Re-Thinking Community Care

7/24/2019 Re-Thinking Community Care

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YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6

]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE

K Nrhthnke Kpprkhske

K Mhsnusshac Rkpjr hc kssanhkthac whtg tgj Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng Cjtwarl

Dkrhk Eyacs

CA_JDIJY


2/40

www.njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard.ar`
http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/


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Nactjcts

^ZDDKYX ................................................................... >

;. HC]YAMZN]HAC6 K REKNJ AC JKY]G OAY DJ1 ............... =

9. ]GJ RAEHNX NAC]JW] ................................................. 0

>. EHDH]K]HAC^ AO [ZKC]H]K]H_J YJ^JKYNG ...................;2

=. NKYJ HC PGK] NADDZCH]X1 .....................................;9

:. NKDRGHEE NADDZCH]HJ^ .........................................;:

?. YJ^JKYNG AC NKDRGHEE ...........................................9;

Krj tgjy sjnts1 ........................................................9;

Krj tgjy hcsthtuthacs1 ...............................................9:

[ukehty ao ehoj hc iaucmjm spknjs ...............................97

0. YJNADDJCMK]HAC^ .................................................>2

Ihieha`rkpgy ...............................................................>>Kiaut tgj Kutgar .........................................................>?

Ruiehsghc` hcoardkthac .................................................>?

Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng Cjtwarl ..........................................>0

]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj Yjoard ......................................>0


4/40

YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE

K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD

9


5/40

^ZDDKYX

Raehny-dkljrs hc tgj ZL gkvj, oar k eac`-thdj, jngajm tgj nkee aopjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs tgkt tgjy sgauem gkvj rh`gts ks

ouee nhthzjcs kcm tgkt tgjy whsg ta ij oueey hcneumjm hc armhckry ehoj.

Gawjvjr, hc rjkehty, dkcy pjapej gkvj oaucm tgjhr ehvjs gjem iknl,

jhtgjr iy eaw jxpjntkthac, iy tgj kntuke ar`kchskthac ao sa-nkeejm

nadduchty nkrj sjrvhnjs ar iy k sanhjty wgjrj tgjsj hmjkes krj cat

tkljc sjrhausey iy dkcy.

Zcthe rjnjctey tgj dkhc mjiktj gks ijtwjjc tgasj kmvankthc`

hcneushac kcm tgasj kmvankthc` sadj oard ao hcsthtuthacke arrjshmjcthke nkrj. Gawjvjr, ks Dkrhk Eyacs mjsnrhijs hc tghs pkpjr,

wj dky ij eashc` sh`gt ao wgkt hs rjkeey hdpartkct kcm okhehc` ta

tklj sjrhausey pjapejs rh`gtoue mjshrj ta ijeac`, ta gkvj eavhc`

rjekthacsghps kcm ta ij trjktjm ks k vkeukiej hcmhvhmuke whtg aur

awc uchquj nactrhiuthac ta dklj. @hvjc tgkt okr taa dkcy pjapej

(cat fust pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs) krj sthee uckiej ta

knghjvj tgjsj oucmkdjctke cjjms, ht dky ij thdj ta rj-jxkdhcj

sadj ao aur kssudpthacs kiaut wgkt hs tgj ijst wky oarwkrm.

Acj hdpartkct jflart ta gjep pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs

aurhsg kcm ehvj hc djkchc`oue nadduchty gks ijjc tgj Nkdpghee

davjdjct. Murhc` tgj mjiktj kiaut hcsthtuthacke neasurj Nkdpghee

nadduchthjs wjrj aotjc h`carjm ar trjktjm ks pjnuehkr oards ao

tgj hcsthtuthac. Gawjvjr Dkrhk Eyacs kr`ujs tgkt tgjrj hs strac`

jvhmjcnj tgkt tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj rkrjey hcsthtuthacke kcm

tgkt tgjy aotjc knghjvj gh`gjr ejvjes ao hcneushac tgkc krj typhnkeey

ijhc` knghjvjm hc dkhcstrjkd nadduchty ehoj.]ghs pkpjr prapasjs tgkt ht hs caw thdj oar kmvanktjs ao hcneushac,

keijht orad mhfljrjct trkmhthacs, ta ejkrc orad jkng atgjr. Nkdpghee

nadduchthjs dky cat suht jvjryacj whtg kc hctjeejntuke mhskihehty,

iut tgjy gkvj sadjtghc` ta tjkng us kiaut wgkt dkljs oar k rjke

nadduchty wgjrj pjapej nkc ijeac`, nactrhiutj kcm aurhsg. Ht hs

thdj oar `rjktjr apjccjss hc aur rjsjkrng kcm tghclhc`.



>


6/40

;. HC]YAMZN]HAC6 K REKNJ AC

JKY]G OAY DJ1

Acnj acj gks sjrvjm k nkusj, ar hs hcvaevjm hc eavhc` kcatgjr gudkc ijhc ,

gkpphcjss annurs iy htsjeo.

(Orkcle, 92;;)

^adj ao tgj dast armhckry tghc`s hc ehoj krj wgkt pravhmj us whtg aur dast

praoaucm jxpjrhjcnjs ao djkchc` kcm wjeeijhc`. Eavhc` kcm ijhc` eavjm< 99:). Rjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs

nacthcuj ta gkvj ehdhtjm appartuchthjs ta ard kcm sustkhc pjrsacke

rjekthacsghps, iatg hcthdktj kcm rhjcmey. ]jy krj kr ejss ehljey tgkc tgj

`jcjrke papuekthac ta dkrry ar gkvj k eac` tjrd pkrtcjr ta sgkrj tgjhr ehvjs

whtg (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg, 922;). Oar dkcy, pjrsacke rjekthacsghps krj

naccjm ta hddjmhktj kdhey, kcm tgj gh`g cudijr wga ehvj whtg jemjrey

pkrjcts whee saac ca eac`jr gkvj jvjc tgkt sanhke nactjxt (Rkpwartg rust,

92;>). Dkcy, ks k rjsuet, krj eacjey.

@hvjc tgjsj tjcmjcnhjs, nadihcjm whtg tgj dkcy atgjr mhskmvkctk`js

jcmurjm iy pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, ht hs pjrgkps ucsurprhshc`

tgkt tgj prjvkejcnj a djctke gjketg praiejds hs gh`gjr ar tgjd tgkc ar

tgasj whtgaut k ejkrchc` mhskihehty (Yayke Naeej`j a Curshc`, 92;2< ;>).

Rsyngaea`hsts gkvj hmjcthjm naccjnthacs ijtwjjc tgj kisjcnj a djkchc`

kcm purpasj kcm jdathacke dkekmfustdjct (Orkcle, 92;;< 78). Oar dast a

us, wgkt `hvjs us aur sjcsj a peknj hs aur cjtwarl a pjrsacke rjekthacsghps6



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7/40

kdhey, radkcthn pkrtcjrs, rhjcms kcm naeejkùjs. Ht hs tgrau`g tgj

warl tgkt wj ma tgkt wj sjjl k purpasj ar aursjevjs kcm gapj ta irhc`

sadj djkchc` ta aur jxhstjcnj. Hc Dkseaws warms, tgj iushcjss a sje-

kntukehzkthac nkc ijst ij nkrrhjm aut vhk k naddhtdjct ta kc hdpartkct

fai (nhtjm hc Orkcle, 92;;< 7=).

]j hsaekthac kcm dkr`hckehskthac a pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs hs

whmjey knlcawejm`jm. ]j nkusj hs whmjey k`rjjm ta ij tgjhr jxneushac rad

knthvhthjs pjrardjm kcm peknjs vhshtjm iy cac-mhskiejm pjapej. Ks sung, kee

jflarts krj anussjm ac hcneushac. ]j kppkrjct kssudpthac, ijghcm paehny kt

ejkst, hs tgkt k sjcsj a peknj kcm purpasj whee ij kc kutadkthn iy-pramunt a

ehvhc` kc armhckry ehj, surraucmjm iy armhckry pjapej. Pj lcaw, gawjvjr,

tgkt tghs hs rjqujctey cat tgj nksj ar kcy cudijr a rjksacs. Parl tgkt

hs eaw pkhm, ar hcstkcnj, hs `jcjrkeey eaw stktus kcm tgjrjarj ucehljey ta

ijstaw k sjcsj a vkeuj. Ht hs cat kcy aem fai, iut kc hdpartkct fai tgkt hssje-kntukehshc`, kcm ht hs spjnhnkeey rad tgasj fais tgkt sanhjty pjrnjhvjs ta

ij hdpartkct tgkt pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs krj jxneumjm.

Ehljwhsj, rjùekr sanhke nactknt majs cat cjnjsskrhey djkc `jcuhcj

rjekthc`, ehvhc` kdac`st tgj `jcjrke papuekthac majs cat cjnjsskrhey djkc

acj hs wjenadjm tgjrj, knnjss ta prhvhej`js majs cat cjnjsskrhey djkc

acj gks tgj nkpknhty ta jcfay tgjd, kcm sa ac. Nkrj hc tgj nadduchty hs

k wartgy nacnjpt iut kc jdpty acj h tgj jdathacke, psyngaea`hnke kcm

sphrhtuke kspjnts a nadduchty krj dhstkljc ar ar jquktjm whtg purjey

`ja`rkpghnke ar pgyshnke kntars. Hc tamkys sanhjty ht hs pjrjntey pekushiej ark pjrsac ta jxjrnhsj kee tgj rh`gts a nhthzjcsghp wghej jxpjrhjcnhc` cacj a

tgj ijcjts a nadduchty.

Pj krj ajc taem tgkt pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs wkct ta ij

armhckry. Pgjc sadjacj jxprjssjs tghs mjshrj, pjrgkps gj ar sgj hs kslhc`

ar sadjtghc` wghng hs cat jksy ta krthnuektj, car hcmjjm ta djksurj6 tgj

appartuchty ta jje eavjm kcm cjjmjm, ta ij a sjrvhnj kcm sa gkvj k sjcsj a

ijeac`hc` whtghc k nadduchty, ta dklj k nactrhiuthac kcm jje kpprjnhktjm

ar ht, ta gkvj k pjrsacke stktus kcm rjspjnt. Oar dkcy hcmhvhmukes whtg

ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, tgjsj armhckry yjt ucmkdjctke jxpjrhjcnjs whee cjvjr

ij passhiej hc dkhcstrjkd sanhjty< tgkt hs, hc k sanhjty wgjrj vkeuj kcm stktus

krj mjtjrdhcjm iy dacjy, pawjr, nadpejxhty, tjngcaea`hnke slhee, hctjeejntuke

mjxtjrhty, pgyshnke pjrjnthac, nadpjththvjcjss kcm sje-sunhjcny. Rjapej

whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs shdpey nkccat nadpjtj hc tghs jcvhracdjct kcm

whee nacthcuj ta ij trjktjm, kt ijst, whtg ijcjvaejct prjfumhnj (Rkpwartg

rust, 92;>< 98).

]j purpasj a gh`geh`gthc` tghs shtukthac hs cat djrjey ta ijdakc ht, iut

ta su``jst tgkt ucthe sung thdj ks wgkt wj nkee dkhcstrjkd sanhjty ucmjràjs

k urtgjr trkcsardkthac hc hts vkeuj systjd, wj whee gkvj ta ij darj

hdk`hckthvj hc cmhc` wkys ta jcsurj ejkrchc` mhskiejm pjapej nkc cm k



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8/40

peknj whtghc ht. Hctj`rkthac gks keeawjm pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs ta

gaem tgj pravjrihke dhrrar ta sanhjty, kcm, up neasj kcm pjrsacke, sanhjty

nacthcujs ta ij aucm wkcthc`.

]hs pkpjr prjsjcts sadj krùdjcts hc kvaur a jxkdhchc` ketjrckthvjs

ta nurrjct dkhcstrjkdhc` sngjdjs< hc pkrthnuekr ht kttjdpts ta dklj tgj

nksj ar urtgjr rjsjkrng hcta tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs. ]j acàhc`

ngkeejc`js a hctj`rkthac mjsnrhijm kiavj ejcm suppart ta tgj hmjk tgkt

spjnhkehst sjtthc`s ehlj Nkdpghee sgauem ij pkrt a tgj spjntrud a pravhshac

ar pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. ^jtthc`s, tgkt hs, wghng krj spjnhke cat

acey hc tjrds a ehvhc`, warlhc` kcm ehjstyej krrkc`jdjcts iut hc tjrds a

tgj vkeujs kcm prharhthjs rkdjwarl tgjy nkc afljr.

Nkdpghee rjprjsjcts k rkmhnkeey ucartgamax kpprakng ta kmmrjsshc` tgj

cjjms a pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. Ht hs krùkiey kc heeustrkthac a

tgj knt tgkt hcstjkm a jdpgkshshc` tgj skdjcjss a pjapej whtg ejkrchc`mhskihehthjs kcm tthc` tgjd hcta jxhsthc` cards, ht hs passhiej ta njejirktj

tgjhr mhfljrjcnjs kcm mjvjeap cjw cards< hcstjkm a peknhc` kee khtg hc tgj

nacvjcthacke strunturjs a armhckry ehj kcm gaphc` ar tgj rh`gt autnadjs,

ht hs passhiej ta pky kttjcthac ta mjjpjr gudkc strhvhc`s kcm nrjktj cjw

strunturjs wghng astjr tgjhr rjkehskthac. Jxpearhc` tgj mj`rjj ta wghng tgjsj

nadduchthjs knghjvj tgjsj khds hs hc htsje k wartgy jcmjkvaur.

Ijnkusj tgjy krj nauctjr-nueturke, tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj

cjnjsskrhey sjpkrktj rad tgj `jcjrke papuekthac. Hc tghs sjcsj, tgjy

krj kt amms whtg tgj hmjke a hcneushac. Gawjvjr, kc hchthke rjvhjw a tgjehtjrkturj su``jsts tgkt rktgjr tgkc rjfjnthc` hcneushac, Nkdpghee warls aut

a k mhfljrjct hctjrprjtkthac a wgkt ht djkcs ta ij hcneushvj. ]j vkeuj a

stumyhc` Nkdpghee, tgjrjarj, dky cat ehj hc hts whmjsprjkm kppehnkihehty ks k

sjrvhnj damje, iut hc tgj knt tgkt ht nacsthtutjs k saehm tjst-nksj jxkdpej a

gaw k mhfljrjct jtgas kcm ketjrckthvj prknthnjs nkc kfljnt autnadjs. ]jrj krj

twa qujsthacs, tgjc, tgkt au`gt ta ij nacshmjrjm6 Majs Nkdpghees kpprakng

jckiej hts rjshmjcts ta jcfay tgj armhckry tghc`s hc ehj< kcm, hc avjr twa

`jcjrkthacs a sanhke jxpjrhdjctkthac, gkvj Nkdpgheejrs ejkrcjm kcytghc`

tgkt dh`gt ij a ijcjt ta tgj rjst a tgj warem1



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9/40

9.]GJ RAEHNX NAC]JW]

Aur oanus dust cjvjr ij mhvjrtjm iy cards, kwky orad tgj gudkc ijhc`swga krj aur nacnjrc.

