R&D Activity Related to Internet of Things at Indian ... · R&D Activity Related to Internet of Things at Indian Institutions ... Approaches for architectures of IoT ... Connectivity

R&D Activity Related to Internet of Things at Indian Institutions

A presentation at ARIB Workshop, Japan

Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar Vice-Chancellor

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Hyderabad

– 500 032

Dept of E & ECE

Insian Institute of Technology Kharagpur - 721302

RGUKT Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar

Organization of the Talk IIT Kharagpur

• Approaches for architectures of IoT

• Mote R&D

• Indian R & D in Wireless Sensor Networks

Tracking, Intrusion detection, landslide detection

Global effort in Mote development

• Indian R&D in RFID

• R & D in Energy Efficient Radio

• Further challenges to be met in IoT


Connectivity Requirement of Systems and Devices IIT Kharagpur

•Variety of things: (RFIDs, WSNs, PCs, . . )

•Variety of services

•Variety of communication protocols

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Requirement IIT Kharagpur

Internet

Gateway + S. Mid’ware

Sensor field (Application-1)

Gateway + S. Mid’ware

Sensor field (Application-N)

Appl.-1 Server

Appl.-N Server


R & D Activity IIT Kharagpur

• Right architecture for IoT and enhancements to Internet

• Energy efficient technologies – electronics, sensors, protocols

• WSN research

– Mote development

– Protocols: Multi-hop, fault tolerant, network discovery, localization,…

• Applications and variety of test deployments

• Collaborative information processing:

– Many open issues are still pending

– Most of the effort has been to take well known algorithms and make then distributed


Architectural Approaches IIT Kharagpur

Approach 1:

Migration of existing sensors, controllers and other devices to IP likely to take long time and it is expensive

A Middle Approach:

Use of application middleware and sensor middleware to enable access and control.

Transformed Internet:

Transformation/enhancement of Internet

Why not all together?


Enhancement / Transformation of Internet IIT Kharagpur

• A unified means to collect and process global data that is useful for governments, businesses and individuals

• Managing Sensor Data methods that allow individuals and organizations to have authorized access to sensory data; coupling of the data to services

• Extending the use of network for services such as security and location-awareness

• Pervasive platform System of systems approach

• Use of cloud computing and networking services

• Multi-protocol routers, middleware,

• New Internet standards Energy and bandwidth mechanisms to collect, communicate and analyze data about the physical world.


The Architecture of a Sensor Mote IIT Kharagpur

Event detection

Wireless comm.with neighboring nodes

In-node processing

sensors CPU radio

battery

Acoustic, seismic, magnetic, etc. interface

Electro-magnetic interface

Limited battery supply

MOTE


Mote R&D IIT Kharagpur

Radio Frequency (RF) Mote, Mini Mote, weC Mote, Mica Mote (2AA battery, 1yr, 40Kbps, 100 ft), Mica2Mote Spec Mote: UCB, 2mmX2.5mm, single chip, RISC core, 3Kb, 902.4 MHz band radio, 40ft indoors, 19.2 Kbps. The Mica2Dot mote: 3V coin cell battery, lower I/O capability than MicaZ, temp sensor, LED, ring of 18 solder less expansion pins. Laser Mote: Active laser communication (one way Tx of laser pointer), 2 AA batteries, humidity, light, temp and pressure sensors, CCD camera Rx over 21 Kms at 1Kbps. CCR Mote: UC Berkeley, Passive laser comm, temperature sensor, a corner cube reflector (CCR) module, the mote can send back data if the command requires it to return data.


An Interesting Mote Development IIT Kharagpur

Tiny motes: Missouri University of S&T Detect biological and chemical threats Also a mechanism for removing pollutants from the environment (Zeolite, a porous crystal sensor) Battery-powered devices that would hold up to a dozen or so sensors, wireless communication capability, remotely controllable (chemical warfare calls for safe distance from deadly chemicals), a sieve for use in molecular separations. Interesting Team: Xiao's - sensors for military, energy, industry and biomed, Dr. H.L. Tsai - prof of mech engg laser fab Dr. Junhang Dong, ASP of chem engg, U of Cin, zeolite materials design and synthesis. Prof J Sarangapani and Dr. Sanjeev Agarwal, Asst Prof, EE -- developing the distribution system for the sensors

© Prof. R. V. Raja Kumar Dept. of E & ECE

IIT Kharagpur

Different subsystems consume energy. Green radio useful for WSNs, RFIDs and the other things. The following are addressed here.

• Study of models for power consumption in cellular networks

• Come out with energy requirement in LTE cellular systems

• Mechanisms for improving energy efficiency

• provide guidelines for improving efficiency in future systems involving

cooperative interference mitigation, power control and signaling.

• Assessment and auditing the power efficiency of the 3GPP core network including network interfaces, deployment and resource management strategies.

Green Radio Research at IIT Kharagpur


Power Consumption in a 2G/3G Cellular BTS IIT Kharagpur

G. Fischer, “Next-Generation Base Station Radio Frequency Architecture,” Bell Labs Technical Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 2 , pp: 3-18, 2007.


IIT Kharagpur

Effect of green mechanisms for LTE BTS

•Efficient utilization of multiple antennas

•CMOS Technology projection

•Advanced PA technologies –Doherty and Envelope

tracking

The power consumption of the typical 3-sector macro

LTE BTS, Doherty amplifier, 4x2 MIMO configuration and 22

nm CMOS technology is found to be 60 watts.

Update on Green Radio Projec

Energy Efficient MIMO for Next Generation Cellular


IIT Kharagpur

Energy Efficient MIMO for Next Generation Cellular

CMOS Technology

SISO (Watts)

130 nm 303 180 306

90 nm 272 116 177

60 nm 259 87 120

45 nm 251 71 88

32 nm 248 64 73

22 nm 246 60 65

• Power consumption of 3-sector of an LTE macro base station with the technology projection (in Watts)

(W) (W)

Future work: • Mechanisms for Energy efficient switching between transmission modes.

