Reading Review for Reading Review for the AHSGEthe AHSGE

From, From, Passing the Alabama Graduation Passing the Alabama Graduation Examination in ReadingExamination in Reading, American Book , American Book

CompanyCompany

Finding the Main IdeaFinding the Main Idea

Main ideaMain idea is the central is the central point or controlling idea of a point or controlling idea of a passagepassage

Main ideas may only be Main ideas may only be impliedimplied

Tips for Finding a Stated Tips for Finding a Stated Main IdeaMain Idea

Read the TitleRead the Title. The main topic for the paragraph or . The main topic for the paragraph or passage is often mentioned in the titlepassage is often mentioned in the title

Read the entire paragraph or passageRead the entire paragraph or passage. You’ll . You’ll get an overview of who or what the selection is aboutget an overview of who or what the selection is about

Read the first and last sentence of each Read the first and last sentence of each paragraphparagraph. Most of the key words and ideas will be . Most of the key words and ideas will be stated in these placesstated in these places

Choose the answer that is the best statement Choose the answer that is the best statement or restatement of the paragraph or passageor restatement of the paragraph or passage. . Your choice should contain the key words mentioned Your choice should contain the key words mentioned in the title, the first sentences, or the last sentences in the title, the first sentences, or the last sentences in each paragraph of the passage in each paragraph of the passage

Tips for Determining an Tips for Determining an Implied Main IdeaImplied Main Idea

Read the titleRead the title. The title will help you identify . The title will help you identify the topic of the selectionthe topic of the selection

Read the entire paragraph or passageRead the entire paragraph or passage. . You’ll get a general understanding of the You’ll get a general understanding of the selectionselection

Reread the facts and details in each Reread the facts and details in each paragraphparagraph. Think of overall ideas that they . Think of overall ideas that they share in commonshare in common

Choose the answer that summarizes all of Choose the answer that summarizes all of the facts and ideas in the passagethe facts and ideas in the passage. Confirm . Confirm your choice by going back to the passage to your choice by going back to the passage to check your evidence one more timecheck your evidence one more time

Reading for Details, Reading for Details, Patterns of Ideas, and Patterns of Ideas, and

Word MeaningWord Meaning Locating details is an essential Locating details is an essential

skill for reading comprehensionskill for reading comprehension You will need to be able to You will need to be able to

recognize sequence of events in recognize sequence of events in a story as well as understand a story as well as understand cause-effect relationships in a cause-effect relationships in a passagepassage

Tips for Locating DetailsTips for Locating Details

Read the passage carefullyRead the passage carefully Scan the passage to answer the Scan the passage to answer the

questions with the 5 W’s or H (who, questions with the 5 W’s or H (who, what, when, where, why, and how)what, when, where, why, and how)

Match key works in your choice of Match key works in your choice of answers with those in the passageanswers with those in the passage

Always confirm your answer by going Always confirm your answer by going back to the passageback to the passage

Tips for Answering Questions Tips for Answering Questions about Sequence of Events or about Sequence of Events or

DirectionsDirections Skim the passageSkim the passage. Look for key words that . Look for key words that

indicate a sequence of events or directionsindicate a sequence of events or directions Read the passageRead the passage Read the question and scan the Read the question and scan the

sequences to find the answersequences to find the answer Try to match key words from the Try to match key words from the

question with the events or directions question with the events or directions in the passagein the passage

Check your answer against the Check your answer against the evidence in the selectionevidence in the selection

Tips for Answering Cause-Tips for Answering Cause-Effect QuestionsEffect Questions

Read the passageRead the passage Look for key words that signal Look for key words that signal

hat the passage is about causes hat the passage is about causes or effectsor effects

Note any key words in the Note any key words in the questions that suggest a cause questions that suggest a cause or effect would be an answeror effect would be an answer

Scan for the answer, and use the Scan for the answer, and use the text to confirm your responsetext to confirm your response

Inferences, Conclusions, Inferences, Conclusions, Generalizations, Predictions, and Generalizations, Predictions, and

SummarySummary Drawing an Drawing an inferenceinference is making an educated is making an educated

guess based on facts and details in a passageguess based on facts and details in a passage A A generalizationgeneralization is a specific type of is a specific type of

inference in which you apply knowledge in a inference in which you apply knowledge in a passage to new situations that are relatedpassage to new situations that are related