(^j`ke, ;80=)

^hcnj nkrj hc tgj nadduchty wks kmvanktjm iy tgj ;80; Pghtj Rkpjr

Ijttjr jrvhnjs oar tgj Djctkeey Gkcmhnkppjm, shcèj tjckcny ar sdkee

`raup gausjgaems (naeejnthvjey lcawc ks mhspjrsjm gaushc`) gkvj ijjc

avjrwgjedhcèy tgj okvaurjm damje ao sjrvhnj pravhshac oar kmuets whtg

k ejkrchc` mhskihehty hc tgj ZL. ^tkrthc` ks k nrhthquj ao tgj madhckct

hcsthtuthacke damje ao nkrj orad k gudkc rh`gts pjrspjnthvj, tgj sa-nkeejmcardkehskthac k`jcmk wks cat hctjcmjm ta jcoarnj cardkehty, iut jckiej

pjapej whtg spjnhke cjjms ta, ks okr ks passhiej, ejkm armhckry ehvjs kcm

gkvj knnjss ta tgj skdj rh`gts kcm prhvhej`js ks tgj rjst ao sanhjty. ]hs

hcneumjm passhihehthjs oar oardhc` djkchcòue rjekthacsghps, pkrthnhpkthc`

hc tgj nadduchty, knnjss ta jmunkthac, ejhsurj kcm rjnrjkthacke knthvhthjs,

jdpeaydjct appartuchthjs, orjjmad ta mjvjeap, prhvkny, kcm `jcjrkeey tgj

ngkcnj ta ehvj k ouee ehoj (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222< :;).

Ketgau`g hc rjnjct yjkrs paehny dkljrs gkvj hcmhnktjm k naddhtdjct

ta tgj mjvjeapdjct a k rkc`j a sjrvhnj damjes kcm ta jcsurhc` tgktpjapej krj jckiejm ta dklj `jcuhcj, hcardjm ngahnjs kiaut tgjhr ehvhc`

krrkc`jdjcts (Gkeekd, 9229), tgj warmhc` a paehny manudjcts nacthcujs

ta sgaw k mjnhmjm prjjrjcnj ar nkrj ar hcmhvhmukes keac`shmj tgj rjst a

tgj papuekthac (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222< hv). Pgjrj jvhmjcnj hs nhtjm, ht hs

ajc hdpehjm tgkt cj`kthvj stkthsthns rjekthc` spjnhnkeey ta ardjr gasphtke

nkdpusjs kppey ta sjpkrktj ar jcneasjm sjtthc`s hc `jcjrke, nactrhiuthc` ta

tgj avjrkee djssk`j tgkt tgj ekttjr, h cat kewkys jcthrjey hckppraprhktj, krj

njrtkhcey tgj ejkst kttrknthvj apthac kvkhekiej.

]hs acj-shmjmcjss hs rj-jcarnjm iy k tjcmjcny ar ngahnj ta ij prjsjctjmhc tjrds a kc jhtgjr/ar mjnhshac ijtwjjc fust twa irakm typjs a pravhshac6

rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs ar mhspjrsjm gaushc` hc tgj `jcjrke nadduchty. Ehttej

ar catghc` hs skhm kiaut ehvhc` shtukthacs wghng ma cat strhntey spjklhc`

ijeac` hc jhtgjr nktjàry. ]j ^natthsg @avjrcdjcts rjvhjw a sjrvhnjs,

ar hcstkcnj, djcthacjm atgjr ards a sgkrjm ehvhc` acey ta su``jst

sadjwgkt vkùjey tgkt tgjy sgauem ij rjmunjm (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222).

wjevj yjkrs ektjr, tgj @avjrcdjcts aeeaw up nacsuetkthac rjpart nactkhcs



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10/40

ca mhsnusshac ar mjchthac a vheek`j nadduchthjs car majs ht hcneumj

rjprjsjctkthvjs rad vheek`j nadduchthjs hc hts skdpej a ehvhc` shtukthacs

(^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 92;9).

]hs kisjcnj dky ij nacshmjrjm surprhshc` hc tgj eh`gt a tgj knt tgkt tgj

922; ZL Pghtj Rkpjr _keuhc` Rjapej stktjm tgkt hts prjpkrktary rjsjkrng

gkm aucm >,222 pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs hc 0> vheek`j kcm

hctjcthacke nadduchthjs knrass tgj nauctry (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg, 922;). ]jsj nadduchthjs wjrj cat ckdjm, iut wjrj mjcjm ks sjrvhnjs

apjrktjm iy hcmjpjcmjct sjntar ar`kchskthacs nacshsthc` a gausjs

neustjrjm ac acj shtj whtg sadj sgkrjm njctrke knhehthjs, whtg sadj ijhc`

iksjm ac pgheasapghnke ar rjeh`haus ijehjs (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg,

922;< ;>9-;>>). ]j Pghtj Rkpjr kesa stktjm tgkt sadj eanke kutgarhthjs

wjrj aucm ta ij rjeuntkct ta suppart hcmhvhmukes whsghc` ta ehvj hc tgjsj

nadduchthjs, iut ca jxpekckthac ar tghs wks afljrjm (Mjpkrtdjct aGjketg, 922;< 0>). Jh`gt yjkrs ektjr, tgj aeeaw ac Pghtj Rkpjr _keuhc`

Rjapej Caw (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg, 9228) dkljs ca djcthac kt kee a

vheek`j ar hctjcthacke nadduchthjs.

]j nejkrjst jxpekckthac ar sjejnthvjcjss ac tgj pkrt a paehny-dkljrs

wgjc nhthc` jvhmjcnj hs k sustkhcjm naddhtdjct ta tgj prhcnhpej a

cardkehskthac. Pghej rjpjktjm kiusj snkcmkes surraucmhc` eac`-stky

gasphtkes ujeejm k strac` papuekr dadjctud ar darj apjc, hctj`rktjm

nkrj, tgjy kesa nrjktjm kc jcvhracdjct hc wghng kcy ard a sje-nactkhcjm,

nadducke ehvhc` wks suspjnt. ]j hcujcnj a @afldkcs Ksyeuds(@afldkc, ;8?7), wghng ehstjm tgj ektjct kcm uethdktjey apprjsshvj ucnthacs

a eac`-stky hcsthtuthacs, nkccat ij ucmjrstktjm. Hc tgj ;872s cardkehskthac

jphtadhsjm tgj wky arwkrm ar tgj mjsh`c a sanhke sjrvhnjs (Ngkppjee

;880< >) kcm ketgau`g nrhthnhsd dky ca eac`jr ij tkctkdauct ta gjrjsy

tgj prhcnhpej dkhctkhcs dung a hts stktus ks tgj jphtadj ar kee ards a

sanhke pra`rjss. a gh`geh`gt sgkrjm ehvhc` damjes ks kc apthac, ejt keacj

patjcthkeey gh`g qukehty acjs, wauem ij ta ucmjrdhcj cat acey tgj vkehmhty

a kc hmjaea`hnke pashthac iut tgj jcthrj pknlk`j a sanhke sjrvhnj rjards

wghng rjsts upac hts kssudpthacs.

amky, hc kc ac`ahc` rjknthac ta tghs nrhthquj, tgj tgjdj a hcmhvhmuke

rh`gts kcm ehijrthjs rjdkhcs kt tgj arjract a sanhke sjrvhnjs mjehvjry kcm

mjvjeapdjct mhsnaursjs. ]j Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg (Jc`ekcm) strktj`y

ar pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs puiehsgjm hc 9228 (_keuhc` Rjapej

Caw) nekhdjm ta kmapt k gudkc rh`gts iksjm kpprakng kcm rj-krdjm

tgj prhcnhpejs sjt aut hc tgj 922; Pghtj Rkpjr _keuhc` Rjapej wghng

jdpgkshsjm knnjss, hcardjm ngahnj kcm hcneushac. ]j stkcmkrms sjt aut iy

tgj Ckthacke Nkrj Naddhsshac krj kesa prjsjctjm hc tjrds a rh`gts, rjsthc`

ac tgj prhcnhpejs a mh`chty, prhvkny, ngahnj, skjty, rjkehshc` patjcthke kcm



7


11/40

jqukehty kcm mhvjrshty. ]hs ekst hcneumjs tgj rh`gt ta ehvj k ehj wghng hs rhng

hc purpasj, djkchc` kcm pjrsacke ueedjct, tgj rh`gt ta ij vkeujm ar acjs

jtgchnhty, nueturj, ekcùk`j kcm khtg, kcm tgj rh`gts ta ij trjktjm jqukeey kcm

ehvj hc kc jcvhracdjct rjj rad mhsnrhdhckthac.

K sjnacm tgjdj whtghc sanhke nkrj sjrvhnjs tamky hs tgj jxpehnht davj kwky

rad tgj ekcùk`j a cardkehskthac ta tgkt a pjrsackehskthac. Kee systjds,

pranjssjs, stkfl kcm sjrvhnjs cjjm ta put pjapej kt tgj njctrj (^NHJ, 92;9), tgj rjkehty a

ngahnj kcm nactrae hs irau`gt hcta qujsthac iy tgj kiavj-djcthacjm paehthnkeprharhthjs, ks wjee ks ucmhc` nuts. Rjapej whtg mhskihehthjs kcm tgjhr kdhehjs

dky gkvj tgj nacsudjr rjjmads tgkt nadj whtg `rjktjr nactrae avjr tgjhr

awc ium`jts, iut rjdkhc aieh`jm ta ngaasj rad k ehdhtjm djcu a ehvhc`

damjes, wgjtgjr tghs ij muj ta tgj kntuke kisjcnj a ketjrckthvjs ar k eknl a

hcardkthac kiaut ketjrckthvjs. Jhtgjr wky, tgj jxtjct ta wghng vuecjrkiej

pjapej gkvj nactrae avjr tgjhr awc ehvjs whee ij ucmjrdhcjm sa eac` ks tgjy

kcm tgjhr nkrjrs krj stracèy cum`jm hc k pkrthnuekr mhrjnthac iy tgj pawjrs

tgkt ij (Mufly, 92;;< ;9).

]j praiejds krasj wgjc tgj ruejs mjtjrdhchc` sjrvhnj pravhshac ijnkdj

avjrey ma`dkthn kcm rh`hm, kcm prjvjctjm ejkrchc` mhskihehty sjrvhnj stkfl orad

mjehvjrhc` tkhear-dkmj sjrvhnjs jxhiey kcm nast-jfljnthvjey kcm ac tgj ikshs ao

naddac sjcsj, ea`hnke kcm nejkr jvhmjcnj ao ijcjnhke autnadjs.

(Fknlsac kcm Hrvhcj, 92;9< ;-9)

]j nacthcujm paehny anus ac shcèj tjckcny ar sdkee `raup gaushc` ks tgj

dast kppraprhktj gadjs ar kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs tgus rkhsjs

k cudijr a hdpartkct qujsthacs. Ohrstey, wgkt ketjrckthvjs ta mhspjrsjm

nadduchty gaushc` krj hc knt kvkhekiej ar tgasj whsghc` ta ejkvj jhtgjrtgjhr kdhey gadj ar k trkmhthacke rjshmjcthke sjtthc`1 ^jnacmey, wgkt

jvhmjcnj jxhsts tgkt tgjsj ketjrckthvjs afljr kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs k

uee ehj kcm ùkrkctjj tgjhr gudkc rh`gts wghng krj skhm ta ij k tap prharhty

hc sanhke sjrvhnj paehny1 Hc pkrthnuekr, `hvjc tgj ehc`jrhc` sjcsj tgkt ekr`j,

sgkrjm-ehvhc` sjtthc`s krj hcsthtuthacs hc kee iut ckdj, wgkt hs tgj jxpjrhjcnj

a iaucmjm nadduchthjs ehlj Nkdpghee vheek`js1



8


12/40

>. EHDH]K]HAC^ AO

[ZKC]H]K]H_J YJ^JKYNG

]j kisjcnj ao kcswjrs ta tgjsj qujsthacs whtghc paehthnke manudjcts

nkc hc pkrt ij jxpekhcjm iy tgj oknt tgkt tgjrj hs ehttej jdphrhnke jvhmjcnj

ta hcoard mjnhshac dkljrs ao tgj strjc`tgs kcm wjklcjssjs ao tgj wgaej

rkc`j ao mhfljrjct typjs ao pravhshac kcm nkrj pknlk`js knrass kee tgrjj

sjntars. ]j paehthnke prjannupkthac whtg tgj rjekthvj kmvkctk`js ao tgj

twa madhckct damjes hs dhrrarjm hc tgj rjsjkrng nadduchty. Pghej tgj

ekst twa mjnkmjs gkvj `jcjrktjm k ekr`j iamy ao rjsjkrng ac sjrvhnjs oar

pjapej whtg mhskihehthjs `jcjrkeey, dast ao tghs rjsjkrng gks oanusjm ac

tgj trkcshthac orad ekr`j hcsthtuthacs ta sdkeejr sjtthc`s, jspjnhkeey tamhspjrsjm gaushc`, hc tgj nadduchty (Dkcsjee, 9227< 8).

Hc kmmhthac ta ijhc` snkrnj, dkfar stumhjs wghng gkvj hcvjsth`ktjm vkrhaus

ards a neustjrjm gaushc` tgkt hs, ehvhc` uchts wghng ard k sjpkrktj

nadduchty rad tgj surraucmhc` papuekthac (Dkcsjee, 9227) gkvj k

cudijr a ehdhtkthacs. ]j rst rjektjs ta k tjcmjcny ar avjr-`jcjrkehskthac.

]hs hs jxjdpehjm iy k ;888 stumy naddhsshacjm iy tgj Gjketg Mjpkrtdjct

(Jdjrsac jt ke, ;888) wghng wks usjm ks k mjchthvj saurnj a jvhmjcnj iy

paehny-dkljrs kt tgj thdj (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222). Ketgau`g khdhc` ta

ij k nadpkrkthvj kckeyshs a tgj qukehty kcm nasts a vheek`j nadduchthjs,

rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc` sngjdjs, tgj stumy cat acey

khes ta pravhmj k mjchthac a vheek`j nadduchthjs, iut eaals kt acey tgrjj

vheek`j nadduchthjs aut a k tatke skdpej a ;7 pravhmjrs (Dkcsjee, 9227). Kt tgj skdj thdj, ht mawcpekys tgj vjry

rjke rhsls a hsaekthac, kehjckthac, iarjmad, eacjehcjss, sjmjctkry ehvhc` kcmjxpasurj ta gasthej trjktdjct knjm iy vuecjrkiej pjapej wgjc ehvhc` keacj

(^gkw jt ke, 92;;< Rkpwartg rust, 92;>).

Pgkt kesa cjjms ta ij tkljc hcta knnauct hs tgkt k`jhc` hs ehljey ta ketjr

cjjms kcm prharhthjs kcm wj dust ij nkrjue cat ta kppey tgj whsgjs a k

sjejntjm mjda`rkpghn ta tgj wgaej papuekthac. ]hs rjturcs ta tgj hssuj a

kssudhc` tgkt pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs krj cat acey tgj skdj ks us,

iut kee krj tgj skdj ks jkng atgjr. Ketgau`g Nurthnj (922?) pahcts aut tgkt

aemjr k`j `raups, ks wjee ks pjapej whtg duethpej kcm praaucm mhskihehthjs,

krj ucmjr-rjprjsjctjm hc tgj survjy, tghs majs cat prjvjct tgj @avjrcdjctrad ushc` tgj survjy rjspacsjs ks fusthnkthac ar k uchvjrske paehny.



