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R&D Forum 1Marine Ingredients
Is more better? Improved bioavailability of Omega-3 for improved health
Speaker:
Prof. Philip C. Calder, Professor of Nutritional Immunology, Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
NIHR Southampton
Biomedical Research Centre in nutrition
The NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre in nutrition is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and is a partnership between University Hospital Southampton NHS
Foundation Trust and the University of Southampton
Improved bioavailability of omega-3
for improved health
Philip C. Calder
University of Southampton
Southampton
UK
Vitafoods, Geneva, May 2018
EPA and DHA
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5w-3
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6w-3
H3C COOH
H3C
COOH
Prospective US study of w-3 fatty acid intake and coronary heart disease outcomes:
The Nurse’s Health Study
Hu et al. (2002) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287, 1815-1821
Total CHD (P < 0.001)
Fatal CHD (P = 0.01)
Non-fatal MI (P = 0.003)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Lowest Highest
Quintile of EPA + DHA intake from diet
Prospective US study of w-3 fatty acid status
and sudden death:
The Physician’s Health Study
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
01 2 3 4
Rela
tive r
isk o
f su
dd
en
death
Quartile of whole blood EPA + DHA
Adjusted for age & smoking
Also adjusted for BMI, diabetes,
hypertension, hypercholesterolemia,
alcohol, exercise & family history of
MI
Albert et al. (2002) New Engl. J. Med. 346, 1113-1118
CVD : Classic and emerging risk factors
CLASSIC:AgeSexFamily history (genetics)
Smoking
High alcohol consumptionHigh blood pressureDiabetesObesityLack of physical activity
High serum (LDL) cholesterol
EMERGING:High serum triglyceridesElevated post-prandial lipaemiaEndothelial dysfunctionTendency towards thrombosisInflammation
Elevated plasma homocysteine
Poor antioxidant status
CVD : Classic and emerging risk factors
CLASSIC:AgeSexFamily history (genetics)
Smoking
High alcohol consumptionHigh blood pressureDiabetesObesityLack of physical activity
High serum (LDL) cholesterol
EMERGING:High serum triglyceridesElevated post-prandial lipaemiaEndothelial dysfunctionTendency towards thrombosisInflammation
Elevated plasma homocysteine
Poor antioxidant status
= Improved by omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 index = EPA+DHA in red blood cells
Omega-3 fatty acids
Receptors Membrane composition
FluidityRaft assembly Substrates for
eicosanoids,
resolvins etc.
Signals
Cell & tissue
responsesAltered
(patho)physiology
Improved
Health/Decreased
disease risk/
Better clinical
outcome
CE
LL
ME
MB
RA
NE
Having more omega-3s in the blood, in
cells and in tissues is associated with
better health
Overview of whole body fatty acid metabolism
GUT
Digestion & absorption
Fatty acids in lipoproteins;Non-esterified fatty acid
(Transport pools)
LIVER
Fatty acidmetabolism
ADIPOSE
Fatty acid storage
CELLS ANDTISSUES
Fatty acids in cell membranes(Functional
pools)
DIET
(Mainly as TAG)
• Many different compartments
• Many chemical forms in those compartments
• Within one compartment (e.g. blood) there will be
many pools (e.g. red cells, white cells, platelets,
TGs, PLs, CEs, NEFAs …)
• The content of EPA and DHA varies in different
compartments and pools
EPA content of samples from healthy humans
EP
A a
s %
of
tota
l fa
tty a
cid
s
DHA content of samples from healthy humans
DH
A a
s %
of to
tal fa
tty a
cid
s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Pla
sma
TG
Pla
sma
PL
Pla
sma
CE
Pla
sma
NEF
A
RB
C
Pla
tele
ts
Ne
utr
op
hils
Lym
ph
ocy
tes
Cer
eb
ral c
ort
ex
Re
tin
a
Car
dia
c m
usc
le
Ske
leta
l mu
scle
Live
r
Co
lon
ic m
uco
sa
Ad
ipo
se t
issu
e
Spe
rm
EPA and DHA content of samples from healthy humans
EP
A o
r D
HA
as %
of to
tal fa
tty a
cid
s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Pla
sma
TG
Pla
sma
PL
Pla
sma
CE
Pla
sma
NEF
A
RB
C
Pla
tele
ts
Ne
utr
op
hils
Lym
ph
ocy
tes
Ce
reb
ral c
ort
ex
Re
tin
a
Car
dia
c m
usc
le
Ske
leta
l mu
scle
Live
r
Co
lon
ic m
uco
sa
Ad
ipo
se t
issu
e
Spe
rm
EPA and DHA
Receptors Membrane composition
FluidityRaft assembly Substrates for
eicosanoids,
resolvins etc.
