983), 117119

NATO (seeNorth Atlantic TreatyOrganization [NATO])

Navoi, Alisher, 385Neuman, Johanna, 197198Newsweekmagazine, 11, 201

New York Post, 9394New York Times, 111112, 249, 312Nicaragua, 35, 37, 319, 331333Nitze, Paul H., 118, 119, 159, 338, 389Nixon, Richard M., 23, 53, 216

1972 summit, 225Reagan and, 220221resignation of, 321Safeguard ABM program and, 111SALT agreements and, 103

North, Oliver, 320, 322, 333

North American Aerospace DefenseCommand (NORAD), 65, 112,114

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), 37, 38, 65, 86, 187, 267

summit (March 1988), 372373Notre Dame University, Reagans

commencement address at (March9, 1988), 75, 9596

NSC meetings (seeNational SecurityCouncil [NSC] meetings)NSPG meetings (seeNational Security

Planning Group [NSPG] meetings)Nuclear weapons

Able Archer exercise, 141143ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty

(1972), 217, 238, 274, 280, 283, 289,293, 295, 296, 298304, 306, 308,309, 314, 325

Eisenhower and, 106, 107, 145, 159Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 97intercontinental ballistic missiles

(ICBMs), 18, 103, 112, 135, 182,217, 245, 276, 290, 293, 294, 392,394

intermediate-range nuclear force (INF),106, 123125, 159, 182, 187, 189,238, 271, 283, 290, 335338,347349, 355357, 363365

Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction(MBFR) talks, 147149

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

policy, x, 22, 78, 125, 129, 166, 192,282, 369

nuclear attack warning (September 25,1983), 140, 141

reduction and abolition aims of Reagan,5962, 65, 7879, 94, 95, 101,106109, 115117, 123131, 134,142, 146, 150151, 161162,169171, 186, 188189, 191192,196, 198

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I

and II), 103, 159, 165, 182, 226,274277, 294

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks(START), 102106, 159, 187, 338,348, 365

zero-zero initiative, 6571, 117119,124126, 137, 150, 189, 294295,297, 310, 317, 336, 352, 353, 357,363

(see alsoGeneva summit; Missile defense;Moscow summit; Reykjavik summit;

Washington summit)(see alsoStrategic Defense Initiative

[SDI])

index 443



35/42

Nuclear arsenals of U.S., 1718, 38, 6566,101, 135, 165, 180, 206, 279, 290,363, 392394

Nuclear arsenals of USSR, 1718, 38,6566, 101, 135, 165, 180, 182,205206, 279, 289290, 310, 363,

392394Nuclear freeze movement, 119, 357Nuclear war impossibility of winning, 19,

79, 131, 142, 209, 214, 387389joint statement at Geneva summit on, 264threat of (1983), 21, 22, 136143

Nuclear winter, 188Nunn, Sam, xii

Oberdorfer, Don, 142, 376Office of Management and Budget, 5, 31,

37Oil prices, 2829, 299300, 340, 341Oldfield, Barney, 274Olympic games, 156Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act

of 1981, 57ONeill, Thomas (Tip), 24, 25, 55, 56, 210Open sky proposal, 159Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 340Ottawa economic summit meeting (1981),

63

Pakistan, 37Parr, Jerry, 46Pasternak, Boris, 385Peaceful coexistence, 387388Perry, Bill, xiPershing II missile, 44, 65, 71, 82, 117, 136,

143145, 271, 294, 363Petrov, Stanislav, 140Pipes, Richard, 45, 50, 83, 404n3Plautus, 1

Poindexter, John, 200, 269, 320, 322, 324,333

Poland, 34, 36, 133, 254John Paul IIs visit to (1979), 74, 77martial law in, 76, 77, 82, 89NSC meetings on (December 1981),

8386, 8990sanctions against, 82, 85, 86Solidarity movement in, 76, 77, 82, 85,

86Polybius, 153

Pontifical Academy of Science, 76, 91Powell, Colin L., 324, 361, 371, 372, 389Pravda, 199

Presidential elections1964, 3391976, 45, 1314, 1001980, 4, 5, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 4042, 1131984, 153155, 158, 160, 161, 172176

Presidents Economic Policy Advisory

Board (PEPAB), 31Price and allocation controls, 28, 29Providence St. Mel High School, Chicago,