;9


15/40

K cudijr a kutgars (Fknlsac kcm Hrvhcj, 92;>< Ngkppjee, ;880) gkvj

pahctjm aut tgkt hc nacnjctrkthc` ac skdjcjss tgjrj hs k mkc`jr tgkt

tgj pkrthnuekr qukehthjs kcm vuecjrkihehthjs a mhskiejm pjapej krj ucmjr-

kpprjnhktjm. ]j Jckiej ^natekcm rjpart htsje gh`geh`gtjm tgj sh`chnkct

mhnuethjs pjapej wga krj hctjeejntukeey, jdathackeey ar vjrikeey hdpkhrjmgkvj ardhc` djkchcùe, eksthc` rjekthacsghps, pkrthnuekrey hcthdktj acjs

(Nurthnj, 922?). Ks Ngrhsthj (;878) catjm avjr tgrjj mjnkmjs kà, tgjsj

mhnuethjs krj acey ehljey ta ij jxknjriktjm iy nueturke trkcsardkthacs

wghng gkvj sjjc pjapejs sanhke cjtwarls ijnadj urtgjr kcm urtgjr

rjdavjm rad tgjhr hddjmhktj cjh`giaurgaams kcm cjh`giaurs. Pgjrj

sanhke hctjrknthac hs hcnrjkshcèy knhehtktjm cat iy pgyshnke praxhdhty iut iy

nadduchnkthac kcm trkcspart tjngcaea`hjs tgkt dkcy mhskiejm pjapej krj

uckiej ta knnjss, tgj patjcthke hs ar tgjd ta ij urtgjr sgut aut rad tgj

typj a gudkc nactknt wghng astjrs k sjcsj a purpasj kcm peknj.Knlcawejm`hc` sadj a tgjsj aistknejs, Nurthnj dkljs tgj `jcjrke

aisjrvkthac tgkt tgj dast djkchcùe kcm skthsyhc` naccjnthacs krj usukeey

ta ij aucm kdac`st pjapej wga sgkrj shdhekr hctjrjsts kcm jxpjrhjcnjs.

Oar pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs tghs hs ehljey ta ij atgjr pjapej whtg

ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, wghng dky ij darj ar ejss sjvjrj tgkc tgjhr awc

(Nurthnj, 922?). K`khc, tghs aisjrvkthac wauem kppjkr ta ij kt amms whtg tgj

paehny a dkhcstrjkd hctj`rkthac tgkt tgj rjpart hs usjm ta pradatj. Pgjc

rjj ta ngaasj, pjapej tjcm ta kssanhktj whtg tgjhr awc lhcm kcm nac`rj`ktj

hc `rauphc`s wgjrj tgjrj hs kc jxpjrhjcnj a naddackehty6Ht hs cat naddac oar k sa-nkeejm cardke pjrsac ta sjjl sanhke hctjrknthac,

jmunkthacke appartuchthjs kcm ar ehvhc` nhrnudstkcnjs whtg atgjrs wga krj

sanhkeey mhfljrjct, ar wga krj hctjeejntukeey supjrhar ar wga gkvj k tatkeey

mhfljrjct ehoj styej. Pj kee tjcm ta scu`èj hcta tgj nadoart ao ijhc` whtg tgasj

wgad wj pjrnjhvj ta ij ehlj us. Pj mact wkct ta stkcm aut hc k nrawm. Pgy

tgjc ma wj suppasj djctkeey rjtkrmjm pjrsacs yjkrc ta ehvj kpkrt orad tgjhr

pjjrs1

(Gjcmrhx, ;87; nhtjm hc Nuddhcs kcm Eku, 922>< ;:9)

Kesa gh`geh`gthc` tgj hdpartkcnj a pjjr nadduchty, Nuddhcs jt ke

ngkeejc`j tgj kedast uchvjrske ijehj tgkt hctj`rkthac whtg tgj `jcjrke

nadduchty nacjrs ijcjt (Nuddhcs jt ke, 922>< ;=?). ]jy catj tgkt

hctj`rkthac hs kedast kewkys pjrnjhvjm iy rjsjkrngjrs kcm sjrvhnj pravhmjrs

ta djkc ijhc` pgyshnkeey prjsjct hc eankthacs rjqujctjm iy tgj `jcjrke

puiehn (hihm). Jngahc` tgj pahct dkmj kiavj kiaut tgj ehdhtkthacs a

qukcthtkthvj rjsjkrng, tgjy krùj tgkt tgj dast hdpartkct djksurj hc

mjtjrdhchc` tgj sunnjss a hctj`rkthac nkccat ij pgyshnke knts ar aifjnthvj

hcmhnktars, sung ks gaw dkcy thdjs k wjjl sadjacj vhshts tgjhr eanke sparts

njctrj, àjs sgapphc`, usjs puiehn trkcspart ar djjts rhjcms. Yktgjr, tgj

dast hdpartkct mjtjrdhckct hs gaw pjapej jje kiaut tgjdsjevjs kcm



;>


16/40

tgjhr ehvjs (hihm< ;=7). Nuddhcs jt ke su``jst tgkt hc anushc` sa dung

ac prjsjrvhc` tgjhr rh`gt ta ij armhckry, tgj hctj`rkthac k`jcmk hs arnhc`

pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs hcta kicardke shtukthacs, ar kt ejkst acjs

tgkt tklj ehttej knnauct a jdathacke kcm psyngaea`hnke pgjcadjck.

Hc krùhc` tgkt pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs ij keeawjm ta hctj`rktj

hcta tgjhr awc prhdkry nadduchty, wghng hs darj ehljey ta ij kdhey kcm

pjjrs tgkc sadj kistrknt ar passhiey jvjc dytghnke armhckry sanhjty, tgj

kutgars ma cat kmvanktj peknhc` kcy rjstrhnthacs ac whmjr sanhke knthvhthjs

ar hctjrknthac, shdpey tgkt wj eky ta rjst tgj hdpehnht ijehj tgkt kssanhkthacs

whtg cac-mhskiejm pjapej krj hc sadj sjcsj supjrhar (Nuddhcs jt ke, 922>). ]jy nacneumj tgkt ar nadduchty hctj`rkthac ta ij sunnjssue, tgkt

hs, ijcjnhke ta tgj wjeeijhc` a tgj acj ijhc` hctj`rktjm, ht dust jcsurj

tgkt tgjy jje pkrt a k rjkmhey kvkhekiej, supparthvj kcm mjpjcmkiej sanhke

strunturj wghng jdpgkshsjs naccjntjmcjss, pjrsacke hctjrmjpjcmjcny, kcmk sjcsj a ijeac`hc` (hihm). ]jy su``jst tgkt k cjw ehtjrkturj hs rjquhrjm,

kcm cjw paehnhjs cjjm ta ij hdpejdjctjm tgkt rjmjcj kcm rjna`chzj

nadduchty hctj`rkthac kt tgj ejvje a jc`jcmjrhc` k sjcsj a nadduchty

(Nuddhcs jt ke< ;:=).

Hc k shdhekr vjhc, Gk`jrty jt ke krùjm hc tgj ;882s tgkt jstkiehsghc` kcm

dkhctkhchc` k rjektjmcjss ta atgjrs hs k pjrvkshvj gudkc nacnjrc kcm k

sjcsj a ijeac`hc` hs acj gu`jey hdpartkct nadpacjct a naccjnthc` acjs

sje hcta tgj kirhn a surraucmhc` pjapej, peknjs kcm tghc`s (Gk`jrty jt ke,

;889< ;0> ). Rrjsjcthc` sjcsj a ijeac`hc` ks k vhtke kcm ucmjr-kpprjnhktjmdjctke gjketg nacnjpt, tgjy taa nkuthac tgj usj a ijgkvhaurke rjjrjcts

wgjc mjtjrdhchc` mj`rjjs a sanhke hctj`rkthac, ijnkusj pkrthnhpkthac,

knthvhty, kcm praxhdhty ma cat cjnjsskrhey nacsthtutj sjcsj a ijeac`hc`

(hihm< ;0:). Ijeac`hc`cjss hs mjcjm ks k sjcsj a pjrsacke hcvaevjdjct

hc k sanhke systjd sa tgkt k pjrsac jjes tgjdsjevjs ta ij kc hcmhspjcskiej

kcm hctj`rke pkrt a tgj systjd (hihm). Nrunhkeey, ht hdpehjs rjna`chthac kcm

knnjptkcnj a k djdijr iy atgjr djdijrs hc k `raup (hihm< ;0>).

Ijeac`hc`, tgjc, gks duethpej mhdjcshacs, wghng hcneumj cat acey jjehc`

vkeujm, cjjmjm kcm knnjptjm iut kesa tgkt acjs hcmhvhmuke ngkrkntjrhsthns

nadpejdjct tgj systjd htsje< acj ts hc kcm gks k prapjr peknj kcm

purpasj. ]jsj, wj dh`gt sky, krj tgj ngkrkntjrhsthn jkturjs a gadj kcm

h tkljc sjrhausey, rjvjke tgkt nrjkthc` k gadj ar jcnaurk`hc` jjehc`s

a kt gadjcjss hs k kr darj nadpejx kcm suitej pranjss tgkc tgkt a

ùkrkctjjhc` rh`gts a awcjrsghp kcm passjsshac, ks hdpartkct ks tgasj

rh`gts krj hc tgjdsjevjs.



;=


17/40

:. NKDRGHEE NADDZCH]HJ^

Ks k damje ao sjrvhnj pravhshac (gaushc`, jmunkthac kcm jdpeaydjct)oar iatg nghemrjc kcm kmuets whtg spjnhke cjjms, tgj Nkdpghee

nadduchty jxhstjm prhar ta gasphtke neasurjs, kcm ks sung majs cat okee

hcta tgj nktjàrhjs ao rjshmjcthke nkdpus ar spjnhke vheek`j kssh`cjm

ta neustjrjm gaushc` ac oardjr gasphtke shtjs. Hc oknt, tgj Nkdpghee

nadduchthjs oard k uchquj nktjàry ao tgjhr awc (whtg tgj jxnjpthac

ao EKrngj, pjrgkps), ijhc` ekr`jey rjehkct ac vaeuctjjrs wga naddht ta

sgkrhc` tgjhr gadjs kcm ehvjs whtg pjapej wga gkvj spjnhke cjjms oar k

pjrham ao kt ejkst acj yjkr. ]hs hcneumjs tgj kmapthac ao k pkrthnuekr sjt

ao sanhke kcm nueturke prknthnjs kcm k mjmhnkthac ta k pkrthnuekr hmjke ao

hctjrmjpjcmjct ehvhc`. Knnarmhc` ta Oueàsh, Nkdpghee nadduchthjs khd

ta ij nadduchthjs whtg kcm cat oar tgasj whtg spjnhke cjjms6

Ruphes, stumjcts, vheek`jrs kcm aemjr rjshmjcts ehvj ta`jtgjr whtg

na-warljrs kcm tgjhr okdhehjs hc sung k wky ks ta oastjr dutuke gjep

kcm ucmjrstkcmhc`. Gjepjr kcm gjepjm ehvj shmj iy shmj, jkng ejkrchc`

orad tgj atgjr.

(Oueàsh, ;8826 =2)

]j cjtwarl a spjnhke sngaaes, warlhc` vheek`js, nrk njctrjs, `raupgadjs, warlsgaps, naeej`js kcm trkhchc` sngjdjs naeejnthvjey lcawc

ks Nkdpghee wks aucmjm hc ;8=2 hc ^natekcm iy k `raup a rju`jjs

rad Ckzh-annuphjm njctrke Jurapj, ucmjr tgj ùhmkcnj a Kustrhkc

pkjmhktrhnhkc Lkre Lajch`. Lajch` sau`gt ta afljr djctkeey kcm pgyshnkeey

mhskiejm nghemrjc k qukehty a ehj tgkt kt tgkt thdj wks sthee ekr`jey mjchjm

tgjd iy dkhcstrjkd sanhjty. Ks wjee ks tgjrkpy kcm djmhnke trjktdjct,

tghs hcneumjm appartuchthjs ar ejkrchc` slhees kcm nrks kcm tklhc` pkrt hc

k vkrhjty a k`rhnueturke, madjsthn, nueturke kcm krthsthn knthvhthjs. K gaehsthn

ar hctj`rktjm kpprakng wks nacshmjrjm tgj ljy, acj wghng taal hctaknnauct cat acey pgyshnke kcm djctke iut jdathacke, jcvhracdjctke kcm

sanhke kntars (Ikc`, 92;2).

]j ;8=7 Rraspjntus a tgj rst Nkdpghee ^pjnhke ^ngaae apjcjm hc

Kijrmjjc stktjm tgkt jkng nghem gks tgj rh`gt ta mjdkcm tgkt gj hs `hvjc

kee passhiej gjep tawkrms irhc`hc` ghs patjcthkehthjs ta ueejst jxprjsshac

(nhtjm hc Nastk, 9227< >>). Orkcle aisjrvjm tgkt6 h wj krj ta irhc` aut

tgj gudkc patjcthke kt hts ijst, wj dust rst ijehjvj hc hts jxhstjcnj kcm

prjsjcnj (Orkcle, 92;;< 77). ]j aucmjrs a Nkdpghee cat acey ijehjvjm

hc tgj patjcthke a tgjsj nghemrjc, iut put tgjhr hmjkes hcta prknthnj darj

tgkc twa mjnkmjs ijarj tgj puiehnkthac a ^tkcejy ^j`kes sjdhcke warl



;:


18/40

Ca Nghem hs Hcjmunkiej(;80=). Gjcnj tgjy nkc ij rj`krmjm cat fust ks

jxpjrhdjctjrs hc ketjrckthvj ehvhc` iut ks phacjjrs hc tgj stumy a hctjeejntuke

mhskihehty kcm hc tgj whmjr jem a gaehsthn sanhke nkrj, ar wgkt hs caw

hcnrjkshcèy tjrdjm sanhke pjmkà`y (Fknlsac, 92;;).

