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Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Jochen [email protected]
Universität LeipzigInstitut für Linguistik
Phonologie/Morphologie – SS 2007
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Readjustment-Regeln
I machen die Drecksarbeit
I DM braucht sie,
I aber keiner will wissen, was sie machen und wie
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Overview
Englische Verben (Halle & Marantz, 1993)
Deutscher Umlaut (Embick & Halle ,2005))
Anmerkungen
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Finite Verbformen im Englischen (regulär)
sg pl12
play-Ø
3 play-s play-s
sg pl12 play-ed3 play-s play-s
Präsens play-ingPartizipPräteritum play-ed
Infinitiv play-Ø
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Vocabulary Items für Englische Verben (regulär)
/-d/ ↔ [+prät]
/-ing/ ↔ [+part]
/-z/ ↔ [+3,–pl]
Ø ↔ [ ]
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Ableitung für Präteritum 3sg: (she) play-ed
play [+3-pl+prät-part]
/-d/ ↔ [+prät] -d
/-ing/ ↔ [+part] —
/-z/ ↔ [+3,–pl] —
Ø ↔ [ ] —
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Ableitung für Präsens 3sg: (she) play-z
play [+3-pl-prät-part]
/-d/ ↔ [+prät] �
/-ing/ ↔ [+part] �
/-z/ ↔ [+3,–pl] -z
Ø ↔ [ ] —
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Ableitung für Präsens 1sg: (I) play-Ø
play [+3-pl-prät-part]
/-d/ ↔ [+prät] �
/-ing/ ↔ [+part] �
/-z/ ↔ [+3,–pl] �
Ø ↔ [ ] -Ø
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Finite Verbformen im Englischen (irregulär I)
sg pl12
dwell-Ø
3 play-s dwell-s
sg pl12 dwell-t3 play-s play-s
Präsens dwell-ingPartizipPräteritum dwell-t
Infinitiv dwell-Ø
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Finite Verbformen im Englischen (irregulär II)
sg pl12
beat-Ø
3 play-s beat-s
sg pl12 beat-Ø3 play-s play-s
Präsens beat-ingPartizipPräteritum beat-en
Infinitiv beat-Ø
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Vocabulary Items für Englische Verben (“irregulär”)
/-n/ ↔ [+part,+prät] / X +/ (X = ~hew, ~prove, go, beat, . . .)
Ø ↔ [+prät] / Y +/ (Y = beat, drive, bind, sing, . . .)
/-t/ ↔ [+prät] / Z +/ (Z = dwell, buy, send, . . .)
“~” = Verben, die optional /-d/ oder /-n/ nehmen.
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Ableitung für Präteritum 3sg: (she) dwel-t
dwell [+3-pl+prät-part]
/-t/ ↔ [+prät]/ Z + -d/ (Z = dwell, buy, send, . . .)
/-d/ ↔ [+prät] —
/-ing/ ↔ [+part] —
/-z/ ↔ [+3,–pl] —
Ø ↔ [ ] —
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Grundmodell
Syntaktische Objekte werden
durch phonologische Objekte ersetzt
Lexical Item Lexical Item Lexical Item . . .
m m m . . .
Vocabulary Item Vocabulary Item Vocabulary Item . . .
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Vokalwechsel bei englischen Verben (I)
a. (i) beat beat beat-endrive drove driv-enbreak broke brok-enfall fell fall-en
(ii) put put putsing sang sungbind bound boundcome came come
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Vokalwechsel bei englischen Verben (II)
b. dwell dwel-t dwel-tleave lef-t lef-tsend sen-t sen-tbuy bough-t bough-t
c. (i) prove prove-d prov-endo di-d do-ne
(ii) yell yell-ed yell-edtell tol-d tol-d
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Problem mit dem Grundmodell
Vokalwechsel bestehen nicht aus Objekten
sondern aus prozeduralen Veränderungen
(z.B. sing→ sang)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Lösung
Readjustment-Regeln manipulieren die phonologische Form
von VIs in bestimmten morphosyntaktischen Kontexten
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Readjustment Regel für sell ~ sold, tell ~ told
V → [+hinten+rund] / W U [+prät]
(WVU = sell, tell)
/sel/ /d/:[+prät]
W = /s/, V = /e/, U = l
/sol/ /d/:[+prät]
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Readjustment-Regel für shall ~ should, will ~ would
Reim → /u/ / X [+prät]
(X-Reim = shall, will, can, stand)
/wIl/ /d/:[+prät]
X = /w/, Reim = /Il/
/wu/ /d/:[+prät]
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Noch mehr Readjustment-Regeln
a. Reim → /i/ / Y [+prät,–part]
Reim → /2/ / Y [+prät,+part], [–prät,+3,-pl]/(Y-Reim = do)
b. Reim → /e/ / Z [+prät], [–prät,+3,–pl]/(Z-Reim = say)
c. C → Ø / Q [+prät], <[–prät,+3,–pl]>/ (QC = make, <have>)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Readjustment-Regeln sind Zwitterwesen
I sie werden wie morphologische Regeln ausgelöst
I sie manipulieren Struktur wie phonologische Regeln
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Evidenz für 2 verschiedene Regeltypen
Affigierung und Wurzelveränderung sind unabhängig:
Ø -t -tdwell dwel-t dwel-tleave lef-t lef-t
Ø -d -nprove prove-d prov-endo di-d do-ne
Ø -d -dyell yell-ed yell-edtell tol-d tol-d
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Umlaut with diminuitives
Wald ‘forrest’ Wäld-chen ‘small forrest’
Schloss ‘palace’ Schlöss-chen ‘small palace’
Turm ‘tower’ Türm-chen ‘small tower’
Maus ‘mouse’ Mäus-chen ‘small mouse’
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Umlaut with diminuitives
/a/ Ô /E/
/u/ Ô /y/
/o/ Ô /ø/
/au/ Ô /oy/
[+back] Ô [-back]
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Readjustment-Regel für Umlaut
V→ [–hinten]
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Warum Umlaut Readjustment ist (I)
“We take it that Umlauting is accomplished via a ReadjustmentRule. The important point for our purposes concerns theenvironments in which this Readjustment Rule is triggered.