107

Qadhafi, Muammar, 187, 239

Rancho del Cielo, California, 155, 160,213, 338

Rather, Dan, 359Reagan: A Life in Letters(ed. Skinner,

Anderson, and Anderson), 6Reagan, In His Own Hand(ed. Skinner,

Anderson, and Anderson), 6, 66Reagan, Maureen, 154Reagan, Nancy, 2, 6, 93, 106, 153154, 170,

192, 236death of mother, 354355influence of, 197198in Moscow, 376, 378379, 391393on Ronald, 910, 47, 197198, 355, 376,

378379, 391Reagan, Ron (son), 378

Reagan, Ronaldadvisers and staff, 12, 50, 52, 183, 269,

282, 323, 390Andropov and, 4, 109, 135141, 145,

147Andropovs letter to (August 4, 1983),

137Andropovs letter to (August 27, 1983),

139140approach to negotiating, 11, 33, 119,

157, 162, 202, 223227

as decision maker, 13, 1112, 1920,67, 84, 105106, 123, 140, 147148,159160, 164169, 178179,197198, 208, 245, 388, 394

assassination attempt, 4548, 58, 75,155

autobiography of, 332333Brezhnev and, 4, 71, 4955, 8788, 89,

135, 248Brezhnevs letter to (March 6, 1981),

4345

at California ranch, 155, 160, 213, 338at Camp David, 123124, 192193, 219,

220, 353

444 index



36/42

challenges of, 2324, 73character and personality of, 914, 20,

119Chernenko and, 4, 156158, 160,

177181, 184185, 195196Chernenkos letter to (February 23,

1984), 158Chernenkos letter to (November 8,1984), 178

Chernenkos letter to (November 14,1984), 179180

Chernenkos letter to (December 20,1984), 191192

communism and, 22, 60, 87, 150, 235,254, 299, 382

conditions in U.S. on taking office,2024, 37, 340, 392

Congress, meetings with, 8, 30,263264,320

death of mother-in-law of, 354355defense philosophy of, 3942, 102, 206as Democrat, 96on dtente, 60diary entries of, 6, 3132, 39, 4748, 50,

52, 56, 57, 7476, 86, 87, 101,108109, 119121, 129130, 133,143, 145146, 149, 150, 154, 156,157, 161, 172173, 179, 181, 183,185, 186, 189, 201204, 218,

220221, 223, 230, 262, 263, 269,271272, 275, 284285, 289, 311,318319, 330, 337, 353357, 379,380, 391, 392

early life and, 1011, 9596economic condition on taking office, ix,

2324, 28, 38economic policies of, ix, 2425, 2733,

37, 39, 57, 115, 367, 392economic recovery program, passage of,

49, 5558

favorite poem of, 43finances of, 97first welcome to Washington, 2425focus of evil statement by, 55, 122, 206,

379Gold Medal for Courageous Leadership

in Government, Civil, and HumanAffairs awarded to, 93

Gorbachev, negotiations with (seeGeneva summit; Moscow summit;Reykjavik summit; Washington

summit)Gorbachevs letter to (March 24, 1985),

209

Gorbachevs letter to (June 10, 1985),211212

Gorbachevs letter to (June 22, 1985),212213

Gorbachevs letter to (September 12,1985), 214

Gorbachevs letter to (April 2, 1986),275276Gorbachevs letter to (May 30, 1986),

278279Gorbachevs letter to (September 15,

1986), 283284, 288Gorbachevs proposal (January 15,

1986) and, 266, 269, 273Gorbachevs statement on INF

(February 28, 1987) and, 335337as governor of California, ix, 6, 24, 25,

40, 53, 100Gromyko and, 160162, 164172Haig resignation and, 108109health of, 203, 213Hollywood and, 85, 9699, 119, 237human rights and, 3536, 5355, 75, 84,

8789, 168, 211, 215, 225, 247264,268, 290291, 313, 324, 345347,357362, 364365, 368, 373375,378, 381387

humor, use of, 37, 4647, 86, 89, 99100,118, 173174, 185, 207

intelligence of, 1011Iran-Contra scandal and, 318323,

330333, 335, 339, 342John Paul II and, 7475, 76, 9091, 108on leadership, 1213, 20, 78, 202, 208,

332on legacy, 10, 111legacy of, x, xii, 370, 390391, 395letters of (seeLetters of Ronald