Drawing a Drawing a conclusionconclusion is an inference skill is an inference skill where you form a judgment or opinion based where you form a judgment or opinion based on the details in a passageon the details in a passage

PredictionsPredictions involve thoughts or actions that involve thoughts or actions that could continue beyond the passage (known as could continue beyond the passage (known as applying idea)applying idea)

The The meaningmeaning of a passage is a sentence that of a passage is a sentence that contains the message in a passagecontains the message in a passage

Tips on Answering Questions Tips on Answering Questions about conclusions and about conclusions and

PredictionsPredictions Read the passage twiceRead the passage twice Read the question and all the Read the question and all the

answer choicesanswer choices Choose your answer based Choose your answer based

on the stated facts or clues on the stated facts or clues in the passagein the passage

Tips for Finding the Tips for Finding the MeaningMeaning

Read the passage carefullyRead the passage carefully Reread the passage for Reread the passage for

detailsdetails Choose the statement that Choose the statement that

best expresses the meaning best expresses the meaning of the passageof the passage

Fact and OpinionFact and Opinion

A A factfact is a true statement that can is a true statement that can be proven by observation, statistics, be proven by observation, statistics, or researchor research

An An opinionopinion is a judgment or is a judgment or viewpoint about a person, place, viewpoint about a person, place, event, or idea event, or idea

Tips for Identifying Facts Tips for Identifying Facts and Opinionsand Opinions

Facts state information based on Facts state information based on observation, statistics, or researchobservation, statistics, or research

Opinions express a personal viewpoint or Opinions express a personal viewpoint or belief about a person, place, event, or ideabelief about a person, place, event, or idea

Opinions contain adjectives like: best, Opinions contain adjectives like: best, worst, favorite, dishonest, etcworst, favorite, dishonest, etc

Opinions sometimes include phrases such Opinions sometimes include phrases such as: I feel, I think, my view, my opinion, etcas: I feel, I think, my view, my opinion, etc

Reading Graphic AidsReading Graphic Aids

Graphic aidsGraphic aids present complex present complex information in a simplified, visual information in a simplified, visual formatformat

A A scheduleschedule is information arranged is information arranged in a timetable with dates and timesin a timetable with dates and times

TablesTables are ways of presenting data are ways of presenting data and statistics in a concise wayand statistics in a concise way

Line graphs, bar graphs, and Line graphs, bar graphs, and symbol graphssymbol graphs can present a large can present a large quantity of data in a small spacequantity of data in a small space

Reading Graphic Aids Reading Graphic Aids cont.cont.

A A mapmap is a flat drawing of all or is a flat drawing of all or part of the earthpart of the earth

A A globeglobe is a model of the earth is a model of the earth shaped like a ball or sphere shaped like a ball or sphere (north, south, east, and west are (north, south, east, and west are cardinal directions)cardinal directions)

A A historical maphistorical map shows places shows places and events from the pastand events from the past

Reading Graphic Aids Reading Graphic Aids cont.cont.

A A gridgrid is a pattern of lines drawn to make is a pattern of lines drawn to make rows and columns on a map that divide the rows and columns on a map that divide the map into squares that are represented by map into squares that are represented by letters and numbers on the edge of the gridletters and numbers on the edge of the grid

Lines of latitudeLines of latitude are horizontal lines that are horizontal lines that run parallel around the earthrun parallel around the earth

Lines of longitudeLines of longitude are vertical lines that are vertical lines that run parallel around the earthrun parallel around the earth

The The equatorequator, 0, 0oo line of latitude, divides the line of latitude, divides the earth into Northern and Southern earth into Northern and Southern HemispheresHemispheres

The The prime meridianprime meridian, 0, 0oo line of longitude, line of longitude, divides the earth into Eastern and Western divides the earth into Eastern and Western HemispheresHemispheres

Reading Graphic Aids Reading Graphic Aids cont.cont.

