Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Reading assignments: biological control
• van Klinken, R. and Raghu, S. 2006. A scientific approach to agent selection. Australian Journal of Entomology 45: 253-258.
• Denslow, J., and D’Antonio, C. 2005. After bio-control: assessing indirect effects of insect releases. Biological Control 35:307-318.
• Kirby et al. 2000. Biological control of leafy spurge with introduced flea beetles (Apthona spp.). Journal of Range Management 53(3): 305-308.
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods• Least public opposition• Number of success stories• Difficulty locating enemy• Non-target effects
Most likely a problem when the invasive species has closely related plants in the invaded area
Monitor non-targets
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• Agricultural impact• Impact to natural areas• Toxicity• Beneficial characteristics• Relatedness to native species• Origin• Extent of invasion
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• Agricultural impact• Impact to natural areas• Toxicity• Beneficial characteristics• Relatedness to native species• Origin• Extent of invasion• McClay, A. S. 1989. Selection of suitable target weeds
for classical biological control in Alberta. AECV89-RI. Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada.
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• Agricultural impact• Impact to natural areas• Toxicity• Beneficial characteristics• Relatedness to native species• Origin• Extent of invasion• McClay, A. S. 1989. Selection of suitable target weeds for
classical biological control in Alberta. AECV89-RI. Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada.
• Peschken, D. P and A. S. McClay. 1995. Picking the target – a revision of McClay’s scoring system to determine the suitability of a weed for classical biological control, pp. 137-143. In Delfosse E. S. and R. R. Scott (eds.). Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Canterbury NZ.
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority.
• economic losses (light to very severe) 0-30 pts• Additional points:
• Size of the infested area • expected spread• Toxicity• Available means of control• Economic justification.
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority.
• economic losses• Biological elements
• Geographic origin: more points for non-US weeds
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority.
• economic losses• Biological elements
• Geographic origin: more points for non-N. Am. weeds• Habitat stability: more points for stable habitats
(rangelands VS croplands)
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority.
• economic losses• Biological elements
• Geographic origin: more points for non-N. Am. weeds• Habitat stability: more points for stable habitats
(rangelands VS croplands)• Points added for absence of close native relatives
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority.
• economic losses• Biological elements
• Geographic origin: more points for non-N. Am. weeds• Habitat stability: more points for stable habitats
(rangelands VS croplands)• Points added for absence of close native relatives
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds
• McClay (1989) and Peschken & McClay (1995) use a scoring system to rate weeds for biocontrol priority.
• economic losses• Biological elements • Other means: decision of scientists, survey of land
managers and weed biologists, political pressures, perceived need, mandate in legislation
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005. Project Number: 0211-22000-006-00
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising species
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agent.
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agent.
• presence and abundance related to climate
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agent.
• presence and abundance related to climate• phenology of control agents and hosts
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agent.
• presence and abundance related to climate• phenology of control agents and hosts• type and level of damage on targets
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agent.
• presence and abundance related to climate• phenology of control agents and hosts• type and level of damage on targets • Oviposition and feeding substrates
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agent.
• presence and abundance related to climate• phenology of control agents and hosts• type and level of damage on targets • Oviposition and feeding substrates• overwintering sites
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agent.
• presence and abundance related to climate• phenology of control agents and hosts• type and level of damage on targets • Oviposition and feeding substrates• overwintering sites• Host range tests: primary and closely related
hosts, critical hosts
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agentiv) Climate modeling to match sources to target
populations
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agentiv) Climate modeling to match sources to target populations v) Introduction of bio-control agents to quarantine sites
in US for further testing
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Example: USDA ARS project: South American Biological
Control Agents to Suppress Invasive Pests in the U.S. began Nov 8 2005
• Targets include: Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum), Water-hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebenthifolius)i) Literature review to identify promising speciesii) Field surveys in South America iii) Safety and effectiveness of control agentiv) Climate modeling to match sources to target populations v) Introduction of bio-control agents to quarantine sites in US
for further testingvi) Progress: have ID’d several agents and host species
lists for each invasive plant. Prioritization of agents next priority. Import and testing in US projected for 2007-2008.
