RDS_SPES PROJECT (RADIATION DAMAGE STUDY FOR SPES) Aldo Zenoni,
Brescia University and INFN, Pavia CERN, February 4 th 2015 1
Slide 2
2 PRESENT PARTNERS OF THE RDS_SPES PROJECT 1 1)SPES Exotic
Beams Production Group, LNL, Legnaro 2)L.E.N.A. Laboratory, Pavia
University 3)INFN Sezione di Pavia (Department), Pavia University
4)Applied Physics Group and Laboratory of Materials Science and
Technology, Brescia University 1 Project mostly supported by INFN
and SPES Project at LNL, Legnaro SPES TIS Triga Mark II Aldo
Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
4 SUMMARY 1) Motivations for the RDS_SPES Project 2)The
L.E.N.A. Laboratory at Pavia University (irradiations) 3)The
Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology at Brescia
University (analysis of materials/components) 4)Possible extensions
of the project 5)Conclusions and prospects Cherenkov light Material
scientists Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 5
5 Target & Ion Source complex (TIS) (a technological
challenge) 40 MeV protons 200 A, 8 kW 7 238 UC x coaxial disks 1.3
mm thickness 3 graphite dump disks TIS Heater 2000C 10 13
fissions/s Ionizer & transfer tube 200 mm Thermomechanical
stresses Complicated multistep-process for ion extraction 15 day
irradiation 5 year cooling Highly radioactive environment Only
automatic handling possible Radioactive ion effusion and diffusion
HV 40 kV Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 6
6 Production of neutron rich isotopes by 238 U fission (a
nuclear reactor environment) 15 days 10 13 fission/s 10 13 n/(s
MeV) neutrons gammas Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 7
7 Radiation biological hazard TIS bunker at irradiation time
(FLUKA) proton beam RIB horizontal plane vertical plane proton beam
RIB 10 3 Sv/h z (cm) y (cm) x (cm) 1 Sv/h neutron dose 3 m ceiling
4 m walls Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 8
8 Material properties modifications by radiation damage Some
critical TIS components (mainly polymeric materials) 1)Chamber
joints (O-rings) 2)Viewport glass and joints 3)Insulators 4)Proton
beam joints 5)Chamber handling guides 6)Chamber base insulators
7)Pneumatic motors 8)Electrical motors 9)AC power wire jackets
10)Optical fiber core/cladding 11) Electronic components Safe and
stable operation performance must be guaranteed; no manual handling
is possible Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 9
9 The SPES Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) front-end line Target-ion
source Wien filter Emittance meter Triplet of quadrupoles Slits and
Diagnostic box (BP+FC) Steerers and triplet of quadrupoles
Diagnostic box (FC+BP) Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 10
10 Material damage by ionizing radiation and neutrons Polymeric
materials a.Very sensitive to ionizing radiation > 10 3 Gy
b.Covalent bonds broken (chain scission) c.New chemical bonds
formed (cross linking, reticulation) d.Free radical formation
e.Radiation damage affected by temperature, additives, atmospheric
conditions (oxygen) f.Gas H, He formation g.Irreversible effects
mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal properties affected
h.Molecular weight, solubility, Youngs modulus, elongation,
hardness, embrittlement, viscosity interstitials vacancies
Displacement dynamics Metals and alloys a.Reasonably unaffected by
ionizing radiation b.Atom displacement by neutron collisions E>
1 keV c.High neutron fluence needed > 10 16 n/cm 2 d.Creation of
lattice vacancies and interstitials e.H and He gas formation,
decrease in density f.Plastic properties markedly affected: yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, fatigue stress,
hardness, impact strength, creep, etc. g.Damage may be recovered by
annealing h.Thermal neutrons may induce transmutation Ceramics,
glasses a.Mechanical properties unaffected when irradiation < 10
7 Gy and neutron fluences < 10 19 n/cm 2 b.Darkening and loss of
transparency in glasses Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 11
11 Material damage by radiation is a long-known technological
problem Space science Nuclear reactor technology Accelerator
technology CERN Reports on radiation damage tests; the reference
1.Cable insulating materials; CERN 79-04 (1979) 2.Thermosetting and
thermoplastic resins; CERN 79-08 (1979) 3.Materials used around
high energy accelerators; CERN 82-10 (1982) 4.Selected electrical
insulating materials for HP and HV applications; CERN 85-02 (1985)
5.Halogen free cable-insulating materials; CERN 89-12 (1989)
6.Radiation tests at cryogenic temperatures on organic materials
for LHC; CERN 96-05 (1996) 7.Thermosetting and thermoplastic resins
composite materials; CERN 98-01 (1998) 8.Adhesives; CERN 2001-06
(2001) Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 12
12 Typical report information CERN 82-10 (1982) (extensive and