Signals
Cell & tissue
responsesAltered
(patho)physiology
Improved
Health/Decreased
disease risk/
Better clinical
outcome
CE
LL
ME
MB
RA
NE
Mechanisms
• Increased intake of EPA and DHA (to increase levels in
different body compartments) should improve development,
function, health and well-being
• First lets look at pattern of incorporation of EPA and DHA –
we know there are dose and time dependent effects
Study design
• 5 group, parallel design, stratified by age and gender
• Control
• “1 portion oily fish” per week (2.8 g EPA+DHA on ONE day = 2.8 g/week)
• “2 portions oily fish” per week (2.8 g EPA+DHA on TWO days = 5.6 g/week)
• “2 portions oily fish” per week (taken daily – 5.6 g/week as 0.8 g/day)
• “4 portions oily fish” per week (2.8 g EPA+DHA on FOUR days = 11.2 g/week)
• 210 subjects (105 at each centre)
Randomisation (stratified by age and gender)
Control
(Ctrl)
(n=42)
1 portion per week
(1P)
(n=42)
2 portions per week
(2P)
(n=42)
4 portions per week
(4P)
(n=42)
Fasting bloods at 0, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months
Buccal wash at 0, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months
Adipose tissue biopsy at 0, 6 months, 12 months
Fatty acid composition analysis
Recruitment
healthy men and women, aged 20-80 years (n=210)
2 portions per week
continuous (2P-D)
(n=42)
Analysed the fatty acid composition of:
• plasma PC, TAG, CE and NEFA
• platelets
• erythrocytes
• mononuclear cells
• buccal cells
• adipose tissue
From all subjects at
9 time points
From all subjects at
three time points
Dose and time dependent enrichment
in EPA and DHA in all pools
We described in detail the time course and dose
dependence of intake of EPA and DHA into nine
pools in humans studied over one year
Omega-3 fatty acids
Receptors Membrane composition
FluidityRaft assembly Substrates for
eicosanoids,
resolvins etc.
Signals
Cell & tissue
responsesAltered
(patho)physiology
Improved
Health/Decreased
disease risk/
Better clinical
outcome
CE
LL
ME
MB
RA
NE
Omega-3 fatty acids
Receptors Membrane composition
FluidityRaft assembly Substrates for
eicosanoids,
resolvins etc.
Signals
Cell & tissue
responsesAltered
(patho)physiology
Improved
Health/Decreased
disease risk/
Better clinical
outcome
CE
LL
ME
MB
RA
NE
Does chemical form make a difference?
• 72 healthy subjects
• Chronic intervention
• 3.3 g/day EPA+DHA for 2 weeks
• Oils as rTG, FFA, EE, fish oil,
cod liver oil
• Corn oil as placebo
• Total plasma
• Chronic study
• 24 healthy subjects
• 3 arm cross over
• Placebo vs. fish oil vs. krill oil
• 4 weeks separated by 8 week washout
• 600 mg EPA+DHA/day
• Plasma and erythrocytes
EPA DPA DHA
Placebo
FO
KO
*
Total plasma lipid: change in %
EPA DPA DHA
Placebo
FO
KO
Erythrocytes: change in %*
*
Summary of 12 studies published 1990-2015; duration 3 days to 6
months (most ~4 weeks), variable doses, variable EPA:DHA
Chemical form Where assayed? Finding
EE, TG Plasma PL EE = TG
EE, TG Total serum and serum PL EE = TG
EE, TG Plasma PL and CE PL: EE = TG;
CE: TG > EE
TG, krill oil Total plasma TG = krill oil
rTG, EE, FFA, FO, CLO Total serum tTG > fish oil = CLO = FFA > EE
rTG, EE, krill oil Plasma PL and RBC PL: rTG = EE = krill oil
RBC: tTG > EE
rTG, EE RBC rTG > EE
TG, krill oil Total plasma TG = krill oil
TG, krill oil Total plasma and RBC krill oil > TG
FFA, EE Total plasma FFA > EE (low fat diet)
TG, rTG, EE, krill oil Whole blood rTG > EE > TG > krill oil
(but different doses given)
TG, EE, krill oil Total plasma and RBC TG = EE = krill oil
Summary chronic studies
1. EPA and DHA are incorporated in a dose, time and pool dependent fashion
from ALL formulations
2. With regard to incorporation of EPA and DHA into the plasma some studies
report:
TG > EE and TG > FFA > EE
But some studies report no difference between TG and EE
3. Differences between findings might be due to the exact pool being studied,
background fat intake, sample size, dose, exact mix of EPA vs DHA, other
factors
Pl.