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent
• Laboratory rearing:• Easier, more cost effective, less mortality, more
insects?• Not ‘hardened’ to environmental conditions, lower
success in releases
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent
• Laboratory rearing:• Easier, more cost effective, less mortality, more
insects?• Not ‘hardened’ to environmental conditions, lower
success in releases• Field rearing:
• More difficult, more expensive, fewer insects• Site selection is important (high quality stand of target
plant)
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent
• Laboratory rearing:• Easier, more cost effective, less mortality, more
insects?• Not ‘hardened’ to environmental conditions, lower
success in releases• Field rearing:
• More difficult, more expensive, fewer insects• Site selection is important (high quality stand of target
plant)• ‘quality’ probably outweighs ‘quantity’ in bio-control
releases
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent• Release the biocontrol agent
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent• Release the biocontrol agent
• Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989).
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent• Release the biocontrol agent
• Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989)
• Success affected by climate, size of release, number and timing of releases, predators, weather conditions
• Improve success by releasing field-reared agents, matching climate, selecting release site carefully (high density of target plants, few predators)
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent• Release the biocontrol agent
• Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989)
• Success affected by climate, size of release, number and timing of releases, predators, weather conditions
• Improve success by releasing field-reared agents, matching climate, selecting release site carefully (high density of target plants, few predators)
• Caged releases VS open field releases
5) Managementc) Control
iii) Biological methods: How to implement?• Identify appropriate target weeds• Identify possible bio-control agents• Rear the bio-control agent• Release the biocontrol agent
• Only about 60% of released agents become established (Crawley 1989)
• Success affected by climate, size of release, number and timing of releases, predators, weather conditions
• Improve success by releasing field-reared agents, matching climate, selecting release site carefully (high density of target plants, few predators)
• Caged releases VS open field releases• e.g. Kirby et al 2000: released 80 beetles in 1989, 1000
beetles in 1990. Open release, colonization was successful.
Biological control in CA: success rates and references
Biological control in CA: cont’d
5) Managementc) Control
iv) Underlying socioeconomic issues• Introductions = $$$
• Many (most) NIS introduced intentionally
5) Managementc) Control
iv) Underlying socioeconomic issues• Introductions = $$$
• Many (most) NIS introduced intentionally• Concern about control (esp biological control)• Other economic benefits of invasives – e.g. Purple
Loosestrife makes good honey!
5) Managementc) Control
iv) Underlying socioeconomic issues• Introductions = $$$• Public sentiment
Southwest Willow flycatcherEndangered species; Nests in Tamarisk
(nest success lower in TamariskThan in native vegetation but Still a concern)
5) Managementc) Control
iv) Underlying socioeconomic issues• Introductions = $$$• Public sentiment• Fear of non-native species
• IUCN prohibits release of NIS (non-indigenous species) in natural areas… this would mean no biological control
• Concern about non-target effects
5) Managementc) Control
iv) Underlying socioeconomic issues• Introductions = $$$• Public sentiment• Fear of non-native species
• IUCN prohibits release of NIS (non-indigenous species) in natural areas… this would mean no biological control
• Concern about non-target effects
5) Managementd) Eradication
Feasibility
5) Managementd) Eradication
Feasibility:• Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal
5) Managementd) Eradication
Feasibility:• Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal• Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore
5) Managementd) Eradication
Feasibility:• Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal• Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore• Widespread support
5) Managementd) Eradication
Feasibility:• Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal• Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore• Widespread support• Prevent re-invasion
5) Managementd) Eradication
Feasibility:• Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal• Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore• Widespread support• Prevent re-invasion• Low populations
5) Managementd) Eradication
Feasibility:• Biological characteristics: habitat specific; poor dispersal• Sufficient resources allocated: Eradicate AND restore• Widespread support• Prevent re-invasion• Low populations