Hc sphtj a tghs kppkrjct pra`rjsshvhsd kcm tgj jxpkcshac a Nkdpghee hctak waremwhmj davjdjct rjprjsjctjm ac vj nacthcjcts, tgj nadduchthjs

rjdkhc ekr`jey ucstumhjm kcm gjcnj uclcawc autshmj k nhrnej a hddjmhktj

stkljgaemjrs kcm jctgushksts. ]j jxpekckthac ehjs pkrtey hc tgj stary a

Nkdpghees awc mjvjeapdjct. Ks k nauctjr-nueturke, jxpehnhtey Ngrhsthkc

hctjcthacke nadduchty davjdjct, hcmhvhmuke njctrjs wjrj trkmhthackeey

rjekthvjey neasjm kcm hcwkrm-eaalhc`, hc sphtj a tgjhr stktutary rjekthacsghp

whtg eanke kutgarhthjs kcm tgj kdhehjs a ijcjnhkrhjs. ]kcls ta tgj

Darkvhkc iknl`raucm a na-aucmjr heek Dkksijr`, tgj hcujcnj a

tgj Darkvhkc Ngurng hs vhshiej hc Nkdpghees naddhtdjct ta tgj shdpej,mjvathacke ehj, ta sgkrhc`, ta warl, ta gacaurhc` ijkuty kcm ckturj kcm

strhvhc` ta nrjktj k pjknjue, armjrjm jcvhracdjct (Fknlsac, 9227). Hts awc

sje-hdk`j a sjpkrktjcjss, kdaucthc` jvjc ta mjjcshvjcjss, gks pjrgkps

nactrhiutjm ta k pjrnjpthac a Nkdpghees warl ks hrrjejvkct ta dkhcstrjkd

sanhke ehj kcm cjjms (^lhccjr kcm Ikrac, 92;;6 978-;2).

Ourtgjr jdpgkshshc` k sjcsj a atgjrcjss rad ^natthsg, sjnuekr sanhjty,

ehj hc Nkdpghee wks stracèy hcujcnjm iy tgj aucmjrs stumy a Yumae

^tjhcjrs kctgrapasapgy, k mjjpey sphrhtuke vhjw a tgj warem raatjm hc

kc hctjrprjtkthac a Ngrhsthkchty wghng syctgjshsjs Pjstjrc kcm Jkstjrc

jsatjrhn trkmhthacs hcta k shcèj, jphn nasdaea`y. rkhchc` kcm jmunkthac

a stkfl hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs hs hcardjm iy tghs ucnacvjcthacke

pjrspjnthvj a tgj warem kcm tgj gudkc ijhc`, ks krj tgjrkphjs, trjktdjct

a tgj ekcm kcm hts nuethvkthac, sjksacke kcm nueturke njejirkthacs, jvjry mky

prknthnjs kcm nustads. Ketgau`g Lajch` hmjcthjm warlhc` ta rkhsj puiehn

kwkrjcjss a tgj hssujs surraucmhc` mhskihehty ks k ljy tksl (Nastk, 9227< >=),

Nkdpghees ghstary hs cjvjrtgjejss ngkrkntjrhsjm iy k tjcmjcny ta sgy kwky

rad sje-pradathac, k kheurj ta nadduchnktj hts ucusuke prhcnhpejs hc k

ekcùk`j ucmjrstkcmkiej ta atgjr prajsshackes, kcm k eknl a jflart ta jhtgjr

nacmunt ar wjenadj nrhthnke hcvjsth`kthacs.amky tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj sprjkm knrass tgj ZL, vkryhc`

`rjktey hc shzj, sjtthc` kcm anus kcm nktjrhc` ta mhfljrjct k`j-`raups kcm ta

mhfljrjct cjjms. Hc Jcèkcm, Pkejs kcm Cartgjrc Hrjekcm 99 rurke (dastey

ekcm-iksjm) kcm 7 urikc ehj-sgkrhc` neustjrjm gaushc` nadduchthjs

suppart avjr 022 yauc` pjapej kcm kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs kcm

atgjr spjnhke cjjms. Hcmhvhmuke nadduchthjs afljr kcywgjrj ijtwjjc =

kcm ;2= rjshmjcthke peknjs kcm dkcy kesa pravhmj kmmhthacke mky peknjdjct

sjrvhnjs/warlsgaps. Hc ^natekcm tgjrj krj ;; Nkdpghee njctrjs supparthc`

kppraxhdktjey =22 hcmhvhmukes whtg spjnhke cjjms. ]jsj njctrjs hcneumj twarjshmjcthke spjnhke sngaaes, twa ekr`j krdhc` jstktjs wghng pravhmj warl



;?


19/40

kcm trkhchc` appartuchthjs ar yauc` kmuets, vj rurke warlhc` nadduchthjs

ar kmuets hcneumhc` twa wghng apjrktj ac k vheek`j damje, acj sdkee urikc

ksshstjm ehvhc` nadpejx kcm acj jemjrey nkrj gadj.

Ckdj MktjOaucmjm

Yj`hstrkthacstktus

ûppartjmHcmhvhmukes

(rjshmjcthke)

Ektjst Nkrj hcspjntarktj qukehty `rkmjs

Nkrj &

ûppart

Jcvhracdjct ^tkc` Dkck`jdjct

& Ejkmjrsghp

Nkdpghee

^ngaae

;8=2 ^ngaae Nkrj

Knnaddamkthac

^jrvhnj

:2 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam

Cjwtac Mjj ;8=: Gaushc` uppart

^jrvhnj

7? jxnjeejct c/k jxnjeejct jxnjeejct

Anghe ]awjr ;809 ^ngaae Nkrj

Knnaddamkthac

^jrvhnj

9? vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam

Dheetawc ;80= Gaushc` uppart^jrvhnj

0 vjry aam c/k àam vjry aam

Iekhr

Mruddacm

;80? Nkrj Gadj

^jrvhnj Kmuets

=2 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam

Ijkcckngjr ;807 ûppart jrvhnj

Phtgaut Nkrj kt

Gadj

90 jxnjeejct jxnjeejct jxnjeejct jxnjeejct

Narijchn ;807 Nkrj Gadj

^jrvhnj Kmuets

97 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam àam

Eang Krtgur ;87= Gaushc` uppart

^jrvhnj

97 jxnjeejct c/k vjry aam vjry aam

^hdjac ;87= Nkrj Gadj^jrvhnj Kmuets

;7 jxnjeejct vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam

]h`g k

Ngadkhcc

;870 Nkrj Gadj

^jrvhnj Kmuets

0 àam vjry aam àam àam

]hpijrjtg ;88> Nkrj Gadj

^jrvhnj Kmuets

;9 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam

Yjshmjct ùrjs truj oar 92;9. natthsg Nkrj Hcspjntarktj ùrjs 92;>/;=

]kiej ;. NKDRGHEE NADDZCH]HJ^ HC ^NA]EKCM

kiej ; mjdacstrktjs tgj eac`jvhty kcm `rawtg hc cudijrs a tgj

nadduchthjs whtghc ^natekcm kcm tgj knt tgkt tgjy krj rjna`chsjm iy

ckthacke kcm eanke kutgarhthjs ks k gh`g qukehty rjsaurnj (sjj kesa Nkdpghee

^natekcm Yjsjkrng @raup, 92;9). Knnarmhc` ta Dkcsjee, ketgau`g Nkdpghees

gh`g snarhc` ac pjrardkcnj djksurjs hcmhnktjs tgkt tgj nadduchthjs

krj kc hdpartkct pkrt a tgj spjntrud a sjrvhnj pravhshac, ijnkusj tgjy

mjpjcm ac k suppey a pjapej wheehc` ta sgkrj tgjhr gadjs whtg mhskiejm

rjshmjcts, tgj damje hs ucehljey ta ij whmjey kppehnkiej (Dkcsjee, 9227).

]jrj hs ca mauit tgkt tgj Nkdpghee kpprakng rjquhrjs jcardaus kcm

sustkhcjm naddhtdjct kcm k pkrthnuekr jtghnke, h cat spjnhnkeey rjeh`haus,



;0


20/40

arhjctkthac. ]j nadduchthjs afljr k wgaej pknlk`j wghng hs cat jkshey

iraljc up hcta mhsthcnt sjrvhnjs. Jvhmjctey tgjsj sjtthc`s wauem cat ij tgj

hmjke apthac ar jvjryacj kcm, ks tgj rjvhjw stktjs, tgjy krj acey jvjr ehljey

ta annupy k chngj hc tgj dkrljt ar nkrj (Dkcsjee, 9227< ;2?).

Ketgau`g tgj Nkdpghee damje dky ij rjstrhntjm hc k pgyshnke sjcsj,stumy a ht gks patjcthkeey k `rjkt mjke ta afljr tgj jem a sanhke nkrj hc iatg

prknthnke kcm tgjarjthnke tjrds. Ks k eac`-rucchc` prafjnt hc nadduchty-

iuhemhc` kcm supparthc` pjapej hc ketjrckthvj sjtthc`s, iatg tgj sunnjssjs

kcm khehc`s a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs dky ij hcstrunthvj hc k whmjr sjcsj.

@hvjc tgj prjsjct prjannupkthac whtg gaw ta napj whtg tgj `rawhc`

cudijr a pjapej neksshjm ks gkvhc` spjnhke cjjms, tgj mhnuethjs knhc`

kc k`jhc` papuekthac, tgj jflarts dkmj ta ikekcnj gudkc rh`gts nacnjrcs

kcm tgj `rawhc` cjjm ar nadduchty nagjshac, tgj 02-yjkr-eac` jxpjrhjcnj

a Nkdpghee rjdkhcs k ekr`jey uctkppjm saurnj.]hs jxpjrhjcnj dky ij a pkrthnuekr rjejvkcnj hc eh`gt a tgj nurrjct davj

tawkrm pjrsackehskthac hc nkrj sjrvhnjs, kcm ucmjrstkcmhc` tgj hdpehnkthacs

tghs k`jcmk gks ar astjrhc` hctj`rkthac kt k ejvje tgkt jcnadpkssjs tghc`s

ehlj k sjcsj a nadduchty, gadjehcjss kcm ijeac`hc`. Knnarmhc` ta tgj

ânhke Nkrj Hcsthtutj ar Jxnjeejcnj, sjt up iy tgj ZL @avjrcdjct hc 922;,

tgj pjrsackehskthac k`jcmk hs cat fust kiaut tkhearhc` sjrvhnjs ta hcmhvhmuke

cjjms, iut rjprjsjcts kc kttjdpt ta sgh tgj ikekcnj a pawjr kdac`

nkrjrs kcm nkrjm-ar, rad rjekthacsghps a mjpjcmjcny ta rjekthacsghps

a dutukehty (^NHJ, 92;9< ;8). ]j khd hs ta davj kwky rad iatg tgj

pjrnjpthac kcm trjktdjct a tgasj whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs ks pksshvj

rjnhphjcts a sjrvhnjs kcm jcnaurk`j krrkc`jdjcts a na-pramunthac, wgjrj

tgjy krj jquke pkrthnhpkcts hc tgj dkck`jdjct a tgjhr awc suppart kcm nkrj

pekcs.

Ijyacm tgkt, tgj sh`chnkcnj a jjehc` usjue ks k ljy hc`rjmhjct hc

tgj jxpjrhjcnj a nadduchty hs mhrjntey knlcawejm`jm6 ...nadduchthjs

krj strac`jr wgjrj pjapej wga usj sjrvhnjs krj gjepjm ta cm àam wkys

a dklhc` k vkeujm eanke nactrhiuthac, cat fust sjjc ks hc cjjm a nkrj

(^NHJ, 92;9< ;8). âdj gkvj tkljc tghs jvjc urtgjr< ht hs cat fust k dkttjr

a gjephc` tgj hctjeejntukeey mhskiejm pjrsac ta mjvjeap sje-jstjjd kcm ksjcsj a hmjcthty tgrau`g pjrardhc` sanhkeey usjue tksls, iut k dkttjr a

ijnadhc` darj nacsnhaus a tgj sanhke vkeuj a mhskihehty hc kcm a htsje.

]j h a mhskihehty hs tgkt ht prjsjcts jkng a us hcmhvhmukeey, kcm sanhjty

ks k wgaej, whtg kc appartuchty ta rjspacm ta kcatgjr pjrsacs cjjms whtg

mjnjcny (Mufly, 92;;< =).

]j rjkehty ao mhskihehty hs tgkt ht nuts tgrau`g tgj dytgs wj wjkvj kraucm

aursjevjs. Ht sgaws us tgkt ehoj hs cat kiaut nacsudpthac, wjketg ar pawjr. Pj

krj nacoractjm iy tgj cjjms ao kcatgjr gudkc ijhc` kcm tgjsj cjjms peknj



;7


21/40

mjdkcms upac us kcm, kt tgj skdj thdj, ho wj krj prjpkrjm ta rjkeey eaal kcm

ehstjc, wj krj kesa nacoractjm whtg tgj rjke djkchc` ao aur cjjms6 aur cjjm oar

naccjnthac, oar nactrhiuthac, oar mh`chty kcm rjspjnt. Pj dh`gt sky tgkt wj krj

hcnrjkshcèy nejkr tgkt wj gkvj k cjjm oar nhthzjcsghp.

(Mufly, 92;;< >)

Iatg tgj prjdhsjs a stkrthc` whtg tgj pjrsac rktgjr tgkc k sjrvhnj damje,

kcm trjkthc` tgj knt a sjrvhnj ks k ejkrchc` kcm `rawtg appartuchty ar

pjapej whtg kcm whtgaut mhskihehthjs, krj hmjcthkiej ks jssjcthkes hc tgj

Nkdpghee ehtjrkturj (^lhccjr kcm Ikrac, 92;;< 978). Knnarmhc` ta tgjhr

awc knnaucts, tgj jkrey Nkdpgheejrs peknjm `rjkt hdpartkcnj ac wgkt tgjy

rjjrrjm ta ks tgj sphrhtuke uchqujcjss a jkng hcmhvhmuke kcm tgjhr rh`gt

ta ij rjna`chsjm ks jqukes rj`krmejss a autwkrmey pjrnjhvkiej mhfljrjcnjs

ar gkcmhnkps (Lajch`, nhtjm hc Ikc`, 92;2< 98). Ht wks Lajch`s vhjw tgkt

tgj stkrthc` pahct ar kcy lhcm a gjkehc` hs tgj ardkthac a djkchcùe

kcm rjnhpranke rjekthacsghps (Rhjtzcjr, ;8??). Ht wks tghs rjnhpranhty tgj

djjthc` a pjapej ac jquke tjrds, hc dutuke hctjrjst kcm hc uee rjna`chthac

a jkng atgjrs gudkchty tgkt wks ta ij tgj aucmkthac a tgj tgjrkpjuthn

nadduchthjs gj jcvhshacjm.

Ketgau`g warl hs sjjc ks k nrunhke kspjnt a ijeac`hc`, tgj Nkdpghee

vheek`js ma cat rj`krm tgjdsjevjs ks warlhc` nadduchthjs. Car ma tgjy

rj`krm tgjdsjevjs spjnhnkeey ks nkrhc` nadduchthjs< hc knt, tgj ekije nkrjr

hs ajc jxpehnhtey mhskvawjm, hc kvaur a tjrds ehlj jckiejr ar tgj darj

naddac na-warljr. Ehljwhsj, suppart stkfl djdijrs ma cat sjj tgjhr tkslskcm rjspacshihehthjs ks k fai iut prjjr tgj tjrd wky a ehj. Knnarmhc`

ta Ngrhsthj, ht hs tghs auteaal wghng keeaws tgasj whtg spjnhke cjjms ta ij

njejirktjm ks hcmhvhmukehthjs kcm cat hmjcthjm purjey whtg tgjhr mhskihehty

(Ngrhsthj, ;878). Rjapej krj hc tgj Nkdpghee vheek`j cat ta ij nkrjm ar,

trjktjm, gausjm, jmunktjm ar jdpeayjm, iut ta ehvj. Ehj, hc kee hts nadpejxhty,

hs tgj dkhc purpasj kcm iushcjss a tgj nadduchty kcm ht hs tghs duethpehnhty

a purpasj ar gaehsd wghng mhsthcùhsgjs k nadduchty rad kc

hcsthtuthac.