Reagan)on MAD policy, x, 22

meeting with representatives of JohnPaul II (December 15, 1981),7782

meetings with the press, 1314, 5961,71, 90, 130, 145146, 150, 162, 171,192, 201, 207208, 213, 228, 287,312, 331332 , 356

memorandum on negotiations withGorbachev, 223227

military buildup of, 3339missile defense and, 22, 111116,

119121, 128131, 136, 144,174175

Nancy and, 910, 47, 197198

index 445



37/42

Reagan, Ronald (contd)negotiating strategy of, 11, 34, 57, 59,

61, 6870, 85, 117, 123,148,154,159, 178, 181, 183185, 188, 201,215216, 220228, 270271,282283

news conferences of, 7, 5962, 196197,319322, 343344New York Postinterview with (March

1982), 9394Nixon and, 220221NSC and NSPG meetings and (see

National Security Council (NSC)meetings

nuclear responsibility, 1719, 9091,112113, 137, 152, 192, 391

nuclear war, impossibility of winningand, 131, 134, 142, 145, 150151,161, 164, 171, 195, 264, 349, 368

on nuclear weapons, 9798, 101, 112,303

on nuclear weapons, elimination of,xxii, 10, 22, 59, 69, 91, 106107,111, 114115, 117, 120, 123, 125,128131, 146, 150, 162, 166,169172, 181, 186, 193, 195,199203, 208209, 213214, 228,245, 269, 273274, 304305, 310,324, 347, 349, 352, 357, 363364,

370371on nuclear weapons, elimination of and

SDI, 144, 175, 183185, 188,196198, 216217, 222, 280281,283, 309, 313, 327

on nuclear weapons, first public recordon elimination of, 9395, 101

on nuclear weapons, reduction of, 33,59, 62, 71, 7879, 103, 109, 116,128, 139, 153, 156, 158, 161162,166, 169172, 183, 245, 263, 275,

283, 293294, 299, 304, 324, 336,344, 347, 357358, 363365, 369,386

on nuclear weapons and internationalcontrol, 79, 82, 98, 107108 (see alsoSDI and international control)

at Ottawa economic summit meeting(1981), 63

as pacifist, 93, 9598on peace without surrender, 29, 3334,

3942, 58, 79, 121, 142143,

150152, 156, 184, 202, 208, 367,370, 373

political background of, 25, 96, 100, 339

Polish situation and, 76, 77, 8290presidential election of 1976, 45,

1314, 100101presidential election of 1980, 4, 5, 23,

24, 27, 28, 30, 4042, 75, 113presidential election of 1984, 153155,

158, 160, 161, 172176presidential powers of, 1720, 23, 112,198, 200201, 332, 367

priorities of, 1, 2729, 48, 60, 95, 97,111117, 134, 150, 153, 155, 175,186, 202, 248, 323, 344348,359360, 370371

public approval of, 32, 47, 56, 222quiet diplomacy and, 15, 135, 168169,

215216, 226227, 231, 236237,247, 252, 255257, 285, 361362

radio broadcasts by, 5, 7, 4041, 74,155156, 249251, 353354

religious views of, 4748, 88, 9899,122123, 154155, 202, 230, 249,355, 374

Screen Actors Guild and, ix, 227, 384SDI and (seeStrategic Defense Initiative

[SDI])Shultz and, 109, 115, 178179, 181,

206Soviets and, 4142, 55, 60, 63, 83, 94,

102, 122123, 133, 143144,

149151, 171, 173, 183186, 189,200, 222223, 249, 252254, 274,346, 373374, 379

Soviet economy and, 339342Soviets and trust, 6667, 233235,

240241, 245, 263, 313, 337, 344,347348, 356, 369, 372, 384386

space ban and, 283, 306speeches of (seeSpeeches of Ronald

Reagan)Thatcher and, 193195

in West Berlin, 345346, 358, 360World War II and, 9697as writer, x, 1, 14, 3031, 41, 88, 9899,