FFA
rTG
TG
Capsules
given
Healthy
volunteers
n=100
Randomised
to capsule type
EE
Baseline Week 1 Week 2 Week 4 Week 8 Week 12
20 ml blood collected at each visit. Plasma, mononuclear cells and RBCs were isolated.
Blood sample collection
Chronic study:
Annette West, Graham Burdge &
Philip Calder
Capsule forms used:
• TAG
• Re-esterified TG
• EE
• FFA
• Placebo (palm oil)
All capsules contained 1.1 g EPA + 0.4 g
DHA
We found no difference between
TG, re-esterified TG, EE and FFA
New study:
Annette West and Philip Calder (unpublished)
• In situ emulsification of EE (as used by Qin et al)
• N = 80 healthy subjects
• 4 groups
• SMEDS EPA-EE vs EPA-EE
• SMEDS DHA-EE vs DHA-EE
• Total EPA+DHA matched across all groups (1.3 g per day)
• EPA and DHA tracked in plasma for 24 hours after single dosing
without a meal
• EPA and DHA tracked in plasma, white blood cells and red blood
cells for 12 weeks with repeated daily dosing prior to breakfast
Plasma EPA and DHA after single dosing
SMEDS EPA-EE
vs
EPA-EE
SMEDS DHA-EE
vs
DHA-EE
Plasma EPA and DHA after repeated daily dosing
SMEDS EPA-EE
Vs
EPA-EE
SMEDS DHA-EE
Vs
DHA-EE
Red blood cell EPA+DHA (Omega-3 Index) after repeated daily dosing
SMEDS EPA-EE vs EPA-EE SMEDS DHA-EE vs DHA-EE
Omega-3 Index = EPA + DHA as a
% of all fatty acids in red cell
phospholipids
The higher omega-3 status achieved with the in situ emulsification
procedure is biologically and clinically significant
Summary
• The omega-3s EPA and DHA act on cells to alter their behaviour in away that
optimises cellular responsiveness
• Epidemiological studies and RCTs show that higher intake of omega-3s is
linked with improved health
• We now know quite alot about how blood and blood cells, and to a lesser
extent tissues, respond to different amounts of omega-3s
• Over a period of days to weeks to months, EPA and DHA are incorporated in a
dose, time and pool dependent fashion from ALL formulations
• With regard to long term incorporation of EPA and DHA into the plasma and
RBC, some studies report differences among formulations (TG > FFA > EE) but
not all studies (including ours) show such differences
• Some, but not all, studies show improved incorporation of EPA and DHA from
krill oil which provides some of the omega-3 in phospholipid form
• Pre-emulsification and in situ emulsification may offer advantages to promote
EPA and DHA incorporation – so far only tested in one not yet published
chronic study
The potential and applications of seaweed: Highly nutritious, sustainable and incredibly cleverSpeaker:
Dr. Craig Rose, Founder and Managing Director, Seaweed&Co, UK
The Potential & Applications of Seaweed: Highly Nutritious, Sustainable
& Incredibly Clever!Dr Craig Rose / [email protected] / +447779 004 374
CONTENTS
•What is Seaweed
•What it can do
•Our PureSeaTM, and why
•Summary of benefits
WHAT IS SEAWEEDAlgae
Macro-algae(seaweeds)
Micro-algae
650 UK species10,000 globally
None are toxic, but supply & source is essential
e.g. spirulina and chlorella
WHAT IS SEAWEED….Perceptions
WHAT IS SEAWEED….Sustainable
• Requires no…• Fresh water• Fertiliser• Land
WHAT IS SEAWEED….Surely there is loads
WHAT IS SEAWEED….Where it comes from
• Harvested from the wild• Small/artisan scale
• Large/commercial scale
WHAT IS SEAWEED….Where it comes from
• Cultivated and harvested• Large scale cultivation for multiple industries
• Small scale, emerging technologies
PURESEATM GOODNESSNaturally innovative ingredients
Organic Hebridean Ascophyllum Seaweed
Naturally Oak Smoked Organic Scottish Seaweed
Micro-encapsulated Hebridean Seaweed Powder
SEAWEED IS HIGHLY NUTRITIOUS
Minerals are key, with other nutrition being antioxidants, phenols, essential fatty acids, all the amino acids and vitamin groups
SEAWEED IS HIGHLY NUTRITIOUS
SEAWEED IS RICH IN IODINE• A natural source of iodine• UK is vastly iodine insufficient
(worse than South Sudan!)