systematic work) General information on materials: thermoplastic
resins Specific information: cable insulation by a supplier
Irradiation sources: a)7 MW Astra reactor, Austria (10 12 -10 14
n/(s cm 2 ); 10 6 Gy/h) b)ASTRA fuel elements or 60 Co source (to
avoid activation) (10 4 Gy/h) c)CERN accelerators (10-100 Gy/h)
d)TAPIRO fast reactor at ENEA, Italy (10 12 n/(s cm 2 ) ) Dose
limits are specific to the item tested and to the end- point
criteria applied Mainly dose: 95% switched-off reactor Aldo Zenoni,
CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 13
13 Rad-hard study performed on SPES front-end critical
components - I Front-end MCNPX simulation Dose rate Rad dose limit
from CERN reports Max operating days before failure TEFLON and
VITON are excluded 15 days operation are foreseen Top view Side
view Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 14
14 Rad-hard study performed on SPES front-end critical
components - II PEEK, EPDM, KAPTON, TPE-SBR are used instead of
weaker materials Open questions with existing data : a)Are
irradiation conditions adopted close to reality? (Mainly dose
tested) b)Are end-point criteria adapted to the item use? c)Are
specific material/component included in the available data? SPES
Front-end Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 15
15 Reasons to propose a program for rad-hard tests for SPES
front-end a)Radiation hardness of materials and components is a
critical item for ISOL sources in construction or foreseen (SPES,
REX-ISOLDE, ALTO, SPIRAL2, iTHEMBA, EURISOL .) b)Data in the
literature are somewhat abundant but often not recent c)New
materials, products and suppliers are available and should be
tested d)Specific materials and products utilized in the assembly
should be tested in spite of generic materials e)Existing data
mainly refer to gamma ray damage f)Reliable tests should reproduce
as close as possible real operating conditions g)Specific
mechanical, electrical, optical requirements of materials and
products should be tested against radiation damage h)Complex
components ad electrical motors or electronic circuits should be
tested. i)Interest for a systematic campaign of rad-hard tests for
ISOL sources and other applications has been expressed by a number
of potential partners Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 16
16 The RDS_SPES Project resources (Radiation Damage Study for
SPES) A.Supported by INFN, Pavia and SPES Project at LNL, Legnaro
B. L.E.N.A. Triga Mark II nuclear research reactor for material and
component irradiations at Pavia University C.Tests of physical and
operational properties of materials and components at the
Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology at Brescia
University D.Know-how on simulation and transport programs MCNPX,
FLUKA, GEANT4, PHITS, in UniBS, LENA, LNL Aldo Zenoni, CERN,
2015-02-04
Slide 17
17 Draft research program of RDS_SPES Project a)Compilation of
materials and products to be rad-hard tested with definitions of
the actual mechanical, electrical, optical, operational
requirements to be guaranteed b)Simulation of the radiation fields
and cumulated dose expected on the critical SPES Front-end
components in the foreseen operational conditions c)Irradiation
campaigns at L.E.N.A. on sample materials and products. Radiation
fields as close as possible to the expected ones (neutrons vs
gammas). Systematics on adsorbed dose levels. d)Test of physical
and operational properties of irradiated materials and components
for different levels of irradiated dose e)Analysis of the relation
between physical properties changes and structural modifications
due to radiation damage in materials (mainly polymers) f)One or two
year research program Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 18
18 L.E.N.A. Laboratory at Pavia University (Laboratorio Energia
Nucleare Applicata) TRIGA Mark II pool research reactor light water
and H x Zr moderated 250 kW steady-state power In operation since
1965 Reactor tank: 1.98 m diameter, 6.4 m height with demineralized
water Reactor core: 44.6 cm diameter 64,8 cm height 90 symmetric
holes: fuel elements, control rods, neutron source, irradiation
channels Graphite reflector 30 cm thickness Biological shield
concrete 1 m thickness http://www.unipv-lena.it/it/
Slide 19
19 T.R.I.G.A. Mark II pool research reactor (Training, Research
and Isotope production General Atomics) First core configuration
(1965) neutron source control rods graphite elements fuel elements
20% 235 U enriched 92% H x Zr Rabbit Central thimble Thimble F
water pool for large samples Thermalizing column Thermal column
Reactor core biological shielding Core and in-core irradiating
channels Vertical cross section Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 20
20 T.R.I.G.A. Mark II pool research reactor (Irradiation
facilities) 27 polyethylene vials 0.8 cm diameter 3.0 cm height
