Mesopotamia: Sumer Math system based on number 60 Numbers expressed as

fractions/multiples of 60 Mesopotamians=practitioners of

astronomy

Mesopotamia: Babylon Founded by Hammurabi (led

Amorites in invasion of Akkad) Law code inscribed on stone pillar

Hittites Late bronze age Anatolia (Turkey)

New Kingdom Egypt Nubia (between Aswan and

Khartoum) Connects Sub-Saharan Africa with

North Africa, has Nile river Kush kingdom: capitals karma one

of the earliest urbanized centers in tropical Africa, built monumental wall mud bricks

Assyrian Empire 10th century- 7th century BCE Extend from Iranian Plateau to

eastern Mediterranean Mass deportation because break

up rebels, shift human resources to center

Open lands for agriculture, palaces and cities

Ancient Israel Hebrew bible Abraham 20th century BCE settled

in Israel Drought: move to Egypt: slavery Moses: exodus from Egypt: back

to Israel

Phoenicia Develop Canaanite models:

alphabetic system of writing Phoenician trading network

(Mediterranean) Explore and colonize with

Mediterranean, North African coasts and East Spain for raw materials, trading opportunities

Persian Empire Socrates, Plato (influential

thinkers) Alexander the great defeated

Persian forces On coast of Mediterranean

Conquests of Alexander the Great Defeated Persian forces in 3

battles Developed city states: Alexandria

in Egypt Victories in Euagamela

Spread of Islam Madras= religious college, cultural

unity Sharia= different meanings Morocco, Mali (very big empire 11th

century) Slavery allowed Abbasid caliphate established (after

Umayyad Caliphate) Increase literary works: Golden Age During Samanids, Lang= Persian

written in Arabic letters Umma- community; acceptance of God Shiites – Ali rightful successor Sunnis caliphs to be Imam Hadith- reports of prophet Identity based on ethnicity and

localism; identity based on religion

Abbasid Caliphate Established 750; based in

Baghdad Increase literary works; resulted

in Golden Age Revolts in Caliphate ; weakened

central power in Baghdad, prevented tax revenues to boost local prosperity

Abbasid caliphate controlled by Buyid Shiites; Caliph remained

Dynamic growth in outlying provinces while Caliphate had loss of power

Mongols end Abbasid Caliphate in 1258, destroyed mosques, ravaged Baghdad

Ottoman Empire Founded in 1300-1922 Hagia Sophia: Mosque after 1453 Suleiman conquered Belgrade and

Vienna Reign of Suleiman= imperial

system worked to perfection Women were active in real estate

Safavid Empire 1502-1722 Devoted to Shiite Islam (Caliph

should be in Muhammad's bloodline)

Shah Abbas (1587-1629) Isfahan (capital) Royal mosque (Isfahan) had

Arabic calligraphy, minaret Afghans capture Isfahan, end

Safavid rule

Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire Inherited Anatolia and Balkans Arab provinces divided between

France and Great Britain (many mandates)

Mustafa Kemal modernized Turkey

Women: right to vote no veil Men: no fez Arabic alphabet: Latin alphabet

Post WWI Mandate System Colonial rulers would administer

the colonies, be responsible to League of Nations for their well being

Class C: treated as colonies by conquerors

Class B: undeveloped, ruled for benefit of inhabitants

Class A: developed, more lenience than other classes

Palestine, Trans Jordan, Iraq= British mandates

France claimed Syria and Lebanon

Modern Middle East

Six Day War: Arab Israeli Conflict Balfour Declaration (Jewish home

land in Palestine) Palestinian divided Jewish and

Arab state, Jewish (Israel) declare independent

OPEC-oil company: Egyptian attack across Suez Cana;, war in Israel's favor Egyptian army trapped at canal’s Southern end

1974 OPEC quadrupled prices