Reading a Reading a road maproad map requires paying requires paying close attention to the keyclose attention to the key

The The keykey gives information about what gives information about what all the symbols meanall the symbols mean

An An economic mapeconomic map shows resources shows resources and products of a countryand products of a country

DiagramsDiagrams can be used to explain a can be used to explain a concept more clearly than an concept more clearly than an explanation written in paragraph formexplanation written in paragraph form

Using and Choosing Using and Choosing Reference SourcesReference Sources

ThesaurusThesaurus is a book containing lists of is a book containing lists of synonyms and antonyms in alphabetical synonyms and antonyms in alphabetical orderorder

Telephone DirectoryTelephone Directory is a book listing is a book listing names, addresses, and phone numbers of names, addresses, and phone numbers of persons, businesses, or organizations in persons, businesses, or organizations in alphabetical orderalphabetical order

An An encyclopediaencyclopedia is a reference cork is a reference cork containing articles on a variety of subjects containing articles on a variety of subjects such as people, places, historical events, such as people, places, historical events, science, and technology. Articles are science, and technology. Articles are arranged alphabetically in volumesarranged alphabetically in volumes

Using and Choosing Using and Choosing Reference SourcesReference Sources

Reader’s Guide to Periodical LiteratureReader’s Guide to Periodical Literature contains articles from popular magazines. contains articles from popular magazines. Indexed alphabetically by subject and Indexed alphabetically by subject and author and published in volumesauthor and published in volumes

The The Dewey Decimal SystemDewey Decimal System is used to is used to organize books in a library and makes them organize books in a library and makes them easy to findeasy to find

Card CatalogCard Catalog is an alphabetical listing f is an alphabetical listing f books in a library found on a computer books in a library found on a computer system or in a cabinet (author cards, title system or in a cabinet (author cards, title cards, and subject cards)cards, and subject cards)

A A newspaper indexnewspaper index is an alphabetical list is an alphabetical list of sections in a newspaperof sections in a newspaper

Tips for Questions about Tips for Questions about Reference SourcesReference Sources

Skim through the reference sourceSkim through the reference source Read the reference source two or Read the reference source two or

three timesthree times. Become familiar with the . Become familiar with the format and organization of the referenceformat and organization of the reference

Read the question carefullyRead the question carefully Scan the reference source to find Scan the reference source to find

your answeryour answer Confirm your answer by reviewing Confirm your answer by reviewing

the evidence in the sourcethe evidence in the source

Sections of a BookSections of a Book Title PageTitle Page displays the title of the book, the displays the title of the book, the

name(s) of the author(s), edition, copyright, name(s) of the author(s), edition, copyright, publishing company, and place of publicationpublishing company, and place of publication

PrefacePreface section provides an explanatory section provides an explanatory statement about the book, telling the book’s statement about the book, telling the book’s history, purpose, or planhistory, purpose, or plan

Table of ContentsTable of Contents lists all the parts of the lists all the parts of the book including the introduction, the chapter book including the introduction, the chapter titles, chapter subheadings, and page titles, chapter subheadings, and page numbers indicating where each chapter numbers indicating where each chapter begins, as well as the additional material begins, as well as the additional material pagespages

Sections of a Book cont.Sections of a Book cont. AppendixAppendix contains additional material that is not contains additional material that is not

essential to the text itself and is located at the essential to the text itself and is located at the end of the book (charts, documents, tables, end of the book (charts, documents, tables, illustrations, and/or photographs)illustrations, and/or photographs)

GlossaryGlossary is a dictionary of the specialized terms is a dictionary of the specialized terms at the end of a book (alphabetized) at the end of a book (alphabetized)

IndexIndex is at the end of the book and contains the is at the end of the book and contains the most important topics, headings, and most important topics, headings, and subheadings discussed in the textbook (gives subheadings discussed in the textbook (gives page numbers to find them)page numbers to find them)

BibliographyBibliography contains the references or citations contains the references or citations the author(s) used while writing their bookthe author(s) used while writing their book

Analysis of LiteratureAnalysis of Literature

Analyzing literatureAnalyzing literature improves your improves your understanding of what you are understanding of what you are readingreading

This will help you think critically This will help you think critically about reading selections taken from about reading selections taken from speeches, short stories, poems, speeches, short stories, poems, plays, articles, essays, ads, and plays, articles, essays, ads, and editorialseditorials

Argument and FallacyArgument and Fallacy An An argumentargument often presents opinions that often presents opinions that

have a positive or negative slanthave a positive or negative slant An An advertisementadvertisement tries to persuade you to tries to persuade you to

purchase a product such as a car or a purchase a product such as a car or a service such as trash collectionservice such as trash collection