121129, 164169, 198, 223227,230, 244, 310311, 332333, 339,394 (see alsospeeches of RonaldReagan, letters of Ronald Reagan,diary entries of)

on zero-zero, 6571, 106, 117119,123126, 150, 271, 295, 310, 336,353, 357, 363

Reagan Presidential Library, 23, 58handwriting file at, 7

Reed, Tom, 101

446 index



38/42

Reeves, Richard, 249Regan, Donald T., 31, 85, 202, 215,

230231, 319Religion, in Soviet Union, 77, 223, 362,

378Republican National Convention

1976, 1001984, 161Reykjavik summit (October 1986), xxi,

285315, 317318, 324, 338, 341,376, 388

first Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,290291

second Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,292293

third Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,293297

fourth Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,297300

fifth Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,300303

sixth Reagan/Gorbachev meeting,304309

Gorbachevs thoughts on, 312315reaction to, xi, 312315, 317318Reagans thoughts on, 310311

Ridgway, Rozanne L., 338, 389Rogue-state argument, 114, 280, 296Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish

Nuclear Weapons(Lettow), 59Roosevelt, Franklin D., 8485, 96, 99, 222Rostow, Eugene, 69, 103Rowny, Edward L., 103, 159, 389Russia (see Soviet Union)RYAN Raketno-Yadernoye Napadenie

(Nuclear Missile Attack), 136,141

Safeguard ABM program, 111112Sakharov, Andrei, 375

SALT (seeStrategic Arms LimitationTalks/Agreements [SALT I and II])

SALT and Soviet violations of, 276277Saudi Arabia and airborne warning and

control system (AWACS), 340341Savimbi, Jonas, 35Screen Actors Guild, ix, 227, 384Scriabin, Aleksandr, 385SDI (seeStrategic Defense Initiative [SDI])Sea-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs),

18, 392

Second Inaugural Address (January 21,1985), 198

Senate, U.S. (seeCongress, U.S.)

Seneca, 174Set Your Clock at U-235 (Corwin), 9798Shakespeare, William, 219Shamir, Yitzhak, 37Shcharansky, Anatoly, 252Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 202

Shevardnadze, Eduard A., xi, 210, 231,283, 285, 291292, 337, 338, 343,355, 356, 361, 389

Shultz, George P., 31, 140, 143, 160,177178, 180, 185, 202, 209, 218,222, 269, 319, 361, 371

becomes secretary of state, 109Daniloff release and, 285foreword by, ixxiiGeneva summit (November 1985) and,

196, 204, 206, 231, 262Gromyko meeting with Reagan

(September 28, 1984) and, 164, 169human rights and, 337338INF Treaty and, 365, 389Iran-Contra scandal and, 322323NSC and NSPG meetings and, 144, 148,

159, 188, 215, 279280, 319, 324on nuclear weapons, elimination of, xii,

305Reagan and, 109, 115, 127, 143, 160,

164, 178179, 181, 206, 289, 310,323, 338, 344, 356, 365

Reykjavik summit (October 1986) and,xxi, 291292, 295, 305, 310

visits to Moscow (April/September1987), 337338, 343, 348, 353, 354

Weinberger and, 179on zero-zero, 117

Shultz, Helena OBrien (Obie), 390Sinai Peninsula, 37Single Integrated Operational Plan

(SIOP), 142SLBMs (seeSea-launched ballistic missiles

[SLBMs])Smith, Roger, 12Socialism, 235, 299, 369Solidarity labor union movement, 76, 77,

82, 85, 86South Korea, nuclear weapons in, 295Soviet Ballistic Missile Defense (Central

Intelligence Agency), 217Soviet Military Power(1983 edition), 121Soviet Union

Able Archer exercise and, 141143

Afghanistan and, 37, 160, 206, 226Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system of,

212, 217, 218, 219, 272273, 325

index 447



39/42

Soviet Union (contd)Chernobyl explosion and, 277280, 290,

310, 372, 390391collapse of, 83, 339, 392Cuba and, 3436disarmament proposals, 220, 266271,

273, 276, 292, 298, 301, 335337economy of, 6263, 83, 94, 102, 133,163, 176, 182, 196, 204, 223, 224,279280, 290, 339342, 344, 374

espionage by, 6665, 134, 284, 339340expansion of, 101102, 206, 212expansion in Latin America, 3437, 133,

