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Reading Skills for Success
A Guide to Academic TextsThomas A. Upton
The University of Michigan Press
Sentence TypesMaking your writing your comprehensible
Simple Sentencessubject + verb + something.Dogs eat dog food.She came to class late.
(subject + subject) + verb + something.Dogs and cats eat meat.John and Mary came to class late.
(subject) + (verb + verb) + something.Dogs eat and sleep a lot.John took and passed the test.
subject + verb + something.
Dogs eat dog food.She came to class late.
(subject + subject) + verb + something.
Dogs and cats eat meat.John and Mary came to class late.
(subject) + (verb + verb) + something.
Dogs eat and sleep a lot.John took and passed the test.
(subject + subject) + (verb + verb) + something.
Dogs and cats eat and sleep a lot.John and Mary took and passed the test.
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
(simple sentence) + + (simple sentence)
Mary came to class late, but Robert came early.
andbutfornororsoyet
in facthowever
Coordinatingconjunctions
Complex Sentences
(independent clause) + + (dependent clause)
whenwhilebeforeaftersince
becauseetc.
Subordinatingconjunctions
She carries an umbrella when it rains.
Most common subordinating conjunctionsafter how tillalthough ifunlessasinasmuchuntilas ifin order that
whenas long as lest wheneveras much asnow thatwhereas soon asprovided (that)whereveras though
sincewhilebecauseso thatbeforethaneven if thateven thoughthough
Common subordinating conjunctions
Dependent clause + independent clause
She carries an umbrella when it rains.She is carrying an umbrella because it is raining.
A dependent clause REQUIRES an independent clause
When it rains, she carries an umbrella.Because it is raining, she is carrying an umbrella.
Independent clause + Dependent clause
Success means different things to different people.
What kind of sentence?
Success means different things to different people.
[Success means different things to different people.]
What kind of sentence?
Success means different things to different people.
[Success means different things to different people.]
Simple √CompoundComplex
What kind of sentence?
There is no single accurate definition because individuals, families, and cultures have their own ideas about success.
What kind of sentence?
There is no single accurate definition because individuals, families, and cultures have their own ideas about success.
[There is no single accurate definition (because individuals, families, and cultures have their own ideas about success).]
What kind of sentence?
There is no single accurate definition because individuals, families, and cultures have their own ideas about success.
[There is no single accurate definition (because individuals, families, and cultures have their own ideas about success).]
Simple CompoundComplex √
What kind of sentence?
Some may value success with relationships, academics, careers, or money.
What kind of sentence?
Some may value success with relationships, academics, careers, or money.
Some may value success with relationships, academics, careers, or money.
What kind of sentence?
Some may value success with relationships, academics, careers, or money.
Some may value success with relationships, academics, careers, or money.
Simple √CompoundComplex
What kind of sentence?
Others may feel successful when they serve other people, or when they achieve wisdom or understanding.
What kind of sentence?
Others may feel successful when they serve other people, or when they achieve wisdom or understanding.
[Others may feel successful (when they serve other people,) or (when they achieve wisdom or understanding).]
What kind of sentence?
Others may feel successful when they serve other people, or when they achieve wisdom or understanding.
[Others may feel successful (when they serve other people,) or (when they achieve wisdom or understanding).]
Simple CompoundComplex √
What kind of sentence?
While some may think of success as being defined by awards, prizes, and advancements, others see it defined by the individual.
What kind of sentence?
While some may think of success as being defined by awards, prizes, and advancements, others see it defined by the individual.
[(While some may think of success as being defined by awards, prizes, and advancements,) others see it defined by the individual.]
What kind of sentence?
While some may think of success as being defined by awards, prizes, and advancements, others see it defined by the individual.
[(While some may think of success as being defined by awards, prizes, and advancements,) others see it defined by the individual.]
Simple CompoundComplex √
What kind of sentence?
I must admit that I personally measure success in terms of the contributions an individual makes to her or his fellow human beings.
What kind of sentence?
I must admit that I personally measure success in terms of the contributions an individual makes to her or his fellow human beings.
[I must admit (that I personally measure success in terms of the contributions an individual makes to her or his fellow human beings).]
What kind of sentence?
I must admit that I personally measure success in terms of the contributions an individual makes to her or his fellow human beings.
[I must admit (that I personally measure success in terms of the contributions an individual makes to her or his fellow human beings).]
Simple CompoundComplex √
What kind of sentence?
I do not care for socially recognizable success.
What kind of sentence?