An An editorialeditorial presents a viewpoint on a presents a viewpoint on a controversial issue such as violence on controversial issue such as violence on television or raising the speed limitstelevision or raising the speed limits

A A valid argumentvalid argument contains good logic, contains good logic, solid evidence, or clear reasons and solid evidence, or clear reasons and examples form the reading selectionexamples form the reading selection

A A fallacy or false argumentfallacy or false argument contains poor contains poor logic, weak evidence, or faulty reasons and logic, weak evidence, or faulty reasons and examples from the reading selectionexamples from the reading selection

Tips for Analyzing an Tips for Analyzing an ArgumentArgument

Identify the opinion or viewpoint Identify the opinion or viewpoint on the issueon the issue. It will generally . It will generally appear near the beginning of the appear near the beginning of the selection, but it may also appear at selection, but it may also appear at the end as a conclusionthe end as a conclusion

Read the supporting reasons for Read the supporting reasons for the opinionthe opinion

Decide whether the reasons or Decide whether the reasons or examples support the argumentexamples support the argument

Main Types of FallaciesMain Types of Fallacies Jumping to ConclusionsJumping to Conclusions is a claim with little is a claim with little

proof to support it (Ford is the best!)proof to support it (Ford is the best!) Ad HominemAd Hominem is attacking the person rather is attacking the person rather

than his or her ideas (Bill dresses like a nerd!)than his or her ideas (Bill dresses like a nerd!) Circular ArgumentCircular Argument is when part of an is when part of an

argument is used as evidence to support it argument is used as evidence to support it (Looks are more important than talent (Looks are more important than talent because looks mean everything)because looks mean everything)

TestimonialTestimonial is when famous persons endorse is when famous persons endorse a product, even though they aren’t experts a product, even though they aren’t experts (Bill Cosby loves Jell-O)(Bill Cosby loves Jell-O)

Either-Or FallacyEither-Or Fallacy is when there are only two is when there are only two sides to an issue (this or that)sides to an issue (this or that)

Types of PropagandaTypes of Propaganda TestimonialsTestimonials are a frequently used technique are a frequently used technique

in which famous persons endorse a product in which famous persons endorse a product even though they are not qualified as expertseven though they are not qualified as experts

TransferTransfer is a technique in which the public’s is a technique in which the public’s feelings on one thing are somehow connected feelings on one thing are somehow connected to another unrelated thingto another unrelated thing

In-CrowdIn-Crowd Appeal is a kind of flattery which Appeal is a kind of flattery which encourages viewers to identify with an encourages viewers to identify with an admired, envied groupadmired, envied group

BandwagonBandwagon is a technique in which the is a technique in which the reader is made to feel that a great movement reader is made to feel that a great movement is beginningis beginning

Author’s Purpose for Author’s Purpose for WritingWriting

To inform (present facts and data)To inform (present facts and data) To entertain (amuse or offer enjoyment)To entertain (amuse or offer enjoyment) To persuade (urge action on an issue)To persuade (urge action on an issue) To instruct (teach concepts and facts)To instruct (teach concepts and facts) To describe feelings (communicate To describe feelings (communicate

emotions through words)emotions through words) To create suspense (convey uncertainty)To create suspense (convey uncertainty) To motivate (incite)To motivate (incite) To cause doubt (be skeptical)To cause doubt (be skeptical)

Author’s Purpose for Author’s Purpose for Writing cont.Writing cont.

To describe an event (narrate through series To describe an event (narrate through series of events)of events)

To teach a lesson (furnish knowledge)To teach a lesson (furnish knowledge) To introduce a character (describe a person’s To introduce a character (describe a person’s

traits)traits) To create a mood (establish atmosphere)To create a mood (establish atmosphere) To relate an adventure (tell an exciting story)To relate an adventure (tell an exciting story) To share a personal experience (tell about an To share a personal experience (tell about an

event in your life)event in your life)

Structural DevicesStructural Devices

Structural DevicesStructural Devices refer to refer to elements that help you understand a elements that help you understand a story, poem, or playstory, poem, or play

These devices include plot, These devices include plot, character, setting, point of view, character, setting, point of view, mood, and theme or interpretationmood, and theme or interpretation