Central thimble (1.72x10 13 ) aluminum pipe 3.8 cm diameter neutron
fluxes in n/(s cm 2 ) Radial graphite reflector 30 cm thickness
Rabbit channel (7.40x10 12 ) pneumatic sample extraction Lazy Susan
(2.40x10 12 ) Rotating rack for 80 samples at a time Thimble F
aluminum pipe 3.8 cm diameter Thermal channel (2.52x10 11 ) 7.0 cm
diameter Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 21
21 T.R.I.G.A. Mark II pool research reactor (Irradiation beam
ports) neutron fluxes in n/(s cm 2 ) Thermal column (1.19x10 10 )
well thermalized isotropic flux Thermalizing column Various levels
of thermalization Water pool biological medical applications
(1.14x10 12 ) (1.12x10 11 ) (9,07x10 9 ) 20.3 cm 15.2 cm Aldo
Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 22
22 T.R.I.G.A. Mark II pool research reactor (Irradiation
fluxes) Irradiation facility Measured flux n/(s cm 2 ) Central
thimble(1.72 0.17) 10 13 Rabbit channel(7.40 0.95) 10 12 Lazy
Susan(2.40 0.24) 10 12 Thermal channel(2.52 0.36) 10 11 Thermal
column(1.19 0.08) 10 10 (1.14x10 12 ) (1.12x10 11 ) (9.07x10 9 )
(1.1x10 9 ) Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 23
23 The L.E.N.A. Laboratory (Measurement design, irradiations,
sample analyses) LENA building LENA staff Spectroscopy and
radiochemistry Present activities: a.Studies of radioisotope
production for medical and industrial applications b.Trace element
search by neutron activation c. Radiation damage studies on
electronic circuits and materials for space and accelerator physics
d.Radiocarbon dating of archeological and historical samples and
artifacts e. Forensic analyses and inquires f.Collaboration to
research projects in medicine (BNCT ) and nuclear and particle
physics. Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 24
24 Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology (LMST) at
Brescia University ( Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Department) Main research areas: a.Development of advanced
engineering polymeric materials b. Mechanics of polymers,
composites and nanocomposites c. Rheology of polymers and
polymer-based systems d.Technology and engineering of plastics
products Member of: a. INSTM (Italian National Consortium of
Materials Science and Technology) b. ESIS (European Structural
Integrity Society),Technical Committee 4 (Polymers, Adhesives and
Composites) sites.google.com/site/materialssciencetechnologylab/
Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 25
25 LMST equipment and available facilities (Mechanical tests)
Mechanical and rheological tests Universal dynamometer for
mechanical testing - Instron Instrumented pendulum for impact tests
- Ceast Dynamic dynamometer - Instron Dynamic Mechanical Thermal
Analyzer (DMTA) - Polymer Lab Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer
(DMTA) - TA Instruments Instrument for creep tests on polymers
Equipment for specimen preparation - Ceast Twin-bore capillary
rheometer - Ceast Rotational rheometer - TA Instruments Melt Flow
Indexer - Ceast Elongational rheometer Universal dynamometer
Capillary rheometer Dynamic dynamometer Aldo Zenoni, CERN,
2015-02-04
Slide 26
26 LMST equipment and available facilities (physico-chemical
tests and process design) Physico-chemical and morphologial
analyses Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) - Mettler Toledo
Modulated DSC - TA Instruments Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -
TA Instruments Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) - Jasco UV-vis
Spectrophotometry - Perkin-Elmer Gel Permeation Chromatography
(GPC) Gas Chromatography - Perkin-Elmer Standard equipment for
synthesis and chemical analyses Travel optical microscope - Leica
Access to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Processing machines
Single-screw extruder - Fuji Brabender mixer - Brabender Injection
molding machine - Arburg Compression molding machine -Collin Access
to compounding machine Coperion Computer Aided Engineering software
analyses Plastic injection molding design software - Moldflow
(Autodesk) Multiphysics modeling and simulation software - COMSOL
Multiphysics Infrared spectrometer (FTIR) Compression molding
machine Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 27
27 Tests on mechanical and thermal properties of pre and
post-irradiated polymeric samples 1.Tensile tests (mechanical:
elastic modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break) 2.Impact
tests (mechanical: impact strength) 3.Bending tests (mechanical:
flexural strength ) 4.DSC analysis (thermal: glass transition
temperature, melting temperature, degree of crystallinity )
5.Rheological tests (molecular weight, molecular cross-linking,
etc.) 6.Infrared analysis (structural analysis) 7.SEM microscopy
(structural analysis) 8.Gas chromatography (analysis of evolved
gases) 9.Gel permeation chromatography (molecular weight)