• Clinical trial
• Allows EU Approved Health Claims:o Normal Growth in Childreno Normal Energy Yielding Metabolismo Normal Cognitive Functiono Normal Functioning of the Nervous Systemo The Maintenance of Normal Skino Normal Production of Thyroid Hormones and Normal Thyroid Function
SEAWEED IS NATURALLY RICH IN IODINE
• Natural iodine source versus artificial source
• Natural iodine from seaweed is retained longer in the body with slower release
• Clinical trials on-going in supplements and pizzas
SEAWEED & FAT ABSORPTION• Newcastle University study
• On whole seaweed and extracts (alginates)
• Investigating lipase activity – responsible for fat digestion
Differing alginate sources & fractions, & their impact on inhibiting lipasei.e. the more inhibition, the less fat is digested and so the less absorbed
SEAWEED & FAT ABSORPTION
• Comparison of seaweed homogenate and drug Orlistat. • When polyphenols were removed (pellet), the production of glycerol was higher than when present,
therefore indicating polyphenols have an impact of the breakdown of fats, and thus production of glycerol (i.e. reduced polyphenols = more glycerol = more fat digestion)
• Can conclude polyphenols limit fat digestion and subsequent absorption as well as seaweed derived polysaccharides
SEAWEED & BLOOD SUGAR MANAGEMENT
A: Hebridean Ascophyllum: 0.5% B: Hebridean Ascophyllum: 2%
Control BreadBread + Seaweed
Impacts of polyphenols on blood sugar management
SEAWEED & BLOOD SUGAR MANAGEMENT
0 30 60 65 90 120 150 180
PolyphenolConcentration(m
gPE)
Time(mins)
Micro-encapsulatedSeaweed&Co.OrganicAscophyllumSeaweed
StandardSeaweed&Co.OrganicAscophyllumSeaweed
Gastric(Stomach)Phase SmallIntesinal Phase
Micro-encapsulated Hebridean Seaweed Powder
WHY PURESEATM
• Sustainably wild harvested from the pristine seas around the Scottish Outer Hebrides
• Scalable to the 10,000s tonnes per year
• Specialist harvesting vessels & Patent Pending processing
• Exclusive harvesting rights from the Crown Estate
• Monitored, & award winning, for sustainability & environmental good practice
QUALITY & TRACEABILITY
• World-class traceability system
• Uniquely “DNA Authenticated SeaweedTM
”
• Transparent traceability with online system detailing:
• Location and dates of harvest
• Maps of harvest site
• Photographs
• Technical documentation
• Names of harvesters
SEAWEED FOR SMOOTHIES
SEAWEED FOR SPORTS
SEAWEED FOR CAPSULES/BLENDS
SEAWEED SUMMARY
Functional Benefits
• Broad nutrition
• Iodine & Health Claims
• Weight & Blood Sugar Management
Key Messages
The Potential & Applications of Seaweed: Highly Nutritious, Sustainable
& Incredibly Clever!Dr Craig Rose / [email protected] / +447779 004 374
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
SUPERIOR SEAWEED
New Other
ORAC analysis of antioxidant activity Polyphenols
Potential applications of astaxanthin in sports nutrition
Speakers:
Dr. Andy Sparks, Senior Lecturer in Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, UK
Danny Brown, PhD Student and Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, UK
Dr Andy Sparks and Danny BrownSport Nutrition and Performance Research Group,
Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
Potential Applications of Astaxanthin in Sports Nutrition
[email protected] | [email protected] www.edgehill.ac.uk
• What is astaxanthin, and why might it be of interest to exercise physiologists and sports nutrition?
• What evidence do we have so far?
• Current and future directions of sport and exercise research on astaxanthin.
www.edgehill.ac.uk
Outline
www.edgehill.ac.uk
A simplistic view of antioxidants
So why are antioxidants important?