Setting and Its FeaturesSetting and Its Features

SettingSetting include the place and include the place and time in a storytime in a story

PlacePlace is the location where a is the location where a story takes placestory takes place

TimeTime is when the story occurs is when the story occurs

Plot and Its FeaturesPlot and Its Features

PlotPlot is a pattern of events in a story is a pattern of events in a story leading to a conclusionleading to a conclusion

ClimaxClimax is the turning point in a story is the turning point in a story Conflict is the struggle between different Conflict is the struggle between different

forces in a story (can be with nature, forces in a story (can be with nature, one’s self, with others, or with society)one’s self, with others, or with society)

ForeshadowingForeshadowing is clues or hints of is clues or hints of events to comeevents to come

SuspenseSuspense is anticipation about what is anticipation about what will happen in a storywill happen in a story

Character and Its Character and Its FeaturesFeatures

CharacterCharacter is an imaginary person is an imaginary person that appears in a literary workthat appears in a literary work

AntagonistAntagonist is an opponent or rival is an opponent or rival of the heroof the hero

DialogueDialogue is a conversation between is a conversation between two people in a storytwo people in a story

NarratorNarrator is the person telling a story is the person telling a story ProtagonistProtagonist is the hero or main is the hero or main

charactercharacter

Point of View and Its Point of View and Its FeaturesFeatures

Point of viewPoint of view is the perspective is the perspective form which a writer tells a storyform which a writer tells a story

First person point of viewFirst person point of view is when is when the narrator tells the story from the the narrator tells the story from the “I” point of view“I” point of view

Third person point of viewThird person point of view is when is when the writer tells the story describing the writer tells the story describing characters as “he,” “she,” or “they”characters as “he,” “she,” or “they”

Mood and ToneMood and Tone

MoodMood is the atmosphere of a is the atmosphere of a literary work. The writer creates a literary work. The writer creates a mood through details in the setting mood through details in the setting and plotand plot

ToneTone is a feeling or attitude is a feeling or attitude conveyed to the reader in a work conveyed to the reader in a work of literatureof literature

Theme or InterpretationTheme or Interpretation

Theme or interpretationTheme or interpretation is the is the message or meaning in a story, message or meaning in a story, poem, or play. The reader is then poem, or play. The reader is then able to gain insights into literature able to gain insights into literature and lifeand life

Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical Devices

Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical Devices are ways of are ways of expressing ideas that are unusualexpressing ideas that are unusual

Writers use rhetorical devices to Writers use rhetorical devices to achieve special effects in a passageachieve special effects in a passage

These effects are achieved by how These effects are achieved by how the authors arrange their wordsthe authors arrange their words

These devices can be found in These devices can be found in poetry, stories, essays, speeches, poetry, stories, essays, speeches, editorials, and advertisementseditorials, and advertisements

Specific Rhetorical Specific Rhetorical DevicesDevices

AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same is the repetition of the same consonants in lines of poetry or prose consonants in lines of poetry or prose (“Droning a drowsy syncopated tune,” – (“Droning a drowsy syncopated tune,” – Langston Hughes)Langston Hughes)

AnalogyAnalogy is a comparison between two is a comparison between two things or ideas (comparing life to a journey)things or ideas (comparing life to a journey)

EuphemismsEuphemisms are using mild words to are using mild words to describe something instead of using describe something instead of using offensive words (offensive words (passed awaypassed away for died) for died)

HyperboleHyperbole is an exaggeration to create an is an exaggeration to create an effect (“I would rather die that each effect (“I would rather die that each Brussels sprouts!”)Brussels sprouts!”)

Specific Rhetorical Devices Specific Rhetorical Devices cont.cont.