]j Nkdpghee nadduchthjs tgus annupy kc hctjrjsthc` pashthac hc tgjspjntrud a pravhshac, prjsjcthc` twa nactrksthc` phnturjs. Ac tgj acj

gkcm, tgjy rjprjsjct k sjjdhcèy aut-mktjm, mhsthcntey aut a kvaur damje,

ijhc` ehvhc` uchts wghng ard k sjpkrktj nadduchty rad tgj surraucmhc`

papuekthac, wgjrj rjshmjcts dky spjcm tgjhr jcthrj kmuet ehj kcm gkvj

ehttej sanhke hctjrknthac ijyacm hts iaucmkrhjs. Ketgau`g jkrey ac Nkdpghee

kppjkrs ta gkvj dung hc naddac whtg tgj mhskihehty rh`gts davjdjct,

hcneumhc` appashthac ta tgj djmhnke damje a nkrj, pkrkmh`d sghs shcnj tgj

;8?2s gkvj ej Nkdpghee shtuktjm whtghc k nktjàry a pravhshac wghng hs

pjrnjhvjm ks kcth-hcmhvhmukehst, jvjc acj appasjm ta pra`rjss.



;8


22/40

Ac tgj atgjr gkcm, Nkdpghee nekhds ta jdiamy prhcnhpejs wghng gkvj

cat acey ijnadj prajsshackeey kmvanktjm iut krj hcnrjkshcèy paehthnkeey

prharhthsjm. ]hs jxtjcms ijyacm hddjmhktj prknthnke qujsthacs a sjrvhnj

mjehvjry kcm kmmrjssjs whmjr sanha-nueturke hssujs wghng hdpknt ac sanhjtys

`jcjrke kihehty ta suppart hts vuecjrkiej kcm mhskmvkctk`jm djdijrs. ]jNkdpghee nadduchthjs gkvj krùkiey ijjc prknthshc` ar mjnkmjs wgkt ar

tgj dkhcstrjkd nkrj sjntar krj ks yjt djrjey stktjdjcts a hctjct ar eac`-

tjrd kdihthac.

Iatg tgjsj phnturjs nacsthtutj nadpjeehc` rjksacs ar rjsjkrng wghng

jckiejs tgj jtgas, djtgams kcm autnadjs a Nkdpghee ta ij darj

whmjey ucmjrstaam. Darjavjr, tgjrj krj strac` hcmhnkthacs tgkt caw

hs kc appartucj thdj ta nkrry aut sung rjsjkrng. Muj ta iatg sghs hc

hctjrcke ktthtumjs (Rekct, hc Fknlsac, 92;;) kcm hc rjspacsj ta ngkc`js hc

tgj sanhke paehny kcm rjùektary jcvhracdjct, tgj ekst mjnkmj gks sjjcNkdpghee dkrljmey hcnrjksj hts jc`k`jdjct whtg prajsshacke, paehthnke

kcm knkmjdhn nadduchthjs. Rkrthnuekrey hc ^natekcm, tgj nadduchthjs

gkvj macj k `rjkt mjke ta rkhsj tgjhr puiehn praej tgrau`g tgj ardkthac

a rjprjsjctkthvj iamhjs, pkrthnhpkthac hc àvjrcdjct paehny nacsuetkthacs,

nrjkthc` pkrtcjrsghps kcm naeekiarkthc` whtg atgjr ar`kchskthacs, hcneumhc`

uchvjrshthjs, kcm naddhsshachc` ardke stumhjs ac tgjhr kpprakng ta nkrj

(^lhccjr kcm Ikrac, 92;;). Kee tghs sh`chjs tgkt tgjrj hs k `rjktjr apjccjss

ac tgj pkrt a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs, hcnrjksjm knnjsshihehty kcm k `rawhc`

jxtjrcke hctjrjst hc tgjhr warl.



92


23/40

?. YJ^JKYNG AC NKDRGHEE

Pghej acj nkc cm k suistkcthke iamy ao ehtjrkturj ac ar rjekthc` taNkdpghee, tgj vkst dkfarhty ao ht hs hc-gausj ar, darj knnurktjey

mjsnrhijm, hc davjdjct puiehnkthacs. Dkcy iaals nacshst ao partrkhts

ao jvjrymky ehoj, wjkvhc` ta`jtgjr mjsnrhpthac kcm pjrsacke rjjnthac

ar krj ao krnghvke ngkrkntjr. ]jsj iaals hcvkrhkiey prjsjct Nkdpghee

hc k pashthvj eh`gt, ks k ijknac ao gapj kcm patjcthke sanhke rjcjwke hc k

trauiejm warem. Ks sung, ketgau`g tgjsj warls sjrvj ks k vkeukiej rjsaurnj

hc hctramunhc` Nkdpghee ghstary, vkeujs kcm prknthnjs ta tgj autshmjr, tgjy

eknl tgj oardke djtgamaea`y kcm nrhthnke mhstkcnj cjnjsskry ta hcoard

paehny, praojsshacke kcm knkmjdhn mjiktjs.

]j iamy a warl tgkt mrkws ac jdphrhnke stumhjs a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs

hc knthac hs dung sdkeejr, hs `jcjrkeey rjstrhntjm ta sdkee snkej, qukehtkthvj

hcvjsth`kthacs ac k shc`ej nadduchty ar `raup a nadduchthjs whtghc k

pkrthnuekr paehthnke kcm `ja`rkpghnke nactjxt, kcm dung a ht hs hc tgj ard

a ucpuiehsgjm stumjct mhssjrtkthacs. Darjavjr, Nkdpghee hs nejkrey cat

k rkcnghsj iut k naeejnthac a gh`gey hcmhvhmukehsjm nadduchthjs, jkng

whtg hts awc hmjcthty kcm ngkrkntjrhsthns. Ks sung, wgkt hs truj ar acj dky

cat ij ar atgjrs kcm nkrj dust ij tkljc wgjc dklhc` `jcjrkehskthacs.

Mjsphtj tgjsj ehdhtkthacs, tgjrj hs sunhjct dktjrhke ta iuhem up k phnturja Nkdpghee kcm hts ljy jkturjs ks k sjtthc` ar pjapej whtg ejkrchc`

mhskihehthjs, kcm arduektj sadj gypatgjsjs wghng nkc ij tjstjm iy urtgjr

rjsjkrng.

Krj tgjy sjnts1

]j rst qujsthac tgkt cjjms ta ij kmmrjssjm hc tgj nactjxt a Nkdpghees

ej`hthdkny ks k sanhke sjrvhnj hs wgjtgjr tgj nadduchthjs krj sjntkrhkc,

nktjrhc` prjmadhckctey ta pjapej whtg spjnhn rjeh`haus ijehjs. ^tumyhc`Nkdpghee hc tgj Z^K hc tgj nactjxt a tgj irakmjr pgjcadjcac a

hctjcthacke nadduchty ehvhc`, DnLkckc (9220) nacneumjm tgkt Nkdpghee

annuphjs k dhmmej `raucm sadjwgjrj ijtwjjc sjntkrhkc kcm sjnuekr.

Ketgau`g sphrhtuke hc auteaal kcm kttjdpthc` ta jdiamy kctgrapasapghnke

prhcnhpejs, tgj nadduchthjs wjenadj pjapej a kee kcm ca khtgs. DnLkckc

aucm suppart ar na-aucmjr Lkre Lajch`s mjnekrkthac tgkt Nkdpghee warls

aut a Ngrhsthkchty, cat ar Ngrhsthkchty (DnLkckc, 9220).

]j twaaem dhsshac nadihcjs k naddhtdjct ta ehj sgkrhc` kcm tgj

nrjkthac a tgjrkpjuthn jcvhracdjcts whtg tgj darj eac`-tjrd `ake a

ijnadhc` k sjjm ar tgj ieassadhc` a cjw sanhke ards kcm ktthtumjs.



9;


24/40

Mrkwhc` ac hctjrvhjws kcm pkrthnhpkct aisjrvkthac, DnLkckc su``jsts

tgkt Nkdpghee hs cjhtgjr k djrj naeejnthac a gaushc` nadduchthjs car

k strhntey neasjm sanhke warem< tgj Davjdjct jdirknjs kdhey ehj, iut hts

djdijrs rkrjey kssudj tgkt tgjhr nghemrjc whee pravhmj tgj cjxt `jcjrkthac

a Nkdpgheejrs kcm ketgau`g Nkdpghee ksphrjs ta ij tgj sjjm a k cjw sanhke

armjr, Nkdpgheejrs ma cat hdk`hcj k uturj tgkt whee ij Nkdpghee wrht ekr`j

(DnLkckc, 9220< 7>).

Pghej DnLkckcs warl anusjs ac Nkdpghees kihehty ta dkhctkhc k jxhiej

jc`k`jdjct whtg autshmjrs, ^whctac, Okenacjr kcm Iranl (922?) jxkdhcjm

tgj sh`chnkcnj a sphrhtukehty ar tgasj ehvhc` kcm warlhc` whtghc ht. Hc-

mjptg hctjrvhjws kcm anus `raups whtg 0= spjnhke cjjms hcmhvhmukes kcm

:; na-warljrs hc tgrjj ZL sjtthc`s jxpearjm pjapejs ucmjrstkcmhc` a tgj

tjrd sphrhtukehty, tgjhr sjcsj a tgj sphrhtuke hc tgjhr jvjrymky ehvjs kcm tgj

sh`chnkcnj a tghs ar tgjhr ehvjs kcm avjrkee wjeeijhc`. ]j rjsjkrngjrskmaptjm k irakm nacnjpt a sphrhtukehty, ks sadjtghc` tgkt jxhsts iatg whtghc

kcm autshmj trkmhthacs kcm rjeh`haus systjds, rjekthc` ta tgj wkys hc wghng

pjapej sjjl djkchc`, vkeuj kcm purpasj hc tgjhr ehvjs kcm kcswjrs ta

jxhstjcthke qujsthacs.

^h`chnkctey, tgjy aucm tgkt ar pjapej whtg spjnhke cjjms, sphrhtukehty hs

hdpartkct iut jxpjrhjcthkeey rktgjr tgkc hctjeejntukeey. ^phrhtuke wjeeijhc`

wks kedast kewkys mjsnrhijm hc naccjnthac ta tkc`hiej, jvjrymky tghc`s,

hc pkrthnuekr, warl, rjekthacsghps kcm tgj ckturke warem. Ht wks tgrau`g

nacnrjtj knthvhthjs tgkt tgjy sau`gt kcm aucm kcswjrs ta ucmkdjctke,jxhstjcthke qujsthacs6 rhjcms `hvj acj k sjcsj a acjs awc hmjcthty kcm

vkeuj< nadducke rgytgds kcm rhtukes pravhmj k sjcsj a ijeac`hc` kcm

gadjueecjss. Parl, wgjtgjr k sjrvhnj ar nrjkthvj jctjrprhsj, astjrs k sjcsj

a purpasjuecjss kcm tgus ijnadjs hdiujm whtg djkchc`. ]j rjsjkrngjrs

nacneumjm tgkt warl taal ac k sphrhtuke jejdjct h tgj jxpjrhjcnj a ht

jxprjssjm hccjr gapjs ar mjshrjs, h ht nkpturjm sadjtghc` a wgkt tgj

hcmhvhmuke wkctjm ta ij rktgjr tgkc fust `hvhc` ghd ar gjr sadjtghc` ta ma

(^whctac jt ke, 922?).

Hc `jcjrke, ^whctac jt ke aucm tgkt sphrhtukehty sthee gks spjnhke sh`chnkcnj

hc Nkdpghee, iut tgkt tgj wkys hc wghng ht dkchjsts htsje krj ngkc`hc`.

rkmhthackeey sphrhtuke ehj rjvaevjm kraucm ngurng sjrvhnjs, ihiej rjkmhc`s,

Ngrhsthkc kcm sjksacke jsthvkes. Oar sadj, tgjsj ardke prknthnjs krj

ijnadhc` ejss hdpartkct, ar atgjrs tgjy krj cat hdpartkct kt kee. Ehlj

dkcy pjapej hc tgj Pjstjrc warem tgj pjapej hc Nkdpghee sjjdjm ta ij

jxprjsshc` kcm ehvhc` aut mhvjrsj kcm hcmhvhmukehsjm sphrhtuke ehvjs tgkt

dky hcneumj, iut krj ca eac`jr cjnjsskrhey mjcjm iy, ardke rjeh`haus

ar pgheasapghnke strunturjs kcm kssudpthacs (^whctac jt ke, 922?< 07).

Gawjvjr, ar k sh`chnkct cudijr, kctgrapasapgy wks hdpartkct hc



99


25/40

hcardhc` tgjhr sphrhtuke nacnjpts, hc pkrthnuekr whtg rj`krm ta hssujs

surraucmhc` myhc`, mjktg kcm tgj kjrehj.

Hc k stumy iksjm ac pkrthnhpkct aisjrvkthac a k Nkdpghee sngaae

nadduchty ar nghemrjc whtg kuthsd, ^ngkphra (hc Fknlsac, 92;;) ehljwhsjhmjcthjs sphrhtukehty ks kc jssjcthke myckdhn tgkt nactrhiutjs ta tgj qukehty

a ehj kcm pkrthnuekr ktdaspgjrj a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs. Mjsnrhihc`

sphrhtukehty ks kc jtgas rktgjr tgkc k ma`dk sgj stktjs tgkt prjsnrhijm

sphrhtuke prknthnjs kcm pgheasapghjs krj prjsjct, iut tgjy sjjd ta pravhmj k

rkdj ar iknlmrap ar tgj jxprjsshac a narj gudkchsthn vkeujs (^ngkphra,

92;;< ;28). ^h`chnkctey, shcnj dkcy a tgj nghemrjc hc tgjsj nadduchthjs

krj uckiej ta spjkl, tgj sphrhtuke jejdjct a ehj dust ij nadduchnktjm

jdathackeey rktgjr tgkc vjrikeey. Jngahc` ^whctac jt ke, sphrhtukehty hs

mjsnrhijm ks k jjehc` jxpjrhjcnj, cat kc hctjeejntuke acj, dast praaucmey

naccjntjm ta k njejirkthac a ckturj kcm tgj curturhc` a tgj uckfljntjmmhvhcj spkrl hc jkng nghem (^ngkphra, 92;;< ;;2).

^ngkphra kesa hmjcthjs kttjcthac ta armjr kcm rgytgd ks k ljy jkturj a

tgj Nkdpghee nadduchty. ^trunturj hs pkrthnuekrey hdpartkct ar kuthsthn

spjntrud nghemrjc ar wgad lcawhc` wgkt hs àhc` ta gkppjc pravhmjs k

sjcsj a sjnurhty kcm nadart. Nadduchty rgytgds krj ar`kchsjm hc ehcj

whtg iatg gudkc kcm ckturke nynejs, whtg tgj hctjcthac a jstkiehsghc`

rauthcjs kcm rhtukes wghng nkc cjvjrtgjejss ij suitey iraljc iy kmmhc`

vkrhkthac tgkt nghemrjc nkc gkcmej (^ngkphra, 92;;< ;2?). ]hs hcvaevjs

k mjehnktj ikekcnj ijtwjjc afljrhc` sjnurhty kcm jcnaurk`hc` ngkc`j,kmkptkihehty kcm `rawtg.

