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RE-THINKING ENERGY
HIØ/Værste February 4 2013, Oslo
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and renewable energy
Hanne Lerche Raadal, researcher and PhD-candidate Østfoldforskning (Ostfold Research)
Short introduction Ostfold Research (Østfoldforskning)• Norwegian research company, localised in Fredrikstad • Number of staff: 20, annual turnover: approx 22 million NOK• Performs applied research and development within
Environmental Protection, based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology:• Optimal packaging and food products• Energy and waste resources• Constructions and the service sector• Innovation processes
Compression and pipeline
transport of CO2
Injection and storage
of CO2
Electricity
Gas productionoffshore
at Heidrun
Gas transport:Haltenpipe
Gasterminal
Electricity production at CCGT
Tjeldbergodden
Electricity to grid
Biofuelproduction
Transport
Post-combustion CO2 capture plant
Emissions of NO2, MEA, NH3 andCO2
CO2Exhaust.
MEA
Hazardous waste
Steam (CCS-3)
Steam production (boiler)
Steam
Exhaust
Gas (CCS-1)
Biofuel (CCS-2)
• Project examples, energy related:• Energy Trading and Environment
2020• LCA of gas power, including
carbon capture and storage (CCS). Statoil
• Energy indicators for electricity production. CEDREN
• LCA of power and heat based on biomass resources. NVE
Introduction to LCA Methodology• A system analysis according to ISO 14044
• a systematic survey and assessment of health, environmental and resource effects throughout the whole life cycle of a product, or product system.
• Carrying out a Life Cycle Assessment includes:• Identifying the entire life cycle of the product, from raw material
extraction, through materials processing, use and disposal at the end of the product's life (from "cradle to grave").
• Identifying and describing the energy and material uses and releases into the environment from all• Processes • Transportation steps
• Defining the functional unit (FU) of the analysis, reflecting the product’s function, efficiency and life span.
The life cycle of a product
Extraction and processing of raw materials
Production of the
product
Raw material A
Raw material B
Raw material BUse and
maintenance of the product
Waste managemen
t
Example FU: Production, use and waste management (15 years lifespan)
Impact Assessment of the LCA
• Impact assessment is a process where the potential impacts of the resource requirements and environmental loads are characterised and assessed.
– Classification = what environmental impacts do the emissions contribute to?• emissions of N2O and CH4 contribute to global warming (just
like CO2)
– Characterisation = how much is the potential contribution? • N2O and CH4 have a global warming potential that is 298 and
25 times the global warming potential of CO2, respectively.
Inventory Results
Characterisation Results
SO2
NOx
HCletc.
NH3
NOx
Petc.CO2
CH4
CFCsetc.
Acidification potential
Eutrophication potential
Global warming potential(kg CO2-equivalents)
More characterisation categories.(ref. Hitch Hicker’s Guide to LCA, Baumann H., Tillman A.M.)
Cla
ssifi
catio
n
Classification and characterisation
1. Resource consumption• Non-renewable energy • Materials• Water• Land use
2. Health impacts• Toxic effects• Occupational Health• Psychosomatic effects
3. Environmental Impacts• Global warming• Ozone depletion• Acidification• Eutrophication (nutrient
enrichment)• Photochemical oxidation (smog)• Ecotoxicological effects• Biological diversity
4. Other impacts• Other inputs/outputs
The life cycle of the generation and use of fuel
Extraction and producton of fuel Use stage
Life cycle of fuel generation, distribution and use
LCA CO2-emissions from 1 km drivingPetrol engines
Gas enginesCombustion (engine)
Production (fuel)
Diesel engines
g C
O2-
equi
v. /
km
Fos
sil
Fos
sil
Fos
sil
2% and 0.5% CH4-loss in the
upgrading process
The life cycle of the generation and use of electricity
Extraction of fuels, production of materials (steel, concrete, etc)
Operation of electricity plant Distribution of electricityUse/consumption of electricity
Life cycle of electricity generation, distribution and use
LCA CO2 emissions from electricity technologies
* Data collected by Ostfold Research.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Coal Diesel and heavy oil
Natural gas Photovoltaic Nuclear Wind* Hydro, reservoir
(inundation included)*
Hydro, reservoir
(inundation excluded)*
Hydro (run-of-river)*
g CO
2-eq
v./k
Wh
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
140,0
160,0
Reservoir hydro including gross emissions from flooded land
Reservoir hydro excluding emissions from flooded land
Run-of-river
g CO
2-eq
uiv.
/kW
h
standard deviation
mean
min - max
[x] sample size
(8)
(21) (11)
Raadal et al., 2010
Average GHG emissions from Norwegian hydropower
Data based on:• LCAs of electricity
generation from 11 Norwegian hydropower stations.