MetaphorMetaphor is a direct comparison between is a direct comparison between two unlike things without using the words two unlike things without using the words “like” or “as” (the sun was a ball of fire)“like” or “as” (the sun was a ball of fire)

OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia – words whose sound – words whose sound suggests their meaning (splash, buzz, hiss, suggests their meaning (splash, buzz, hiss, boom)boom)

PersonificationPersonification is giving human qualities to is giving human qualities to something not human (the wind whispered)something not human (the wind whispered)

RhymeRhyme occurs when the last words have the occurs when the last words have the same sounds same sounds

SimileSimile is a comparison between two things is a comparison between two things using “like” or “as” (free as a bird)using “like” or “as” (free as a bird)

Tips for Answering Questions Tips for Answering Questions about Structural and about Structural and Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical Devices

Read the literary selection at least Read the literary selection at least twicetwice

Try to summarize the selection in Try to summarize the selection in your own wordsyour own words

Decide which answer best describes Decide which answer best describes the structural or rhetorical device the structural or rhetorical device you are asked to findyou are asked to find

Choose your answer, and then Choose your answer, and then confirm it by going back to the confirm it by going back to the selectionselection

Types of LiteratureTypes of Literature

FictionFiction is a narrative writing drawn from is a narrative writing drawn from the imagination rather than from history the imagination rather than from history or fact (most frequently associated with or fact (most frequently associated with novels and short stories)novels and short stories)

NonfictionNonfiction is a factual writing which is is a factual writing which is meant to inform the reader (newspapers meant to inform the reader (newspapers or magazine articles)or magazine articles)

BiographyBiography is a written account of a is a written account of a person’s life; a life historyperson’s life; a life history

AutobiographyAutobiography is the story of a person’s is the story of a person’s life as written by that personlife as written by that person

Types of Literature cont.Types of Literature cont. FantasyFantasy is a written work that takes is a written work that takes

place in an exaggerated world with place in an exaggerated world with bizarre characters in itbizarre characters in it

Science FictionScience Fiction is a written work in is a written work in which scientific facts, assumptions, or which scientific facts, assumptions, or hypotheses form the basis of adventures hypotheses form the basis of adventures in the future, on other planets, or in in the future, on other planets, or in different dimensions of space and timedifferent dimensions of space and time

MysteryMystery is a term used to designate a is a term used to designate a work in which mystery or terror plays a work in which mystery or terror plays a controlling partcontrolling part

Types of Literature cont.Types of Literature cont. RomanceRomance is a written work describing is a written work describing

extravagant places, remote locations, extravagant places, remote locations, heroic events, and passionate loveheroic events, and passionate love

AllegoryAllegory is a device used to convey a is a device used to convey a deeper meaning based on the actions of deeper meaning based on the actions of the charactersthe characters

NovelNovel is any extended fictional is any extended fictional narrative almost always written in prosenarrative almost always written in prose

Short StoryShort Story is a story varying in length is a story varying in length from 500 to 15,000 words (generally, from 500 to 15,000 words (generally, these stories contain a plot and reveal these stories contain a plot and reveal the characters in the story through the characters in the story through actions and thoughts)actions and thoughts)

Types of Literature cont.Types of Literature cont. EpicEpic is a long narrative poem in elevated style is a long narrative poem in elevated style

presenting characters of high position in presenting characters of high position in adventures, always including a central heroic adventures, always including a central heroic figurefigure

FableFable is a brief tale told to point a moral is a brief tale told to point a moral (characters are frequently animals, but people and (characters are frequently animals, but people and inanimate objects can also be central)inanimate objects can also be central)

Tall TaleTall Tale is a humorous tale common on the North is a humorous tale common on the North American frontier (use realistic detail and a literal American frontier (use realistic detail and a literal manner to explain seemingly impossible deeds manner to explain seemingly impossible deeds and events)and events)

PoemPoem is concentrated work expressing strong is concentrated work expressing strong feelings (can be spoken and can contain significant feelings (can be spoken and can contain significant meaning, sense impressions, and figurative meaning, sense impressions, and figurative language)language)

Types of Literature cont.Types of Literature cont. Folk TaleFolk Tale is a simple story set in the past is a simple story set in the past

(contain animal, human, or superhuman (contain animal, human, or superhuman characters. Supernatural events are characters. Supernatural events are included which resolve conflicts)included which resolve conflicts)

MythMyth is a story with supernatural is a story with supernatural characters and events used to explain characters and events used to explain religious beliefs or rituals (can be written religious beliefs or rituals (can be written to explain certain natural phenomena)to explain certain natural phenomena)

LegendLegend is a story associated with some is a story associated with some period in the history of a people or nation period in the history of a people or nation (written to glorify human hero or an (written to glorify human hero or an object that has significance to a people)object that has significance to a people)