205, 226, 250glasnost and perestroika, 262, 338, 346,

359360, 374, 385387grain agreements, 54, 168, 215, 256257,

299300, 341human rights and, 205, 225, 247248,

250263, 268, 291, 297, 313, 323,357359, 361362, 374375, 378,384

Jews in, 205, 225, 256, 258259, 362Korean Airlines incident (September 1,

1983), 140, 141Krasnoyarsk radar station and, 274, 276,

289, 294, 303, 309310military buildup of, 33, 3738, 77, 94,

101, 106, 117, 131, 133135, 146,

188, 205, 244, 344missile defense, 115, 182, 183, 194,

210212, 217220, 242, 268,272273, 293, 297, 300304, 325,412n10

Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction(MBFR) talks and, 147148

new thinking in, 196, 199, 272noncompliance with arms control

agreements, 275277, 289, 294, 295nuclear attack warning (September 25,

1983), 140, 141nuclear strength of, 18, 38, 41, 180, 182,

205, 279, 289290, 310nuclear weapons and (seeNuclear

weapons)Pentecostals, 168, 250252, 256257Poland and, 76, 77, 8289religion in, 77, 223, 362, 378SDI, opposition to, 136, 191, 193196,

210, 213215, 217, 224, 237, 238,240243, 245, 263264, 266268,

270, 273274, 281, 288, 289, 292,295, 297298, 300303, 305314,326, 336, 354

statements on eliminating nuclearweapons, 163, 170171, 178, 180,186, 196, 199

suspension of talks in Geneva by,144145, 147, 153

technology, theft of (seeKGB; Farewell

Dossier)trans-Siberian oil pipeline and, 6265(see alsoAndropov, Yuri; Brezhnev,

Leonid; Chernenko, Konstantin;Gorbachev, Mikhail; Gromyko,

Andrei)Speakes, Larry, 9394Speeches of Ronald Reagan

addresses to Congress, 3132, 5556, 58address to nation (February 5, 1981),

3031address to nation (December 23, 1981),

87, 8889address to nation (October 12, 1985),

219220address to nation (November 14, 1985),

228address to nation (October 13, 1986),

313address to nation (December 2, 1986),

321322address to nation (March 4, 1987),

330332

address to nation (August 12, 1987),347348

Berlin Wall speech (June 12, 1987),345347

to British Parliament on human rights(June 8, 1982), 253

commencement address at EurekaCollege (May 9, 1982), 106107

commencement address at Notre Dame(March 9, 1988), 75, 9596

commencement address at William

Woods College (June 2, 1952),248249

to Economic Club of Detroit (October1, 1984), 171172

at Eureka College (September 28,1967), 100

at Eureka College (May 19, 1982),252253

farewell address (January 11, 1989),395

First Inaugural Address (January 20,

1981), 2829to Future Farmers of America (1986),

99100

448 index



40/42

on Helsinki agreement on humanrights, Finland (May 27, 1988), 375

on human rights and the Soviet Union,Chicago (May 4, 1988), 373375

to human rights supporters (December3, 1987), 358359

at Moscow State University (May 31,1988), 380387to National Association of Evangelicals

(March 8, 1983) (Evil Empirespeech), 121124

to National Press Club (November 18,1981), 7071

New Years message (January 1, 1988),367368

radio broadcasts, 5, 7, 4041, 155156,249251, 353354

at Republican National Convention(1976), 100101

at Republican National Convention(1984), 161

Second Inaugural Address (January 21,1985), 198

Star Wars speech (March 23, 1983),125, 127130

State of the Union address (January 25,1984), 150151, 155

State of the Union address (February 6,1985), 198199

State of the Union address (January 25,1988), 369370, 371

at United Nations (June 17, 1982),107108

at United Nations (September 24,1984), 162

at United Nations (September 21,1987), 352353

on U.S.-Soviet relations (January 16,1984), 149150

on Voice of America (November 9,

1985), 221222on Voice of America (January 1, 1987),

323324on Voice of America and Worldnet

television (November 4, 1987),357358

SS-4 missile, 65, 71, 357SS-5 missile, 65, 71SS-12 missile, 357SS-20 missile, 37, 6566, 6869, 71, 119,

125, 271, 357, 363, 372

SS-23 missile, 357SS-24 missile, 301SS-25 missile, 301

SS-X-24 missile, 187Stagflation, 28Stalin, Joseph, 156START (seeStrategic Arms Reduction Talks

[START])Star Wars (seeStrategic Defense Initiative

[SDI])Star Wars speech (March 23, 1983), 125,127130

State, U.S. Department of, 2, 4445, 50, 52,55, 74, 113, 127, 218, 219, 282

State of the Union addressJanuary 25, 1984, 150151, 155February 6, 1985, 198199

January 25, 1988, 369370, 371Stealth (ATBadvanced technology)

bomber, 39, 221, 397Stockman, David, 31, 33, 37Stoessel, Walter, 50Strategic Arms Limitation

