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Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted sites in China
Yongming Luo, JingJing SongSong and Longhua Wu
18 February 2008, BIOTEC, Thailand Science Park
Soil and Environment Bioremediation Research Center (SEBC)Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation
Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISSCAS)
Outline
Brief introduction to ISSCAS and SEBCOverview of phytoremediation studies in ChinaPhytoextraction of soil Zn/Cd by sedum plumbizincicolaBiodegradable EDDS induced phytoextraction of soil Cu Energy crop production on Cu mine tailingsPotential areas for future collaboration
Brief introduction to ISSCAS and SEBC
Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
Institute of Soil Science, CAS
Founded in 1953, as a successor to the former Soil Division of the National Geological Survey of China, which was founded in 1930
3 main research areas: 1. Soil Resources and Management2. Soil Fertility and Regulation3. Soil Environment and Health
State Key Lab of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture
Dept. of Soil Resources & Remote Sensing Applications
Dept. of Soil-Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
Dept. of Soil Chemistry and Environmental Protection
Dept. of Soil Physics and Saline Soils
Dept. of Soil Biology and Biochemistry
Soil and Environment Bioremediation Research Center
Soil Utilization and Environ. Change Research Center
Fengqiu Agro-ecological Experimental Station
Yingtan Red Soil Ecological Experimental Station
Changshu Agro-ecological Experimental Station
Soil Sub-center of CERN
Center for Analysis and Test
Library
Editorial Offices of ‘Pedosphere’, ‘Acta Pedologica Sinica’,’Soils’
Soil Monolith Exhibition Center
Research System
Support System
Http://www.issas.ac.cn/english/index.asp
Established in 2002Director: Prof. Dr. Yongming Luo11 Staff: 2 Professors, 3 Associate Professors, 2 Assistant Professors, 2 lab assistants, 1 secretary, 1 project manager2 visiting scientists, 2 Post-doc, 27 students
5 research areas at SEBC
1. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Soil2. Bioremediation of POPs Polluted Soil3. Investigation, Assessment and Remediation of
Polluted Sites4. Biomonitoring of Polluted Soil and Bioremediation of
Petroleum Contaminated Soil5. Regional Soil Environmental Geochemistry and
Sustainable Management
http://www.sebc.org.cn/trs/dtnews/index_English.asp
Overview of phytoremediationstudies in China
Population vs Resources
Per capita water availability: 2200 m3, 25% of world average. 1760 m3 by 2030
Per capita farmland: 0.094 ha, 40% of world average.
Development vs Environment & Health
Rapid development
AtmospherePrimary pollutants (NOx、VOCs)
Secondary pollutants (oxidants, fine particulates)
Water
Soil Plant
Agr
o-pr
oduc
ts
HM POPsEnvironment
Industrialization
Intensive agriculture
Urbanization
Agrochemicals
Exhaust gases
Solid waste
Wastewater
Soil Pollution in China
10M ha arable land polluted
2.17M ha irrigated by wastewater
0.13M ha occupied by solid waste
12M ton a-1 cereal contaminated by HMs, 20B. RMB in direct loss
--- S.X. Zhou, July 2007
Cu smelting in Fuyang, Zhejiang
1. Large areas of polluted arable land: ~10%
2. Pollution depth: surface or plow layer
3. Pollution levels: light to moderate
4. Mixed pollutants (HM, metalloids, pesticides, POPs, petroleum etc.)
5. Cost effective and sustainable remediation technology is desirable
Why phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation papers by Chinese authors in the past decade
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Year
Num
bers
of P
aper
Research paperReviewTotal
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
YearN
umbe
r of p
aper
s
ReviewResearch
Papers in Chinese Papers in English
Continuous phytoextraction
Hyperaccumulator(As/Zn/Cd/Pb/Cu/Mn)
Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction
Accumulator (Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd)
Phytofiltration
Phytovolatilisation Hg/MTBE
Rhizo-degradation Rhizo-degradation(PAHs/PCBs)
Excluder/energy crop (Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd)
PhytoStudies
in China
Phytostabilisation
Metals/N/P
Identify native metal hyper/accumulators
1. As: Pteris vitatta (Chen et al., 2000, 2002)
Pteris cretica (Wei et al., 2002)
2. Zn/Cd: Sedum alfredii (Yang et al., 2001)Zn/Cd: Sedum jinianum and Sedum plumbizincicola (Wu et al., 2006)
3. Pb: L. Amaranthus tricolor, Sophora japonica, Bidens maximowicziana
(Nie et al., 2004) ~0.12%
Chenopodium ambrosioides (Wu et al., 2004) ~0.38%
4. Cu: Elsholtzia splendens (Yang et al., 1998)
Commelina communis ( Shu et al., 2001)
5. Cd: Viola baoshanensis (Liu et al., 2003)
6. Mn: Phytolacca acinosa Roxb (Xue et al., 2003)
Enhancement of phytoextraction efficiency
Increase plant biomass by agronomic measures such as fertilization, increasing planting density, cuttings etc.