• Design energy aware Cooperative-MIMO schemes for next generation

cellular.


IIT Kharagpur

Update on Green Radio Projec

Energy Efficient mechanisms in the implementation of Baseband subsystems

• Energy efficiency vs. no of homogeneous cores (small, medium, large) is analyzed for fixed die area.

• Energy consumption is assessed on both homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures, when LTE BB algorithms are implemented.

• Recent CMOS technology scaling @22nm

Conclusions: • The Energy efficiency does not increase linearly with increase in number of cores, • With the usage of separate H.W accelerator for turbo decoder we can save 73.19% of power consumption.


IIT Kharagpur

Energy Efficient mechanisms in the implementation of Baseband subsystems

54.87

12.981

17.26

10.16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

DSP Homogeneous Multicore

Mix of DSP multicore + FPGA for Turbo

Dynamic Static

Total Power Consumption

(Watts)

@ 90 nm

3.28

0.78

1.03

0.61

0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5

3 3.5

4 4.5

5

DSP Homogeneous Multicore

Mix of DSP multicore + FPGA for Turbo

Dynamic

Static

Total Power Consumptio

n (Watts)

@ 22 nm

Technology scaling with assumed intelligent chip level power management (i.e., if all static cores are turned off when not in use)


A Tracking Application at IIT, Kharagpur IIT Kharagpur

• Range Time difference of arrival (TDOA) of sound beep and RF packet

• TinyOS 1.1 supports a mSec level timing

• Moving object: Sounder • Sensor: Listener node • Base station node • Tracking estimation method

• EKF and IEKF algorithms for estimation


A Tracking Application at IIT, Kharagpur IIT Kharagpur

Time step (interval between two

successive events) 2 s

Number of events observed 25

Number of local iterations 2

Regularizing parameter δ 10-1

Forgetting factor λ 0.9

Testbed size 300 x 150 cm

Number of sensors in the testbed 10

Step size (adaptation rate) µ 0.15

Measurement noise standard deviation σm 10 cm

Velocity of moving object (LEGO robot) 5.5 cm/s

Process noise standard deviation in X, Y

axes 1 x 10-5

cm

Acoustic beep length 8 ms

0 50 100 150 200 250 3000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

TRACK ESTIMATION USING LMS METHOD

x(cm)

y(cm

)

SensorsTruepathEstimated path

0 5 10 15 20 25-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

number of events

erro

r in

X an

d Y

(cm

)

Errors in X and Y axes

error in Xerror in Y


IIT Kharagpur

Smart Intrusion Detection

IISc, Bangalore and IIITA (wild animals and forests)


Research on Agricultural Applications IIT Kharagpur

• Precision Agriculture – Camalie Net

• Wireless Sensor Network at Camalie Vineyards - Mt. Veeder, Napa Valley, California

– Accenture in collaboration with Intel has a WSN at Pickberry Vineyard in Northern California

– SPANN Lab., IIT-B at Sula Wines

• WSN for small agriculture farms – IIITH


Research on Disaster Monitoring IIT Kharagpur

• Disaster Response

– CalIT2: Wireless Internet Information System for Medical Response in Disasters (WIISARD) project is investigating the best way to triage casualties and manage care in chaotic situations following disasters, such as a biological attack, a bridge collapse or an earthquake

– Amrita University & SPANN-Lab. IITB: Early Warning Systems for Landslide Prediction

Courtesy: U B Desai, SPANN, IITB


RFID Research in India IIT Kharagpur

Dept of IT (National RFID Program) Initiated in April, 2007 Software/hardware development, middleware integration and development of end-to-end solutions. Research component IITK Application development, deployment and support C-DAC, Noida RF & RFID antenna design SAMEER, Mumbai C-DAC, Noida is developing and testing pilot project of Parcel Tracking System for Department of Posts.

RFID Deployment – A Case Study in Public Transportation - IITB RFID and Cellular coverage – IITKgp and IITB Mining application – Jadavpur University


IISc: A Network Monitoring System for IoT IIT Kharagpur


Other Efforts IIT Kharagpur

• Distributed collaboration for event detection in wireless sensor networks at IITM

• Component Oriented Middleware for Distributed Collaboration Event Detection in WSNs

• Amrita: wireless sensor network system for landslide detection

• Deployed at anothniar colony, Munnar, warns of a possible landslide considering the torrential

• Pollution monitoring (IIT-Delhi, IIM-Kolkata, IIT-Kgp) • WSN for Biomed (IIT-Bombay) • Many IITs have WSN test beds • There were many other pieces of work through PhD,

graduate and undergraduate theses. • A lot of work on energy efficient routing methods


Global Scale Applications IIT Kharagpur

Project, Planetary skin: CISCO and NASA: understand and respond to climate concerns, pollution and resource demands affecting forests, food, energy sources and water.


Research Challenges IIT Kharagpur

• Effective solutions for potential applications

• Low power consuming motes and networking, SoC

• Power saving mechanisms and management

• Miniaturization of sensors – MEMS

• Interoperation between standards and protocols – (WiFi, ZigBee, Cellular, UWB?)

• Security, privacy and accessibility

• Battery technology

• Tailoring Internet protocols to make friendly to things

Collaborative mode of R&D is desirable.

Thank You


SmartRF: RFID Middle Layer IIT Kharagpur

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R&D Activity Related to Internet of Things at Indian ... · R&D Activity Related to Internet of Things at Indian Institutions ... Approaches for architectures of IoT ... Connectivity