• Represents 4.3% of the annual Norwegian hydropower generation (NVE)
Modahl and Raadal, 20120,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
Global warming potential (GWP)
g CO2
-eqv
./kW
h
Norwegian hydropower modelling December 2012 (AR 07.12)Global Warming Potential
Infrastructure, maintenance and daily use
Inundation of land
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Coal Diesel and heavy oil
Natural gas Photovoltaic Nuclear Wind* Hydro, reservoir
(inundation included)*
Hydro, reservoir
(inundation excluded)*
Hydro (run-of-river)*
g CO
2-eq
v./k
Wh
* Data collected by Ostfold Research.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
< 100 kW 100kW - 500kW 500kW - 1MW 1MW - 5MW All cases
g CO2
-equ
iv./k
Wh
[5] [17]
[17] [22]
[63]
standard deviation
mean
min - max
[x] sample size
Raadal et al., 2010
LCA CO2 emissions from electricity technologies
IPCC, 2011: IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
Wind power - development
LCA of two Norwegian wind power farms
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Basis scenario (solid rock foundation) Basis scenario (gravitation foundation)
Kjøllefjord wind farm Fjeldskår wind farm
Wind power
g CO
2-eq
v./k
Wh
Cables, internal
Cables, external
Transformer station
Service building
Roads and construction work
Reinvestment, common infrastructure
Transport of mobile crane
Foundation
Tower
Rotor
Nacelle
Reinvestment, nacelle
Operation, transport
Operation, use of electricity
Operation, use of materials
Infrastructure
11.0 g CO2-equiv/kWh
15.1 g CO2-equiv/kWh
Kjøllefjord (Statkraft) Fjeldskår (Agder Energi)
17 turbines, each 2.3 MW
5 turbines, each 0.75 MW
Poduction of materials(mainly steel)
Wind Power Kjøllefjord• Output from LCA software tool
(SimaPro)
Nacelle(2.6 g)
Rotor(3.1 g)
Tower(1.9 g)
Reinvestments, nacelle(1.2 g)
Roads and constructions
(1.0 g)
Glass-epoxy
Steel Diesel
1 kWh(11.0 g CO2-eqv.)
Foundation(0.4 g)
Waste treatment
SteelSteel
How to demand and claim specific electricity from a common grid?
• Traditionally, the choice of electricity supplier has been based on electricity prices alone
• Environmental profile of the consumed electricity based on geographical locations.
Guarantee of Origin (GO): a choice based on the electricity’s origin
Tracking system for the electricity’s origin, based on economic transactions.
Electricity Disclosure
• The Electricity Market Directive 2009/72/EC, Article 3(9)– All suppliers of electricity are required to disclose their electricity
portfolio with regards to:• energy source• environmental impacts, specifying
– the emissions of CO2
– the production of radioactive waste
Attributes = The disclosed indicators, representing the environmental information associated with the electricity generation processes.
• Aim of Electricity Disclosure:• To provide consumers with relevant information about power
generation and to allow for informed consumer choice - not to be based on electricity prices alone.
http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/electricity-disclosure/
Guarantee of Origin (GO)
• Defined in the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC)– Shall provide proof to a final customer that a given share or quantity of
energy was produced from renewable sources as required by Article 3(6) of Directive 2003/54/EC (repealed by Directive 2009/72/EC, The Electricity Market Directive).
– Standard size of 1 MWh– Specific information requirements
• Energy source and start and end dates of production• Whether and to what extent the installation has benefited from investment
support• Etc.
• Applicable for electricity disclosure
Principle of the system
GO market
Cancellation
The traditional electricity product divided into two separate products:1. The environmental attributes related to the generation of the electricity2. The physical electricity being delivered.
GO = Guarantee of Origin
Regulated system – national authorities responsible for monitoring and account keeping, as well as balancing the electricity generation and relating GOs.
0
50
100
150
200
250
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
TWh
Cancelled EECS certificates
A growing market
EECS = The European Energy Certification System• A harmonised system for international trade of Guarantees of Origin (GOs)
Source: AIB
About 100 TWh from Norway, of which 16 was
used in Norway
Statistics – EECS certificates
240 TWh• 11 % of the power
consumption in corresponding countries
• 29 % of European RES generation
Connection GOs and Electricity Disclosure
Production Electricity Mix(Country or Region)
“Green” customers purchasing GOs
“Ordinary” customers, purchasing electricity without any specific requirements
Electricity Disclosure
Attributes related to the purchased GOs.
Attributes related to the Production Electricity Mix, corrected by attributes which have been allocated by other tracking systems (e.g. GOs)= Residual Mix
Customers
Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat (NVE)The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Electricity Disclosure for Norwegian electricity consumers
Production Electricity Mix(Country or Region)
“Green” customers purchasing GOs
“Ordinary” customers, purchasing electricity without any specific requirements
Information about power generationCustomers
Nuclear32%
Fossil45%
Renewable23%
307 g CO2-equiv./kWh
Contractual purchased electricity
Renewable100 %
GO Hydropower
2 g CO2-equiv./kWh
Short summary
• LCA gives environmental information about a product’s total value chain, thus not only focusing on separate stages.
• The environmental profile of different energy carriers, such as electricity and fuels, depends largely on the primary energy source (bio, wind, hydro, coal, oil, natural gas, etc.).
• It is possible to demand specific electricity (by purchasing Guarantees of Origin) even though you are connected to a common electricity grid.
• Consumers should always strive to demand environmental preferable products, asking for environmental information from their suppliers.
Thank you for listening!
Good luck with today’s work
Avoiding double countingDouble counting:Attributes from the same instance of generated electricity are claimed more than once.
The attributes relating to the purchased GOs must be excluded from the Residual Mix.
EU financed projects, E-TRACK and RE-DISS: Developed a methodology for a pan-European calculation of Residual Mixes.
http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/
Source: NVE , before the 11th of June 2012
???Attribute
deficit related to 87 TWh
Nuclear41 %
Fossil51 %
Renewable8 %
European Attribute Mix 2011
Norwegian Residual Mix 2011
Electricity consumption covered by GOs:16 TWh (13% of total consumption)
Electricity consumption covered by Residual Mix:109 TWh (87% of total consumption)
22 TWh(21%)
128 TWh
90 TWh
87 TWh
(79%)
Source: RE-DISS ,http://www.reliable-disclosure.org
Source: NVE , the 11th of June 2012http://www.nve.no/no/Kraftmarked/Sluttbrukermarkedet/Varedeklarasjon1/Varedeklarasjon-for-2011/