Increase metal solubility by adding soil additives such as EDTA, EDDS, sulfur etc.
Make use of synergistic effects between VAM fungi-plant or between plants (intercropping)
From lab to field: 3 Phyto demo sites sponsored by High-Tech Program, MOST
CuCuAsAs
ZnZn
Cu Phyto demo site (ISSCAS)
E. splendens is a Cu tolerant species like S. vulgaris
(Song et al., 2004)
CK F CuN CuM1 CuM2 CuM3
Growth of wheatGrowth of wheat
flavoneflavone
Cu rich compostCu rich compost
naphtha
Post-harvesttreatments
1
2
3
4
fluidized bed
dc
c
bb
a
02468
1012141618
CK F CuN CuM1 CuM2 CuM3
Tr eat ment
Yie
ld (
g/po
t)
Pot trial田间Field trial
Elsholtzia splendens
Phytostabilisation of soil metals
Vetiveria zizanioides
As Phyto demo Site (IGSNRR)
Pteris vittata
As speciation in As speciation in PterisPteris vitattavitatta using using Synchrotron Radiation Extended XSynchrotron Radiation Extended X--ray ray absorption fine structure (SR EXAFS)absorption fine structure (SR EXAFS)
As in Pteris vitatta is mainly coordinated with oxygen in reduced state As (III). Reduction of As (V) occurred in the root after taken upNo oxidation of As (III) was found during the translocation of As from root to shootOnly small amount of As was coordinated with sulfur in root and petiole, but not distinct in pinna.
(Huang et al., 2003)
Sedum alfredii intercropped with Zea mays
Additives (citric acid+monosodium glutamate wastewater+EDTA)
Phytoextraction of soil Zn/Cd by SCAU
‘Cancer Villages’: Shangbai village, Shaoguan, Guangdong
Phyto-volatilisation of Hg
1. Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
2. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
GM Tobacco for Hg phytovolatilisation
Control merB GM
(Tian et al. 2002)
Spartina anglica
Introduced to China from America in 1960s to protect coastal mudflat
High adaptability, fast growth
Biological invasion
Biomass of S. anglica and tobacco 10 days after MeHgCl treatment
(Tian et al., 2004)
Hydroponic experiment
Shoot Root
Hg speciation and distribution in plant and nutrient solution 10 days after 15 μmol/L MeHgCl treatment
(Tian et al., 2004)
45.3%36.6%18.0%53.7%0Inorganic Hg
33.9%18.9%47.2%42.3%100%Organic HgShootRootSolutionAfter Before
TranslocationTransformation
Phytoextraction of soil Zn/Cd
by Sedum plumbizincicola
平水玉岩山
上台门
淳安 姚王
治头岭
安树坳
大岭口
千亩田
璜山
CdCd/Zn: Sedum /Zn: Sedum plumbizincicolaplumbizincicola
CdCd/Zn: Sedum /Zn: Sedum jinianumjinianum
15.364997.24Very high
10.643437.13High
5.8223676.95Moderate
1.113216.47Low
Cd (mg kg-1)Zn (mg kg-1)pHContamination level
Panorama view of phyto. demo. Site in Zhejiang
S. plumbizincicola Intercropped with maize
Biodegradable chelant EDDS induced
phytoextraction
Important processes during chelantinduced phytoextraction
(I) (III)
(IV)
(II)Clay minerals
Metal oxides
SOM
Chelants
DesorptionTransportRoot uptakeTranslocationCompetition between metals DegradationLeachingEvapotranspiration
EDTA
EDDS
Cations Log KMeEDTA Log KMeEDDS Fe3+ 25.00 22.00* Cu2+ 18.70 18.36 Ni2+ 18.52 16.79 Pb2+ 17.88 12.70* Al3+ 16.50 Zn2+ 16.44 13.49* Cd2+ 16.36 10.80* Fe2+ 14.27 Mn2+ 13.81 8.95* Ca2+ 10.61 4.23 Mg2+ 8.83 5.82
Logarithm of stability constant of metal-EDTA and metal-EDDS complexes (25ºC, Ionic strength=0.1M)
* Data for 20ºC (Martel et al., 1974)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
CK EDTA3
EDDS1.5
EDDS3
EDDS6
EDDS3-2
EDDS3-4
Treatments
Shoo
t Cu
(mg
kg-1
)
LeafStem
(Song et al, 2006)
pH: 7.8, OM:44 g/kg
Metal (mg/kg): Cu: 223, Zn:1068, Pb:232, Cd: 2.8 Pot experiment
Leaf wilt 2 days after addition of 6 mmolkg-1 EDDS
Q: lower rate, longer exposure, higher accumulation?