The rule makes reference both to morphosyntactic featuresand to the identity of particular Roots.
Moreover, the morphosyntactic environments in which Umlautapplies are not a natural class; rather, they must be listed”
(Embick & Halle, 2005:8)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Umlaut: Morphosyntactic Environments
a. Verb forms: fahr-en ‘drive’ Inf, fähr-t 3s Pres.
b. Noun Plurals: Huhn ‘hen’, Hühn-er ‘hens’
c. Diminutives: Vater ‘father’; Väter-chen ‘father-DIM’
d. Adjective Formation: Europa ‘Europe’, europä-isch ‘European’
e. Comparatives: lang ‘long’, läng-er ‘longer’
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Warum Umlaut Readjustment ist (II)
“In addition, it is also the case that a Rootthat undergoes Umlaut in one of these environmentsmay or may not be subject to this processin another environment.
This fact must evidently be listed;”
(Embick & Halle, 2005:8)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Inkonsistente Umlautung einzelner Lexeme
back(-en), Bäck-er; fahr(-en),
Fahr-er; fahr-en, fähr-t
Maus, Mäus-e, maus-en;
Luft, lüft-en
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Warum Umlaut Readjustment ist (II)
“a Readjustment Rule like Umlaut may be triggeredin a number of distinct syntactico-semantic environments,while at the same time being a single rule of the grammar.
In this way Readjustment Rules can potentially showdistributions that are much broader than thosefound with exponents inserted by Vocabulary Insertion. ”
(Embick & Halle, 2005:9)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Charakteristische Eigenschaften von Readjustment
I werden von bestimmten Wurzeln ausgelöst
I definieren durch ihre Verteilung keine natürlichen Klassen
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
The Piece Assumption
“some further questions remain about the relationshipbetween Vocabulary Insertion and Readjustment Rules,since both of these rule types are required in the grammar.
Given that word formation is grounded in syntactic structure,a guiding hypothesis concerning these two rule types isthat the default assumption should bethat morphological alternations involve pieces:”
(Embick & Halle, 2005:29)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
The Piece Assumption
“All other things being equal, a piece-based analysis
is preferred to a Readjustment Rule analysis
when the morpho-syntactic decomposition justifies
a piece-based treatment.”
(Embick & Halle, 2005:29)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Braucht DM unbedingt Readjustment?
Suppletions-Analyse von sing/sang/sung
/sung/ ↔√
SING / [+prät +part]
/sang/ ↔√
SING / [+prät]
/sing/ ↔√
SING
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Embick & Halle gegen Suppletion
“Suppletion is very rare in natural language, and constitutes asort of ‘worst case scenario’
– a maximally opaque phonological relationship between twosyntactico-semantic objects that are taken to have a commonderivational source.
As such, it is clearly undesirable to generalize suppletion tocover all morphological alternations that involve some changein the phonology of a Root.”
(Embick & Halle, 2005:18)
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Ist Readjustment anders als Vocabulary Insertion?
I Auch Affixe zeigen schwer generalisierbare Synkretismen(Baerman et al. 2005)
I Auch Affix-Allomorphie wird von einzelnen Stämmenausgelöst
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Affix-Allomorphie & einzelne Stämme
Albanische 1pl-Aorist-Formen
regulär irregulärpuno-va “ich arbeitete” pa-sh@ “ich sah”pi-va “ich trank” la-sh@ “ich liess”la-va “ich wusch” dha-sh@ “ich gab”
Nur 3 Verben in der Sprache nehmen -sh@
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology
Intro Halle & Marantz (1993) Embick & Halle (2005) Anmerkungen
Übergeneralisierungen
Nuss Nüsse
Schuss Schüsse
Kuss Küsse
Fluss Flüsse
Buss Büsse
Jochen Trommer [email protected] Readjustment in Distributed Morphology