• Cell damage is linked to states of chronic inflammation, a symptom of many diseases
• In populations with poor nutritional intake, exogenous sources of antioxidants can be limited
www.edgehill.ac.uk
In sedentary individuals this
situation is exacerbated
Inflammation
T2DM
Neuro-degenerative
diseases
Autoimmune diseases
CV Disease
GI Diseases
www.edgehill.ac.uk
The activity/exercise setting
Bene
ficia
lE
ffect
Null-
negative
Effect
Magnitude of exercise stress
Sedentary
Lifestyle Strenuous
Exercise /
Overtraining
Oxidative stress = too low
Regular Exercise
Oxidative stress = too high
↓ ROS
↑ AO
↑ AO enzyme activity
↓ oxidative damage
↑ rate of ox. damage repair
↑ ROS
↓ AO
↓ AO enzyme activity
↑ oxidative damage
↓ rate of ox. damage repair
Astaxanthin’s antioxidant properties
• Has been reported to possess a greater antioxidant function than other phytochemicals
• Suggested to be 10 times more effective than β-carotene and 100 times greater than vitamin E.
www.edgehill.ac.uk
[Miki, 1991. Pure Appl. Chem., 63(1): 141-146]
Can scavenge ROS on
the surface and inside
the phospholipid
membrane of cells
[Shah, et al., 2016. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 531]
www.edgehill.ac.uk
Studies to date have suggested a role for astaxanthin in: • Increased fat metabolism during exercise
• Improved exercise performance
www.edgehill.ac.uk
So why is this of interest to athletes and exercise scientists?
[van Loon et al., 2001. J Physiol. 1; 536(Pt 1): 295–304.]
www.edgehill.ac.uk
www.edgehill.ac.uk
Evidence from Mice Exercise Models
• 3-5 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• ↑ fat oxidative capacity
• ↓ glycogen depletion
• ↑ endurance exercise performance
[Aoi et al., 2008. Biochem Biophys Res
Comm. 366(4):892-897]
Control Astaxanthin
Non-esterified fatty acids (mEq.L-1) 0.94 ± 0.05 1.05 ± 0.05
Muscle glycogen (mg.g-1 tissue) 2.3 ± 0.1 2.7 ± 0.1*
Plasma lactate (mM) 4.3 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.2*
www.edgehill.ac.uk
Evidence from Mice Exercise Models
• 3-5 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• ↑ fat oxidative capacity
• ↓ glycogen depletion
• ↑ endurance exercise performance
[Ikeuchi et al., 2006. Biol Pharm Bull.,
29(10): 2106-211]
www.edgehill.ac.uk
• 3-5 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• ↑ fat oxidative capacity
• ↓ glycogen depletion
• ↑ endurance exercise performance
[Aoi et al. 2008]
Evidence from Mice Exercise Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
• 3-5 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• ↑ fat oxidative capacity
• ↓ glycogen depletion
• ↑ endurance exercise performance
[Ikeuchi et al., 2006; Aoi et al., 2008, 2018;
Aoi et al., 2018]
Evidence from Mice Exercise Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
• 4 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• Equivocal data reported
[Earnest et al.. 2011. Int J Spo Med.,
32(11):882-888; Res et al. 2013]
Evidence from Human Exercise
Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
• 4 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• Equivocal data reported
[Res et al. 2013. Med Sci Sports Exerc.,
45(6):1158-1165]
Evidence from Human Exercise
Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
[Earnest et al.. 2011. Int J Spo Med.,
32(11):882-888]
• 4 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• Equivocal data reported
Evidence from Human Exercise
Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
• 4 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• Equivocal data reported
• Further research necessary
Evidence from Human Exercise
Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
[Earnest et al.. 2011. Int J Spo Med.,
32(11):882-888; Res et al. 2013]
Evidence from Mice Exercise Models
• 4 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• Equivocal data reported
• Further research necessary
• 3-5 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• ↑ fat oxidative capacity
• ↓ glycogen depletion
• ↑ endurance exercise performance
Evidence from Human Exercise
Models
Evidence from Mice Exercise Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
• There needs to be more carefully controlled, large sample sized human studies
• Careful consideration of the participant demographic
• Exercise protocol sensitivity
• Athletes prefer independently batch tested supplements
www.edgehill.ac.uk
Future Directions
Acknowledgements: Research funded by grants from AstaReal AB,
Nacka, Sweden and the Faculty of Arts and
Sciences GTA scheme. Images by
@Cadence_Images / cadenceimages.com
@sparks_andy
www.researchgate.net/profile/Andy_Sparks
www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Brown75
Thank you for your attention
@dannybrown93
Supplementary Slides
www.edgehill.ac.uk
Key considerations of human exercise
experimental models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
[Shanks et al., 2009. Pilos Ethics Humanit Med 4:2]
• Bioavailability between models
is not always the same
• Regulating dietary intake is
easier in an animal model
• Human exercise performance
trials have more variability
• 3-5 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation
• ↑ fat oxidative capacity
• ↓ glycogen depletion
• ↑ endurance exercise performance
[Liu et al. 2014; Aoi et al. 2018]
Evidence from Mice Exercise Models
www.edgehill.ac.uk
R&D Forum 1Marine Ingredients