^ngkphra krùjs tgkt ehvhc` hc sung k nadduchty tgus gks k praaucm

mjvjeapdjctke kfljnt ac nghemrjc whtg sjvjrj mhnuethjs, kc jfljnt wghng

àjs kr ijyacm wgkt nkc ij knnadpehsgjm hc darj nacvjcthacke sanhke slhees

trkhchc` pra`rkddjs. Gjrj, nghemrjc whtg mhvjrsj cjjms kcm ngkeejc`js krj

aieh`jm ta ejkrc ta ehvj ta`jtgjr kcm napj whtg hcmhvhmukes ks ucprjmhntkiej

ks tgjdsjevjs. ]j knt a gjephc` kcatgjr pjrsac nkc ij vjry tgjrkpjuthn) kesa mhsnussjs Nkdpghee hc tjrds a sanhkehskthac

pranjssjs, su``jsthc` tgjy krj darj gjkvhey hc jvhmjcnj tgkc jc`k`jdjct

whtg kistrknt prhcnhpejs ar hmjkes. Hc kc jtgca`rkpghn stumy a tgrjj

nadduchthjs hc ^natekcm, sgj rjparts tgkt dung a tgj mhsnusshac kraucm



9>


26/40

mjvjeaphc` tgj wgaej nghem/kmuet njctrjm ac prk`dkthn nacnjrcs kraucm

ijgkvhaur dkck`jdjct kcm astjrhc` sanhke slhees (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;0;).

]j nghemrjc kcm kmuets wga nadj ta tgj nadduchthjs ajc prjsjct wgkt

hs tjrdjm ks ngkeejc`hc` ijgkvhaur. Hc atgjr warms, tgjy krj uckiej ta

hctj`rktj hcta cardke kdhey ar sanhke ehj muj ta mjvhkct kcm sadjthdjsvhaejct nacmunt. K ljy prharhty kt tgj shtjs sgj stumhjm, tgjc, nacshstjm hc

warlhc` kcm dkck`hc` iaucmkry ijgkvhaur (hihm).

Hdpartkctey, tghs hs macj hc sung k wky ks ta sjjd k ckturke pkrt a ehj,

hcnarparktjm sjkdejssey hcta mkhey strunturjs kcm rgytgds. ]j xjm kcm

rjpjththvj armjr a mky-ta-mky jvjcts, sung ks sgkrjm djkethdjs, sjrvhnjs,

wktnghc` ar pjrardhc` k peky, ael mkcnhc`, gks k spjnhn purpasj6 jkng

knthvhty keeaws tgj kppraprhktj ijgkvhaurs ar k `hvjc sanhke shtukthac ta ij

suitey yjt nacthcuausey rjhcarnjm6 kt djkethdjs wgjc ta ij shejct kcm sthee,

wgjc ht hs knnjptkiej ta fudp kraucm, kcm sa ac. Hc tghs wky tgj trauiejmghstary kcm trauiejm ijgkvhaur nkc avjr thdj ij turcjm hcta k sunnjssue

sanhke sje whtg lcawejm`j a gaw ta dkck`j kcm nactrae tgj jxpjntkthacs a

mhfljrjct sanhke warems (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;7;).

Ketgau`g aisjrvhc` tgkt Nkdpghee peknjs `rjkt jdpgkshs ac tgj

hdpartkcnj a ijnadhc` sanhke ijhc`s, ^cjee`ravj majs cat nacneumj

tgkt whtghc Nkdpghee sanhkehskthac hs tgj jcm `ake hc htsje, car hs sanhke

ijgkvhaur ucmjrstaam purjey hc tjrds a tthc` hc ar nacardhc` ta tgj

cards a tgj `raup. Yktgjr, sanhkehskthac hs pkrt a mjvjeaphc` cat fust k

sunnjssue kcm ucnthachc` sje, iut k nadpejtj sje< tgj kihehty ta hctj`rktj

hs sjjc ks hcjxtrhnkiey naccjntjm ta ehvhc` k djkchc`ue, wartgwghej kcm

uee ehj. Lcawhc` gaw ta ij sanhke hcvaevjs lcawhc` gaw ta rjektj ta kcm

hctjrknt whtg atgjr gudkc ijhc`s, kcm tghs hs jdpawjrhc` ar pjapej

wga gkvj ijjc hsaektjm kcm aistruntjm iy tgjhr hckihehty ta ard `jcuhcj

rjekthacsghps. \Tgj ejkrchc` a sanhke jthqujttj keac`shmj rhtuke kcm jsthvj

prknthnjs, nadihcjm whtg tgj vkrhaus jmunkthacke trkhchc` shtukthacs tgj

nghem/kmuet cms tgjdsjevjs hc, krj kee hc acj wky ar kcatgjr khdjm kt tgj

rjkehskthac a tgj pjrsacs patjcthke (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;09).

]j knnaucts a DnLkckc, ^whctac jt ke, ^ngkphra kcm ^cjee`ravj su``jst

tgkt Nkdpghees jtgas hs sphrhtukeey hcneushvj rktgjr tgkc jxneushvj, `jkrjmdarj tawkrm k gjketgy, hctj`rktjm ehjstyej kcm prknthnke kcm sanhke jmunkthac

tgkc kmgjrjcnj ta rjeh`haus prknthnjs ar tgjhr awc sklj. Pgjrj prjsjct,

rktgjr tgkc ijhc` pkrthnuekrey rjstrhnthvj ar hdpasjm, tgj sphrhtuke auteaal

kppjkrs ta gkvj k pashthvj tgjrkpjuthn jfljnt ac hcmhvhmukes suppartjm.

^ngkphra aucm tgkt tgj kmapthac a kc jssjcthkeey sknrjm vhjw a sjeoaam

ejkms ta kc ktthtumj a gacaur kcm rjspjnt wghng nkc jcgkcnj tgj sje-

jstjjd kcm nacmjcnj a nghemrjc wga krj ajc ucmjr-kpprjnhktjm hc

dkhcstrjkd sanhjty. ^hdhekrey, nkrj kcm kttjcthac ta ckturke nynejs a ehj



9=


27/40

gjeps nrjktj k skj jcvhracdjct ar nghemrjc ta knj ngkeejc`js kcm mjvjeap

kt tgjhr awc pknj (^ngkphra, 92;;).

Ac tgj atgjr gkcm, ketgau`g nadduchty ehvhc` afljrs ucpkrkeejejm

appartuchthjs ar naccjntjmcjss kcm ejkrchc`, ar tgasj wga ehlj ta ij

keacj tgj shtukthac dky ij avjrwgjedhc` kcm ejkm ta hcnrjksjm kcxhjty(^ngkphra, 92;;< ;;>). Aisjrvkcnj a spjnhn sphrhtuke prknthnjs kcm/ar

rjeh`haus rhtukes nkc irhc` mhsnadart ta pjapej rad mhfljrjct iknl`raucms.

Yjstrhnthacs ac wgkt hs keeawjm hcta tgj nadduchty rad autshmj dky

ehdht rjshmjcts jxpasurj ta jejdjcts a damjrc nueturj (hihm< ;;>). ]hs

hc turc rkhsjs qujsthacs kiaut tgj mj`rjj ta wghng Nkdpghee nadduchthjs

jckiej tgasj whtghc tgjhr nkrj ta naccjnt whtg pjapej wga krj cat pkrt

a tgj nadduchty kcm prjpkrj tgjd ar patjcthke rj-hctj`rkthac hcta tgj

dkhcstrjkd papuekthac.

]jsj aisjrvkthacs gh`geh`gt tgj knt tgkt tgj hdpknt a Nkdpgheeshctjrtwhcjm myckdhns whee ij mhfljrjct ar jkng pjrsackehty, kcm sa kc

jcvhracdjct wghng dky ij hddjcsjey rjwkrmhc` ar acj hcmhvhmuke dky ij

tatkeey ucsuhtkiej ar kcatgjr. Ks ^ngkphra catjs, tghs kppehjs ta stkfl ks wjee

ks rjshmjcts. ]j jflart tgkt `ajs hcta pravhmhc` sung k gh`g ejvje a suppart

kcm dachtarhc`, kcm tgj `jcjrke hctjcshty a nadduchty ehvhc`, nkc nadj

kt tgj nast a pjrsacke thdj kcm spknj ar stkfl. Ehvhc` ta`jtgjr djkcs tgjy

dust ij pjrdkcjctey rjspacshiej kcm nacstkctey kvkhekiej h cat kewkys

pgyshnkeey, njrtkhcey jdathackeey. Hc tgjsj nhrnudstkcnjs tgj sje-nkrj a stkfl

nkc ij nadpradhsjm kcm ejkm ta jxgkusthac ar iurcaut (^ngkphra, 92;;).

]hs hc turc dky gkvj hdpehnkthacs ar k nadduchtys kihehty ta dkhctkhc

stkcmkrms a nkrj.

Krj tgjy hcsthtuthacs1

Hc tgj eh`gt a tgj mhsnusshac ac sanhkehskthac, k sjnacm ljy qujsthac tgkt

cjjms ta ij ksljm a Nkdpghee hs wgkt jfljnt tgj sgkrjm-ehvhc` krrkc`jdjcts

kcm gh`gey ar`kchsjm kcm iaucmjm sanhke nactjxt gkvj ac tgj hcmhvhmuke

rh`gts kcm ehijrthjs a tgj pjapej wga ehvj tgjrj. ]j aivhaus anus ac

sanhke nactrae kcm `raup hctj`rkthac gh`geh`gtjm iy tgj kiavj stumhjs,

ij`s tgj qujsthac a wgkt typj a sje tgjsj sjtthc`s krj mjsh`cjm ta astjr

(^cjee`ravj, 92;>). Hc k stumy wghng eaaljm kt tgj ar`kchskthacke kspjnts

kcm pawjr myckdhns a vj Nkdpghee vheek`js hc Carwky avjr 92 yjkrs

k`a, Ngrhsthj (;878) mhrjntey tknlejm tgj qujsthac a wgjtgjr tgjsj vheek`js

mhspekyjm tgj cj`kthvj ngkrkntjrhsthns mjsnrhijm hc @afldkcs sjdhcke

nrhthquj a hcsthtuthacs (Ksyeuds, ;8?;).

Ngrhsthj (;878) su``jsts tgkt Nkdpghee vheek`js krj shdhekr ta hcsthtuthacs

hc tgkt kee knthvhthjs, hcneumhc` warl, peky, djkes kcm sejjp, annur whtghc



9:


28/40

k shcèj eankthac. Kt tgj skdj thdj, ht hs tghs vjry ngkrkntjrhsthn wghng

dkljs tgjd mhsshdhekr ta hcsthtuthacs. Hc tgj vheek`js, iatg kiej kcm tgasj

ekijeejm mhskiejm jkt ta`jtgjr, sanhkehsj hc tgj skdj raads, sejjp cjxt maar

ta jkng atgjr< tgjrj hs ca sj`rj`kthac knnarmhc` ta kihehty ar cardkehty

(Ngrhsthj, ;878< 90). Ngrhsthj hmjcthjs tghs sgkrhc` a iatg tksls kcm spknjs

ks k jkturj wghng gjeps ta dhchdhsj tgj mhfljrjcnjs ijtwjjc stkfl kcm

cac-stkfl. Dast hdpartkctey, ucehlj hc nacvjcthacke hcsthtuthacs, stkfl

djdijrs ma cat à gadj kt tgj jcm a tgj mky ar kt tgj jcm a tgjhr sgh.

Hc atgjr warms, tgjy ma cat ejkvj tgj ehdhtjm `ja`rkpghnke krjk a tgj vheek`j,

ijnkusj tgj vheek`j hs tgjhr gadj. ]jhr gausj, tgjhr kdhey, tgjhr sanhke ehvjs

krj kee whtghc tgj vheek`j. Hc tghs sjcsj ht hs k tatkehty iut k tatke nadduchty,

cat k tatke hcsthtuthac (hihm< 8;).

K urtgjr jkturj wghng ar Ngrhsthj dkljs tgj vheek`js ucehlj hcsthtuthacs

hs tgj jdpgkshs ac cac-nactrkntuke rjekthacsghps, knghjvjm iy tgjmjnaupehc` a tksls rad ckcnhke rjwkrm. Hc k nacvjcthacke hcsthtuthac, tgj

thdj spjct iy stkfl whtghc hts wkees hs ekiaur ar dacjy. Hc tgj Nkdpghee

vheek`js, na-warljrs krj cat pkhm k skekry iut gkvj tgjhr cjjms djt rad

k naddac paae a rjsaurnjs. Cat acey majs tghs kfljnt tgj qukehty a

hctjrknthac ijtwjjc stkfl kcm cac-stkfl (ijhc` nkrjm ar iy sadjacj wga hs

pkhm ar, hs qukehtkthvjey mhfljrjct rad ijhc` nkrjm ar iy sadjacj wga hs k

vaeuctjjr), iut ht kfljnts rjekthacsghps kdac`st stkfl tgjdsjevjs. Rjrsacs nkc

ij jvkeuktjm kcm jvkeuktj tgjdsjevjs knnarmhc` ta wgkt tgjy ma kcm gaw

tgjy ma ht, cat knnarmhc` ta wgkt sart a dacjy ht irhc`s (Ngrhsthj, ;878< ;??). Hc atgjr warms, sunnjss hs djksurjm hc tjrds a jvjrymkyknghjvjdjcts tgkt ar dast pjapej wauem ij mjjdjm armhckry kmuet

ijgkvhaur6 cat lhnlhc`, snrjkdhc` ar sphtthc`, cat iurphc` murhc` djkes,

skyhc` pejksj kcm tgkcl yau, cat tkelhc` hc tgj nhcjdk, kcm sa ac. Hc tghs

nksj, tgj sanhkehskthac annurrhc` hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs hs ca darj

nactraeehc` tgkc krj dkhcstrjkd sanhke hcsthtuthacs sung ks kdhehjs, sngaaes

kcm nadpkchjs. ]jy krj jc`k`jm hc tgj pranjss a cardkehskthac, iut hc

sanhkeey iaucmjm spknjs kcm iy djkcs a cac-dkhcstrjkd, hctjcshjm

prknthnjs, spjnhnkeey nktjrhc` ta hcmhvhmukes wga ma cat gkvj cardke cjjms

(^cjee`ravj, 92;>).Knnarmhc` ta ^cjee`ravj, tghs gjephc` pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs ar

ijgkvhaurke praiejds ta ijgkvj cardkeey hs cat kiaut jcnaurk`hc` tgjd

ta ij tgj skdj ks jvjryiamy jesj, iut kiaut jckiehc` tgjd ta ij hmjcthjm

iy sadjtghc` atgjr tgkc tgjhr mhskihehty ar ijgkvhaurke praiejd. ]asj

warlhc` hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj sjnurj hc tgj lcawejm`j tgkt tgj

jcvhracdjcts tgjy warl hc, tgj ehvjs tgkt tgj nghemrjc kcm kmuets whee ejkm,

tgj rauthcjs kcm nueturke jsthvhthjs, krj ks, h cat darj pawjrue tgkc k

ekije a kuthsd. ]j trauiejm ghstarhjs djkc sadjtghc` iut ma cat djkc

jvjrytghc`, kcm dast hdpartkctey tgjy krj cat sjjc ks k ehdht ta wgkt kc

hcmhvhmuke nkc knghjvj (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;8?).