Plant Cu vs soluble Cu at day 4
(Song et al, 2006)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 50 100 150 200
Cu in soil solution (mg/l)
Cu
in a
bove
grou
nd p
art (
mg/
kg
Stem Leaf
pH 8.2, Clay 16.8%Metals (mg/kg): Cu:166, Zn:1122, Pb:300, Cd: 1.9Plot: 4m*5m, 4 replicates per treatmentLysimeter depth: 5, 20 and 50 cm, 3 replicates per depthTreatment: No EDDS and 2mmol EDDS/kgPlant: E. splendensRain event: 14 days after EDDS applicationPlant harvest: 28 days after EDDS application
Field lysimeter study
53 (41-80)27 (22-40)0.97 (0.33-3.24)0.01 (0.01-0.01)50 cm
129 (109-134)42 (30-54)32 (17-41)0.07 (0.04-0.15)20 cm
39 (7.9-67)46 (32-62)0.14 (nd-0.36)0.10 (0.06-0.17)5 cm
DOCCu (mg/l)
2mmol/kg EDDS
No EDDS2mmol/kg EDDSNo EDDSTreatment
Soil solution Cu and DOC after rain event
(Hu et al., IJP, 2007)
EDDS-Indian mustard combination has potential in phytoextraction of Cu from multiple metals contaminated soil Leaching and evapotranspiration processes need to be considered in field application. Soil column study is needed to identify optimal EDDS application rateLong-term field monitoring is necessary to probe into the real risk of EDDS induced metal leaching to groundwater. Mechanistic models are needed to predict metal leaching to groundwater
Energy crop production on Cu mine tailings
mg/kgg/kgms/cm
BDLBDL36205229.70.680.0510.340.187.1DX (31-50cm)BDL3.92757829.20.770.120.130.204.0DX (0-30cm)
BDL1.4194.370.22117.5BDLBDL0.298.2Phosphate rock1.749818243475.1886.524.53338.645.9Sludge compost
0.4710.533218261.850.390.0160.380.437.2TL (11-50cm)
0.982.744312161.940.970.0180.230.577.0TL (0-10cm)
CdPbZnCuTKTPTNOMECpH
Energy crop production on Cu mine tailings
0
30
60
90
120
0 1 2 5 7.5 10 13 17 20Sludge compost %
Roo
t len
gth
(mm
0
2
4
6
8
10pH
or E
C
0
30
60
90
120
0 1 2 5 7.5 10 13 17 20
Sludge compost %
Roo
t len
gth
(mm
0
24
68
10
pH o
r EC
Miscanthus sinensis
Vetiveria zizanioides
Laboratory test Lysimeter test
TL leachate
0.00.20.4
0.60.81.0
75 150 225 300 375 450
Leaching volumn(mm)
Cu
(mg/
L)
TLMT TLMT+SC+PR
0
50
100
150
200
芒草 香根草
Dry
wei
ght (
g
TLMTTLMT+SC+PR
Miscanthus Vetiver0
50
100
150
200
芒草 香根草
Dry
wei
ght (
g
TLMTTLMT+SC+PR
Miscanthus Vetiver
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
TLMT+M.
Modifie
d TLMT+M.TLML+V
.
Modifie
d TLMT+V.
DXMT+M.
Modifie
d DXMT+M.DXMT+V.
Modifie
d DXMTV.
Cu
(mg/
kg)
Potential areas for future cooperation
1. Comprehensive management of Cdcontaminated agricultural soil
2. Molecular mechanism of Zn and Cdhyperaccumulation by Sedum plumbizincicola
3. Revegetation, ecological restoration and bioenergy production on degraded land
4. Other suggestions?
Welcome to Nanjing, China!