10.Swelling test (cross link density) Test will be performed at
LMST in Brescia Polymeric materials should not suffer activation
Calorimeter DSC Impact pendulum Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 28
28 Possible extensions of the RDS_SPES Project (Partners)
Possible partners who expressed interest in the project: Potential
partnersfirst meeting ESS (European Spallation Source), Lund,
Sweden Lund, 10-12-2014 ALTO, IPN Orsay, France (radioactive beam
production) LNL, Legnaro, 15-12-2014 CERN, Sources, Targets &
Interactions Group, Geneva (Switzerland) CERN, Geneva, 4-2-2015
iTHEMBA Labs, Western Cape, South Africa (radioactive beam
production) To be fixed The effort could be better aimed and
qualified if a larger Collaboration among interested partners will
be established, sharing experience, know how and resources ALTO
iTHEMBA Labs Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 29
29 Possible extensions of the RDS_SPES Project (Metals and
alloys, Ceramics, electronic circuits) Three main questions for
inorganic materials: 1)High irradiation neutron fluences needed to
test damage in metals and ceramics; are TRIGA fluxes adequate to
needs? 2)A metallurgy test laboratory is needed to perform pre and
post irradiation tests on metallic samples 3)Metals may be
activated by neutron irradiation, transmutation effects 4)Just an
observation: a lot of interest, but lack of background and
expertise in the present collaboration Electronic circuits and
components: No particular problems; integrated electronics is very
sensitive to radiation damage Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 30
30 Possible answers to questions concerning investigation on
inorganic materials: 1), 2) 1)Are TRIGA fluxes adequate to needs?
a)This has to be verified. Possibly a factor 10 lower than the
highest reactor fluxes b)Consider also that radiation damage and
damage evolution can be predicted by computational models to a
certain extent. c)Reliable radiation damage correlation requires
integration of theoretical, computational end experimental tools.
2)A metallurgical laboratory is needed to perform the tests a)The
Group of Metallurgy of the Brescia University is interested in a
possible collaboration; pre e post irradiation mechanical test on
(non activated) metallic samples may be performed in Brescia b)The
same interest has been manifested by the Groups of Metallurgy and
Machine Design of the Padua University Aldo Zenoni, CERN,
2015-02-04
Slide 31
31 The Laboratory of Metallurgy at the Brescia University
diecasting plant Vickers microindenter optical microscopy strain
machine Tests at the Brescia Metallurgy Laboratory
http://dimgruppi.ing.unibs.it/metallurgia/ 1.All metal plastic
properties can be tested: yield strength, ultimate tensile
strength, elongation to fracture, fatigue stress, hardness, impact
strength, creep, ductility, brittleness, etc. 2. Microindentation
and nanoindentation testing equipments are available for non
destructive tests Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 32
32 The Laboratories of Metallurgy and Machine Design at the
Padua University Metallurgy studies performed 1.Neutron damage on
microstructure: 2.Tests on mechanical properties: hardness, tensile
strength, fatigue, etc 3.Steels and alloys for nuclear reactor use:
valve bodies, cooling systems, canisters 4.Optical, SEM, TEM
microscopy 5.Hardness measurement instrumentation 6.X ray
diffractrometer 7.Corrosion laboratory 8.High temperature fatigue
tests Aldo Zenoni, CERN, 2015-02-04
Slide 33
33 Possible answers to questions concerning investigation on
inorganic materials: 3) 3)Metals may be activated by neutron
irradiation a)If metallic samples are activated by neutron
irradiation, some testing equipment may be installed in the
mechanical workshop inside the LENA building b)If needed and
justified, automated hot cells may be installed too c) Rad-waste
creation and disposal must be carefully evaluated d)A list of
possible hot analysis may be considered and studied on a case by
case basis LENA mechanical workshop Aldo Zenoni, CERN,
2015-02-04
Slide 34
34 Conclusions and prospects 1)We are convinced that the
RDS_SPES Project on radiation damage may be a timely and useful
initiative for many European (and worldwide) facilities presently
in construction in the field of nuclear physics and applications
2)The atouts of the Project are the availability of the LENA
Laboratory for irradiations and Materials Science Laboratories to
perform pre and post irradiation tests on materials and components
3)Possible collaborations and sharing of experience, knowhow and
resources could be strategic to aim the project effort at best. 4)
ESS Lund and ALTO Orsay have already expressed their interest in
joining the collaboration 5)In next weeks we will start the first
campaign of radiation damage study on vacuum O-rings Aldo Zenoni,
CERN, 2015-02-04