[ukehty ao ehoj hc iaucmjm spknjs

]j krùdjct tgkt tgj jcvhracdjct wghng Nkdpghee nadduchthjs nrjktj

gks k pawjrue tgjrkpjuthn kcm jmunkthacke jfljnt hs suppartjm iy k qukehty

a ehj stumy nkrrhjm aut hc Nkdpghees aucmhc` sngaae hc Kijrmjjc hc 922?.

]j prafjnt wks naddhsshacjm ta jvkeuktj tgj patjcthke jfljnt ac puphes

a k prapasjm dkfar cjw rakmwky systjd ijhc` nacstruntjm cjkr ta tgjhr

nadduchty. ]j nghemrjc kttjcmhc` tgj Nkdpghee ^ngaae krj mjsnrhijm ks



97


31/40

duethpey mhskiejm, dkcy prjsjcthc` sjvjrj ijgkvhaurke mhsturikcnjs kcm

dkcy gkvhc` jxpjrhjcnjm rjpjktjm kheurj hc atgjr jmunkthacke sjtthc`s

prhar ta kmdhsshac (Irawc, 9228). ]jy nacsthtutj, hc atgjr warms, k

pkrthnuekrey vuecjrkiej kcm ngkeejc`hc` `raup, whtg vjry ehttej kihehty ta napj

whtg ngkc`j kcm hcstkihehty.

Irawcs nacneushacs krj tgkt k ljy kcm uchquj jkturj a \Nkdpghee

^ngaae KijrmjjcT hs tgj pravhshac a k quhjt kcm pjknjue jcvhracdjct.

]hs hs a nrhthnke hdpartkcnj `hvjc tgj nghemrjcs pkrthnuekr vuecjrkihehty ta

kdihjct sthduekthac (Irawc, 9228< >). Yjparthc` ac pkrjcts pjrnjpthacs,

gj stktjs tgkt tgj qukehty a tgj quhjt kcm stkiej jcvhracdjct, tgj hctj`rktjm

kcm hcneushvj kpprakng kcm qukehty a tgj pjrsaccje krj tgj dkhc jkturjs

wghng pkrjcts vkeuj kcm nacshmjr ljy hc tgjhr nghems qukehty a ehj kcm

hdpravjdjct (hihm< 8=). Iatg pkrjcts kcm pjrsaccje rjpart k whmj rkc`j a

pra`rjss kcm rjmunthac hc kijrrkct ijgkvhaurs kjr peknjdjct kt tgj sngaae.Phtg rj`krm ta tgj gaehsthn kpprakng, Irawc kssjrts tgkt hs nacshstjct whtg

damjrc prknthnjs hc tjrds a qukehty a ehj, iatg ar nghemrjc kcm kdhehjs

(hihm).

Hdpartkctey, Irawcs stumy rjvjkes tgj vkeuj a rjshmjcthke peknjdjcts

ar pkrjcts kcm shiehc`s. Nkrhc` ar k nghem ar kmuet whtg ucprjmhntkiej

kcm ajc ucnactraeekiej ijgkvhaur nkc sjrhausey mhsrupt kdhey ehj

kcm rjekthacsghps kcm nadpradhsj tgj qukehty a ehj ar kee nacnjrcjm.

Kmdhttkcnj ta tgj sngaae pravhmjm dung cjjmjm thdj ar tgj rj-

stkihehskthac a tgj kdhey ucht (Irawc, 9228< >). ]j rjpart tgus gh`geh`gtstgj knt tgkt tgj kvkhekihehty a tghs typj a pravhshac nkc gjep whtg whmjr

hssujs surraucmhc` mhskihehty kcm jcsurj k peknj jxhsts ar tgasj wga wauem

ucmjr ca nhrnudstkcnjs ij kiej ta hctj`rktj hcta tgj dkhcstrjkd papuekthac.

Hc Irawcs vhjw, Nkdpghee hs kc jxpjrhdjctke damje kcm kcy mkdk`j

ta hts gaehsthn kpprakng hs ehljey ta hdpjmj tgj `jcjrkthac a lcawejm`j

kcm jxpjrhjcnj, wghng hs mjspjrktjey cjjmjm ks sanhjty jcnauctjrs `rjktjr

cudijrs a nghemrjc whtg nadpejx kcm duethpej kmmhthacke suppart cjjms

(hihm< 89).



98


32/40

0. YJNADDJCMK]HAC^

]j stumhjs rjvhjwjm, mjsphtj ijhc` nkrrhjm aut hc mhfljrjct typjs ao

nadduchty hc mhfljrjct nauctrhjs kcm kt mhfljrjct ghstarhnke pahcts, tjee

k okhrey nacshstjct stary ao wgkt Nkdpghee hs ehlj ks k sjtthc` oar pjapej

whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. ]hs hs k stary ao neasj-lcht nadduchthjs wgjrj

tgj ekcùk`j ao naccjntjmcjss, rjnhpranhty kcm sanhke ejkrchc` hs darj

prhdkry tgkc tgkt ao ngahnj, nactrae kcm kutacady. Yktgjr tgkc quksghc`

hcmhvhmukehty, gawjvjr, sgkrjm ehvjs kcm sgkrjm spknjs pravhmjs tgj nactjxt

oar pjapej ta mjvjeap k pjrsacke hctjrjst hc kcm lcawejm`j ao jkng atgjr,

wghng hc turc keeaws oar tgj rjna`chthac kcm vkeuhc` ao hcmhvhmukes.

Ketgau`g sadj ar hcstkcnj Naeehcs (;88?) gkvj kr ujm tgkt ekr`j-snkejrjshmjcthke sjtthc`s dklj pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs vuecjrkiej ta

cjèjnt kcm kiusj, tgjrj hs catghc` hc tgj ehtjrkturj ta su``jst tgkt tghs hs

tgj nksj hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs. Ac tgj nactrkry, gh`g ejvjes a mkythdj

jdpeaydjct, hcneumhc` warl, jmunkthacke, nueturke kcm sanhke knthvhthjs,

sh`chjs rjshmjcts krj knthvj, jc`k`jm kcm neasjey dachtarjm. ]j jcneasjm

sjtthc`s pravhmj pgyshnke skjty ks wjee ks k psyngaea`hnke sjcsj a sjnurhty.

Yjshmjcts nkc à aut keacj, wkel ta warl, à ta tgj sgaps kcm vhsht rhjcms,

hc atgjr warms, ma armhckry tghc`s whtg k mj`rjj a hcmjpjcmjcnj wghng

dh`gt cat ij passhiej hc kc armhckry cjh`giaurgaam. ]j jcneasjm sjtthc`

kesa knhehtktjs tgj dklhc` kcm sustkhchc` a rhjcmsghps whtg atgjr pjapej

whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, wghng, ks wj gkvj sjjc krùjm kiavj, nacsthtutjs

k darj djkchcùe lhcm a hctj`rkthac k`khc tgkc dky ij passhiej hc dkcy

armhckry cjh`giaurgaams.

]j ehtjrkturj su``jsts tgkt Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj cjhtgjr apprjsshvj

sjnts car krj tgjy mjgudkchshc` hc tgj wky djmhnke eac`-stky hcsthtuthacs

nkc ij. Cjvjrtgjejss, sadj nacnjrcs krj rkhsjm kiaut wgkt dh`gt ij mjjdjm

tgj tatkehty a tgj ehjstyej, knthvhthjs kcm vkeuj systjd whtghc tgj hcmhvhmuke

Nkdpghee nadduchthjs kcm tgj wkys tghs dh`gt ij hdpasjm ac rjshmjcts

whtg spjnhke cjjms. ]j knt tgkt vaeuctjjrs wga ngaasj ta spjcm tgjhrehvjs whtghc Nkdpghee dky ij uc-hctjrjstjm hc tgj autshmj warem, eknlhc`

jc`k`jdjct whtg kcm tgjrjarj jxpasurj ta papuekr nueturj, nkc djkc

tgjy ijnadj mjpjcmjct ac tgj sgjetjrjm jcvhracdjct a tgj nadduchty.

]hs hc htsje nkc nacsthtutj nacmhthacs ar ards a hcsthtuthackehskthac kcm

hcjxhihehty.

]j jxtjct ta wghng tghs hs k rjkehty whtghc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs, kcm

tgj jxtjct ta wghng djdijrs krj kwkrj a tgj pgjcadjcac kcm mahc`

sadjtghc` kiaut ht, wauem njrtkhcey ij wartg jxpearhc`. ]j qujsthac

a gaw iaucmjm Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj tgkt hs, gaw jc`k`jm whtg



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tgjhr eanke surraucmhc`s hs cat acey kc hssuj ar tgasj suppartjm whtghc

tgjd, iut gks hdpehnkthacs ar whmjr sanhke nagjshac kcm ktthtumjs tawkrm

mhskihehty. Appacjcts a nac`rj`ktj nkrj jxprjss nacnjrc tgkt sjpkrktj

sjtthc`s nkc uje mhsnrhdhckthac iy rj-jcarnhc` stjrjatypjs kcm pjrnjpthacs

a mhfljrjcnj (Naeehcs, ;88?). Ma Nkdpghee nadduchthjs gkvj tghs jfljnt,ar krj tgjy rktgjr jcnaurk`hc` tgj appashtj iy knhehtkthc` nactknt ijtwjjc

mhskiejm kcm cac-mhskiejm whtghc pratjntjm spknjs1

Hc 92;9 k sjrhjs a pkpjrs wjrj puiehsgjm ac ijgke a tgj Ckthacke Nkrj

Oarud wghng eaaljm kt tgj mhsthcnthvj nactrhiuthac a tgj

cat-ar-prat sjntar hc sanhke nkrj, pkrthnuekrey hc tjrds a qukehty a

warlarnj, ejvjes a hccavkthac, kcm iuhemhc` sanhke nkphtke. ]j rjpart

stktjm tgkt ngkrhtkiej ar`kchskthacs krj kiej ta kttrknt kcm rjtkhc k mjmhnktjm

warlarnj ijnkusj tgjy kppjke ta pkrthnuekr vkeujs systjds, sung ks k

sjcsj a muty ar nkeehc`. Hcmhvhmukes warlhc` aut a tgjsj dathvkthacsgkvj k gh`g ejvje a naddhtdjct kcm sjcsj a rjspacshihehty kcm tghs gks

k pashthvj hdpknt ac qukehty a nkrj. Ngkrhtkiej ar`kchskthacs kesa ejkm tgj

wky hc hccavkthvj mjsh`c kcm mjehvjry a sjrvhnjs ijnkusj tgjy krj kiej ta

rj-hcvjst surpeus nkphtke hcta trkhchc` kcm jmunkthac kcm hdpravjdjct a

jquhpdjct kcm knhehthjs, kcm tgjy gkvj tgj nkpknhty ta rkhsj jxtrk ucms

tgrau`g mackthacs kcm ej`knhjs. Ohckeey, ngkrhthjs ajc nuethvktj sanhke

nkphtke tgrau`g naeejnthvj nadducke knthac, hcneumhc` iy irhc`hc` pjapej

rad mhvjrsj iknl`raucms ta`jtgjr hc k naddac nkusj, jc`k`hc` tgj eanke

nadduchty tgrau`g vaeuctjjrhc`, nrjkthc` ejkmjrsghp appartuchthjs kcm

hcvaevhc` sjrvhnj usjrs (Hcsthtutj a Ruiehn Nkrj, 92;9).

]j stumhjs rjvhjwjm, hc acj wky ar kcatgjr, hmjcthy kee a tgjsj kntars

ks nactrhiutars ta Nkdpghees pashthvj autnadjs. Hc thdjs a kustjrhty, wgjc

puiehn sjrvhnjs krj gkrm ght, tgj cat-ar-prat sjntar hs hcnrjkshc`ey ijhc`

eaaljm ta cat acey ta dklj up tgj sgartkee iut ar hccavkthvj hmjks kcm

`uhmkcnj (Hcsthtutj a Ruiehn Nkrj, 92;9). Ijhc` eac`-stkcmhc`, whmjsprjkm,

whtg mhfljrjct shtjs afljrhc` mhfljrjct sjrvhnjs whtghc mhfljrjct typjs a eanke

sjtthc`, kee gjem ta`jtgjr iy acj avjr-krnghc` sanhke dhsshac, tgj Nkdpghee

nadduchthjs krj hmjkeey shtuktjm ta mjdacstrktj wgkt nkc ij knnadpehsgjm

iy naeejnthvj nadducke knthac hc k `rjkt mhvjrshty a nhrnudstkcnjs.]j `rawhc` hctjrjst hc kcm rjehkcnj ac tgj vaeuctkry sjntar hc sanhke nkrj

pravhshacs mrkws kttjcthac ta kc hssuj wghng gks cat ijjc kmmrjssjm hc tgj

stumhjs rjvhjwjm, ckdjey, tgj qujsthac a Nkdpghees nast-jfljnthvjcjss hc

nadpkrhsac ta atgjr sjrvhnj pravhmjrs. Majs tgj damje, whtg hts prknthnjs

a sgkrjm nkphtke, sgkrjm kssjts, sgkrjm knnaddamkthac kcm vaeuctjjr

warlhc` krrkc`jdjcts, jckiej k gh`gjr qukehty a ehj (ar nkrjrs km nkrjm

ar) whtg jwjr rjsaurnjs tgkc wauem atgjrwhsj ij cjnjsskry1 Pgkt krj tgj

hdpehnkthacs a iatg tgj pashthvj kcm cj`kthvj kcswjrs ta tghs qujsthac1



>;


34/40

a nacneumj, tgj cmhc`s a tghs rjvhjw dust ij trjktjm whtg nkuthac,

`hvjc tgkt tgjrj gks ijjc ca rjpehnkthac a k shcèj mjsh`c hc darj tgkc

acj nksj stumy. Ht wauem rjquhrj k nacshstjct djtgamaea`y ta tjst sadj a

tgj kssjrthacs mhsnussjm. Darjavjr, ks ^cjee`ravj aisjrvjs, tgj rjsjkrng hs

madhcktjm iy tgj stkfl kcm na-warljr pjrspjnthvj. ]hs shejcnhc` a tgj

vahnjs a tgj rjshmjcts (^cjee`ravj, 92;>) hs praiejdkthn shcnj Nkdpghees

dhsshac hs ta astjr djkchcùe nadducke pkrthnhpkthac ar dkr`hckehsjm

kcm vuecjrkiej pjapej. Nhvhn pkrthnhpkthac djkcs gkvhc` k vahnj cat fust

hc acjs hddjmhktj nadduchty, iut hc whmjr sanhjty. Gkvhc` catjm tgjsj

nkvjkts, gawjvjr, tgj rjsuets a rjsjkrng ta mktj krj avjrwgjedhcèy pashthvj

kcm stracèy su``jst tgkt Nkdpgheejrs na-warljrs kcm rjshmjcts kehlj

gkvj sadjtghc` ta sky tgkt hs wartgy a tgj warems kttjcthac.