Talks/Agreements (SALT I and II),103, 159, 165, 182, 226, 274277,294

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START),78, 91, 102106, 159, 187, 338, 348,365

START Treaty, 372, 392Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 120,

174175, 192, 197, 200, 215, 266,

282, 283, 335336, 349, 353, 354, 367elimination of nuclear weapons, 144,

175, 183185, 188, 196198,216217, 222, 280281, 283, 309,313, 327

international control of, 187188, 197,216217, 222, 270272, 288289,293298, 302, 326330, 349, 367

issue at Geneva summit, 187189, 237,238, 240243, 245, 263264

issue at Reykjavik summit, 288, 289, 292,

293, 295, 297298, 300303,305314

NSC and NSPG meetings on, 144,216217, 270271, 280, 281,324330

Soviet efforts, 182, 268Soviet opposition to, 136, 193194, 196,

210214, 218, 224, 237245,266268, 270, 273274, 281282,288, 293298, 300314, 326, 354

Thatcher and, 193195

Strategic nuclear delivery vehicles(SNDVs), 182

Strauss, Robert, 12

index 449



41/42

Summit meetings (see alsoGeneva summit;Moscow summit; Reykjavik summit;

Washington summit), 34, 33, 209,225

Sunday Timesof London, 161162Sun Tzu, 229

Sword and the Shield, The(Andrew andMitrokhin), 135136

Talbott, Strobe, 11, 153Tarasenko, Serge, 246TASS (Soviet news agency), 122, 170, 171,

375Tax policy, 28, 30, 32, 57Teller, Edward, 114Tennyson, Alfred, 177Thatcher, Margaret, xi, 1, 192, 367

Gorbachev and, 191, 193194, 207Reagan and, 193196on SDI, 194195

Threshold Test Ban Treaty, 338Timemagazine, 56, 205, 312Tocqueville, Alexis de, 352Tower, John, 202Tower board, 330331, 333, 335Transportation, U.S. Department of, 5Trans-Siberian oil pipeline, 6265Treasury, U.S. Department of, 5, 29, 31, 85,

206

Trewhitt, Henry, 173174Trident II missile, 38Tringali, John, 369Truman, Harry S., 96Turn, The(Oberdorfer), 142

Unemployment, 28, 31United Nations, Reagans speeches to

June 17, 1982, 107108September 24, 1984, 162September 21, 1987, 352353

United States Information Agency, 357Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

211, 254, 374USA Today, 197198USSR (seeSoviet Union)

Vasyanin, Mikhail, 387Vatican, 77, 8283

papal delegation on nuclear war, 7678,91

U.S. Envoy to, 7374, 8081

Vessey, John, 115116, 148Vetrov, Vladimir I., 6364Vietnam War, 23, 24Voice of America, 221222, 323324,

357358Volcker, Paul, ix, 29

Walesa, Lech, 86Wall Street Journal, xii

Warner Brothers, 85, 97, 98Warsaw Pact, 38Washington Post, 11, 28, 312, 318, 376

Washington summit (December 1987),244, 278, 343, 365, 368, 376, 386,388

Watergate scandal, 23Weidenbaum, Murray, 31Weinberger, Caspar (Cap), 116, 120, 121,

145, 202, 218, 222, 323defense readiness and, 33, 39, 46,

206NSC and NSPG meetings and, 6567,

69, 70, 116, 144, 146, 148, 159,188, 216, 275, 281, 319, 324, 327,330

on nuclear testing, 281Reagan and, 206207, 216, 323on SDI, 327, 330Shultz and, 179, 323

zero-zero initiative and, 6567, 69, 70Weiss, Gus, 64, 65Weiss, Seymour, 50West Berlin, 345346, 358, 360West Germany (Federal Republic of

Germany), 66White House Daily Diary, 8Wickman, John, 215William Woods College, Missouri,

248249Wilson, William A., 7374, 77, 114

Wirthlin, Richard, 10, 32, 222Worldnet television, 357World War II, 9697

Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 361, 389Yazov, Dimitri T., 389

Zero-zero initiative, 6571, 117119,124126, 137, 150, 189, 263,294295, 297, 310, 336, 337, 352,353, 357

450 index



42/42

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