I do not care for socially recognizable success.
[I do not care for socially recognizable success.]
What kind of sentence?
I do not care for socially recognizable success.
[I do not care for socially recognizable success.]
Simple √CompoundComplex
What kind of sentence?
The meeting was a success; we agreed upon everything.
What kind of sentence?
The meeting was a success; we agreed upon everything.
[ The meeting was a success;] [we agreed upon everything.]
What kind of sentence?
The meeting was a success; we agreed upon everything.
[ The meeting was a success;] [we agreed upon everything.]
Simple Compound √Complex
What kind of sentence?
Group Work
Simple sentence
Compound sentence
Complex
Write three different kinds of sentences on the same topic:
Write your group’s three sentences on the board.
S + V + something
S + V + something, and S + V + something
S + V + something { } S + V + somethingwhilebeforeafter
when
thatbecause
1.
2.
3.
Logical Connectorsand the relationships they express
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
subsequentlymeanwhileeventuallyat presentnowfirstat firstfirst of alloriginallyto start withthennextafter thatlaterfinallylastlyin the endat lastso far
by the timeasat the timeoncewhenwhileafterbeforeduringuntilas son asas / so long aswhenevernot thatevery time (that)up to the time (that)
in case ofregardless
Time
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
otherwise either … or even ifprovidedprovided thatwhetherwhether or notifif … thenunlessin case
in case ofregardless of
Condition
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
moreoveras a matter of factas wellalsoin additiontoofurthermorebesideswhat is morein factcertainlyactuallyabove allindeed
not only … but alsoand neithernorboth … andand
in additionbesidesnot to mention
besidesin addition
Addition
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
in particularas an example (e.g.,)for examplefor instanceto illustrate
—:
such aslike
Example
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
in other wordsthat is (i.e.,)
—:
Clarification
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
similarlyin the same waylikewise
As … as likeComparison
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
on the other handeven soneverthelessin spite of stillalternativelynonethelesshoweveron the other handin contraston the contraryadmittedly
eitherbutyet
whereaswhiledespite the fact thatregardless ofalthoughthougheven thoughin spite of the fact that-er /more/less than
in contrast tounlikeinstead ofdifferent from
Contrast
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
with this in mindfor this purpose
for asin thatinasmuch asas long asbecausesincenow thatin view of the fact thatdue to the fact thatso thatin order thatin order to
in view ofas a result ofbecause ofon account ofdue tofor
Cause
Reason
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
accordinglyconsequentlyas a resultthereforethushence
sooror else
Effect
Sentence conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
to start within the second placefirstfirst of allin the first placeto begin withnextthensecondlyfinallyto concludelastlyin conclusioneventuallysoonso far
and afterwhenbeforeS
equence
Sentence conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Prepositions
all in allin summaryto summarizeoverallbrieflyin shortas has been mentionedas has been said
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
Fast food such as hamburgers does not appeal to me.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
Fast food such as hamburgers does not appeal to me.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
As much as I like you, I like Mary even more.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
As much as I like you, I like Mary even more.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
By the time she was 18 years old, she had formed her own technology company.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
By the time she was 18 years old, she had formed her own technology company.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I have faith in Mary. In other words, I think she can do the job well.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I have faith in Mary. In other words, I think she can do the job well.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
While students on campus can walk to class, others have to take a bus or drive.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
While students on campus can walk to class, others have to take a bus or drive.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I was not a good student in high school in that I never studied very much.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I was not a good student in high school in that I never studied very much.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I hope it doesn’t rain; otherwise, we won’t be able to have the picnic.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I hope it doesn’t rain; otherwise, we won’t be able to have the picnic.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
Besides textbooks, we also have to buy pens, pencils, and other supplies.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
Besides textbooks, we also have to buy pens, pencils, and other supplies.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I followed by teacher’s advice to study harder; consequently, my grades improved a lot.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
I followed by teacher’s advice to study harder; consequently, my grades improved a lot.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
He didn’t accomplish everything he had hoped, but overall he was a pretty good leader.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
He didn’t accomplish everything he had hoped, but overall he was a pretty good leader.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
She drove until she was very tired. When she got home, she lay on the sofa and slept like a log.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary
1. Identify the connector. 2. Determine the relationship indicated by the connector.
Time
She drove until she was very tired. When she got home, she lay on the sofa and slept like a log.
Condition
Addition
Example
Clarification
Comparison
Contrast
Cause / Reason
Effect
Sequence
Summary