>9


35/40

IHIEHA@YKRGX

Ikc` F(Jm) (92;2)K Rartrkht ao Nkdpghee6 Orad Oaucmhc` ^jjm ta Paremwhmj Davjdjct.

Jmhciur`g, Oearhs Iaals.

Ikrac ^ kcm Gkemkcj M(;870)Kppraknghc` Nkdpghee orad tgj Iaucmkry. IYH]H^G FAZYCKE AO

^RJNHKE JMZNK]HAC, ;7(9), p0:-07.

Irawc Y (9228)K _keujm Yjsaurnj1 Zcmjrstkcmhc` tgj qukehty ao ehoj ao nghemrjc kcm tgjhr

okdhehjs wga knnjss Nkdpghee ^ngaae Kijrmjjc, whtg rjojrjcnj ta tgj prapasjm Kijrmjjc

Pjstjrc Rjrhpgjrke Yautj. Nke`kry, Zchvjrshty ao Nke`kry.

Nkdpghee ^natekcm Yjsjkrng @raup(92;9) Yjpart Ca. ;6 ]gj nadpkrkthvj stkcmhc` ao tgj

Nkdpghee nadduchthjs hc ^natekcm hc tgj qukehty `rkmhc`s ao tgj Nkrj Hcspjntarktj.

Kijrmjjc, Nkdpghee ^natekcm Yjsjkrng @raup.

Ngkppjee K(;880) Orad cardkehskthac ta wgjrj1hc Ikrtac E kcm Aehvjr D Mhskihehty ^tumhjs6

Rkst Rrjsjct kcm Outurj. Ejjms, ]gj Mhskihehty Rrjss, p=:-?9.

Ngrhsthj C(;878) Ijyacm eacjehcjss kcm hcsthtuthacs6 nadducjs oar jxtrkarmhckry pjapej. Asea,

Carwj`hkc Zchvjrshty Rrjss.

Naeehcs F(;88?) ]gj hsaekthac ao vheek`js. NKYJ REKC, >(;), 9=-9:.

Nastk D(9227) Nkdpghee - kc hsekcm ao pradhsj6 dytg ar rjkehty1D^n mhssjrtkthac6 @eksàw,

Zchvjrshty ao ^trktgneymj.

Nuddhcs Y kcm Eku K(922>) Nadduchty hctj`rkthac ar nadduchty jxpasurj1FAZYCKE AO

KRREHJM YJ^JKYNG HC HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]HJ^ ;? (9), p;=:-;:0.

Nudjeek ^ kcm Ykcmjee K(9228) Rjapej whtg Hctjeejntuke Mhskihehty Ehvhc` hc kc Hctjcthacke

Nadduchty. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJNZKE MH^KIHH]X YJ^JKYNG :> (7), p.0;?-09?.

Nurthnj E(922?) Gaw hs ht àhc`16 K survjy ao wgkt dkttjrs dast ta pjapej whtg ejkrchc`

mhskihehthjs hc ^natekcm tamky. natekcm, natthsg Nacsarthud oar Ejkrchc` Mhskihehty kcm

JCKIEJ natekcm.

Mjpkrtdjct ao Gjketg(922;) _keuhc` pjapej. Eacmac, GDÂ.

Mjpkrtdjct ao Gjketg(9228) _keuhc` pjapej caw6 k cjw tgrjj yjkr strktj`y oar pjapej whtg

ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. Eacmac, GDÂ.

Mufly ^(92;;)K okhr sanhjty kcm tgj ehdhts ao pjrsackehskthac. gjjem, ]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj

Yjoard.

Jdjrsac J, Yaijrtsac F jt ke(;888)K nadpkrkthvj kckeyshs ao qukehty kcm nasts hc vheek`j

nadduchthjs, rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc` sngjdjs. Dkcngjstjr, Gjstjr

Kmrhkc Yjsjkrng Zcht6 Zchvjrshty ao Dkcngjstjr.

Orkcle _(92;;) Dkcs sjkrng oar uethdktj djkchc`. Eacmac, Yhmjr.

Oueàsh E(;882) Nkdpghee nadduchthjshc ^j`ke ^(Jm) ]gj peknj ao spjnhke vheek`js kcm

rjshmjcthke nadduchthjs6 tgj pravhshac ao nkrj oar pjapej whtg sjvjrj, praoaucm kcm duethpej

mhskihehthjs. Ihnjstjr, KI Knkmjdhn Ruiehsgjrs.

Gk`jrty I, Eycng-^kujr F jt ke(;889) ^jcsj ao ijeac`hc`6 k vhtke djctke gjketg nacnjpt.

KYNGH_J^ AO R^XNGHK]YHN CZY^HC@, ? (>), p;09-;00.



>>


36/40

Gkeekd K(9229) Nasts ao vheek`j nadduchty, rjshmjcthke nkdpus kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc`

pravhshac oar pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehty. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X

YJ^JKYNG, =? (:), p>8=-=2=.

Fknlsac Y(92;;) Ngkeejc`js ao rjshmjcthke kcm nadduchty nkrj6 tgj thdjs tgjy krj k-ngkc`hc.

FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X YJ^JKYNG, ::(8), p 8>>-==.

Fknlsac Y(9222) Yjvhjw6 K nadpkrkthvj kckeyshs ao qukehty kcm nasts hc vheek`j nadduchthjs,

rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc` sngjdjs. IYH]H^G FAZYCKE AO MJ_JEARDJC]KE

MH^KIHEH]HJ^, =? (9), p;=2-;=?.

Fknlsac Y(9227) ]gj Nkdpghee Davjdjct6 ]gj Darkvhkc mhdjcshac. FAZYCKE AO DAYK_HKC

GH^]AYX, :, p 77-;22.

Fknlsac Y(Jm) (92;;) Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts.

Jmhciur`g, Oearhs Iaals.

Fknlsac Y kcm Hrvhcj G(92;>) ]gj hdpknt ao hmjaea`y ac pravhshac ao sjrvhnjs oar pjapej whtg k

ejkrchc` mhskihehty. HC]JYCK]HACKE FAZYCKE AO MJ_JEARDJC]KE MH^KIHEH]HJ^, :8 (;), p92-

>=.

Dkcsjee F kcm Ijkmej Irawc F(9228) Mhspjrsjm ar neustjrjm gaushc` oar kmuets whtg hctjeejntuke

mhskihehty6 k systjdkthn rjvhjw. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE KCM MJ_JEARDJC]KE MH^KIHEH]X,

>=(=), p>;>->9>.

DnLkckc M(9220) ]aunghc` tgj warem6 Ngrhsthkc nadduchthjs trkcsoardhc` sanhjty.

Naeej`jvheej6 Dhccjsatk, Ehtur`hnke Rrjss.

Ckthacke Nkrj Oarud(92;9) Ejkmhc` tgj wky6 tgj mhsthcnthvj nactrhiuthac ao tgj cat-oar-prat

sjntar hc sanhke nkrj. Eacmac, Hcsthtutj oar Ruiehn Nkrj.

Rkpwartg ]rust(92;>) Mhskihehty hc tgj ZL 92;>6 Oknts kcm Oh`urjs. Nkdirhm`j, Rkpwartg ]rust.

Rhjtzcjr N(Jm) (;8??)Kspjnts ao nurkthvj jmunkthac. Kijrmjjc, Kijrmjjc Zchvjrshty Rrjss.

Rekct K(92;;) ]gj Ngkeejc`js Oknhc` Nkdpghee6 Kc Hctjrcke Rjrspjnthvjhc Fknlsac Y(Jm)

Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts. Jmhciur`g, Oearhs

Iaals, p.909-970.

Ykcmjee D kcm Nudjeek ^(9228) Rjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehty ehvhc` hc kc hctjcthacke

nadduchty. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X YJ^JKYNG, :>(7 ), p0;?-09?.

Yayke Naeej`j ao Curshc`(92;2) Djctke gjketg curshc` ao kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs.

Eacmac, Yayke Naeej`j ao Curshc`.

^natt M kcm Yussjee E(922:) Yjsjkrnghc` vaeuctkry kcm nadduchty knthac6 tgj patjcthke aoqukehtkthvj nksj stumhjs. Xarl, Fasjpg Yawctrjj Oaucmkthac.

^natthsg Jxjnuthvj(9222) ]gj skdj ks yau16 k rjvhjw ao sjrvhnjs oar pjapej whtg ejkrchc`

mhskihehthjs. Jmhciur`g, ^natthsg Jxjnuthvj.

^natthsg Jxjnuthvj(92;9) ]gj skdj ks yau1 9222-92;9 Nacsuetkthac Yjpart. Jmhciur`g, natthsg

Jxjnuthvj.

^ngkphra F (92;;) Nrjkthvj Ehvhc`6 Hcshmj k Nadduchty oar Nghemrjc whtg Kuthsdhc Fknlsac Y

(Jm) Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts. Jmhciur`g, Oearhs

Iaals, p.;2=-;92.



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37/40

^j`ke ^(;80=) Ca Nghem hs Hcjmunkiej. Axoarm, Rjr`kdac Rrjss.

^gkw L, Nkrtwrh`gt N jt ke (92;;) ]gj gaushc` kcm suppart cjjms ao pjapej whtg kc hctjeejntuke

mhskihehty hcta aemjr k`j. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X YJ^JKYNG ::(8), 78:-82>.

^lhccjr L kcm Ikrac ^(92;;) Nkdpghee6 ourtgjr catjs orad tgj iaucmkryhc Fknlsac Y(Jm)

Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 Cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts. Jmhciur`g, OearhsIaals.

^cjee`ravj D(92;>) ]gj gausj Nkdpghee iuhet6 hmjcthty, sjeo kcm atgjr. RgM mhssjrtkthac6

Jmhciur`g, Zchvjrshty ao Jmhciur`g.

ânhke Nkrj Hcsthtutj oar Jxnjeejcnj(92;9) @uhmj Ca =06 Rjrsackehskthac6 k rau`g ùhmj. Eacmac,

ânhke Nkrj Hcsthtutj oar Jxnjeejcnj.

^tklj Y(;88:) ]gj krt ao nksj stumy rjsjkrng. Eacmac, k`j Ruiehnkthacs.

^whctac F, Okenacjr K jt ke(9228) ^jcshc` tgj Jxtrkarmhckry Phtghc tgj Armhckry6

Zcmjrstkcmhc` tgj sphrhtuke ehvjs ao pjapej ehvhc` kcm warlhc` whtghc Nkdpghee Nadduchthjs.

Kijrmjjc, ngaae ao Mhvhchty, Ghstary kcm Rgheasapgy, Lhc`s Naeej`j6 Zchvjrshty ao Kijrmjjc.



>:


38/40

KIAZ]]GJ KZ]GAY

Dkrhk Eyacs spjct tgj rst ;0 yjkrs ao gjr ehoj hc k Nkdpghee nadduchty hc ^natekcm. Kotjr

tjknghc` kirakm oar sadj yjkrs, sgj rjturcjm ta tgj ZL ta stumy hctjrckthacke rjekthacs kcm

ektjr tgj paehthnke, jnacadhn kcm pgheasapghnke oaucmkthacs ao jmunkthac. Kotjr nadpejthc` gjr

oardke stumhjs sgj ij`kc rjsjkrnghc` Nkdpghee nadduchthjs ks kc hcmjpjcmjct rjsjkrngjr.

Dkrhk pkrthnhpktjm hc k rjsjkrng raup hchthktjm iy Nkdpghee natekcm (ejkm iy Rrao. tjvj Ikrac,

caw rjthrjm) ijoarj tgj `raup wks mhsnacthcujm hc 92;=. Dkrhk sjt up tgj Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng

Cjtwarl hc kc jflart ta nkrry ac kcm iuhem ac tgj warl ao tgkt `raup, whtg nacshmjrkiej suppart

orad Yaihc Fknlsac.

Dkrhk nacthcujs ta warl ks kc hcmjpjcmjct rjsjkrngjr kcm gks k dkfar hctjrjst hc pradathc`

mhkea`uj kcm naapjrkthac ijtwjjc kctgrapasapghnkeey-hcsphrjm ar`kchskthacs kcm dkhcstrjkd

paehthnke kcm knkmjdhn hcsthtuthacs. ^gj caw ehvjs hc Eacmac< pursuhc` gjr hctjrjsts hcjmunkthacke orjjmad kcm ckcnhke kcm jnacadhn rjoard, ks wjee ks nadduchty mjvjeapdjct.

Jdkhe Dkrhk6 dkrhk.s.eyacsB`dkhe.nad

RZIEH^GHC@ HCOAYDK]HAC

Yj-]ghclhc` Nadduchty Nkrj6 ]gj Nkdpghee _heek`j Damje Dkrhk Eyacs 92;:

Mjsh`cjm iy Gjcry Hejs

Kee rh`gts rjsjrvjm.

Ohrst puiehsgjm Cavjdijr 92;:

H^IC mawceakm6 807-;-820082-0:-;

=2 pp.

Ca pkrt ao tghs pkpjr dky ij rjpramunjm hc kcy oard whtgaut pjrdhsshac orad tgj puiehsgjr,

jxnjpt oar tgj quatkthac ao irhjo pkssk`js hc rjvhjws.

Yj-]ghclhc` Nadduchty Nkrj6 ]gj Nkdpghee _heek`j Damje hs puiehsgjm iy ]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj

Yjoard.

]gj puiehnkthac hs orjj ta mawceakm orad6 www.njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard.ar`



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NKDRGHEEYJ^JKYNG CJ]PAYL

]gj Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng Cjtwarl hs kc hcoardke cjtwarl oar kcyacj hctjrjstjm hc rjsjkrng rjektjm

ta Nkdpghee nadduchthjs kcm tgj whmjr hctjcthacke nadduchty davjdjct.

]a cm aut darj vhsht6 www.nkdpgheerjsjkrng.nad

]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD

]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj Yjoard hs kc hcmjpjcmjct rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjct cjtwarl. Hts khd hs

ta trkcsoard tgj nurrjct wjeokrj stktj sa tgkt ht supparts nhthzjcsghp, okdhey kcm nadduchty. Ht

warls iy mjvjeaphc` kcm sgkrhc` sanhke hccavkthacs kcm hcujcnhc` avjrcdjct kcm sanhjty ta

knghjvj cjnjsskry rjoards.

]a cm aut darj vhsht6 www.njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard.ar`

Pj pramunj k dactgey jdkhe cjwsejttjr, ho yau wauem ehlj ta suisnrhij ta tgj ehst pejksj vhsht6

iht.ey/NoPY-suisnrhij

Xau dh gt ehlj ta oaeeaw us ac twhttjr6 BNoarPY

Ar cm us ac Oknjiaal gjrj6 njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard



>0
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Ruiehsgjm iy ]j Njctrj ar Pjekrj Yjard

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Re-Thinking Community Care