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(iv) The following degrees are conferred by the universities named oncompletion of the specified period of post-graduate -study aid onsubmission of a satisfactory thesis on an approved subject:

Master of Surgery (Melbourne , Queensland, 2 years ; Sydney,Adelaide, 3 years);

Doctor of Medicine (Sydney, Melbourne 2 years ; Queensland,Adelaide, 3 years);

Doctor of Philosophy (Melbourne, 2 years.)

Courses may also be taken at Sydney for post-graduate Diplomas inPublic Health (a), Ophthalmology ( a)(b) Psychological Medicine(a)(b), Laryngology and Otorhinology (a5, Gynaecology and Obstetrics(a ) , Diagnostic Radiology (a), Therapeutic Radiology ( a), Anaesthesia(a), Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Clinical Pathology and DQrmato-logical Medicine.

Those marked (a) are available also in Melbourne , and those marked(b) in Queensland , but in these cases only the qualifying examinationis conducted by the university, the coursesbeing by.nono•universitybodies.

(b) Setting-up and Supervision of Standards -

State legislation provides for the setting up in each State of medicalboards empowered to make regulations ensuring that persons who wigh topractice medicine attain certain standards of proficiency. Attainment ofthese standards is recognised by all State boards if the intendin practi-tioner has obtained,either of the degrees referred to in (a) (iiii.. above.In the case` of intending practitioners holding degrees other than those ofof Sydney, Melbourne) Adelaide or Queensland, recognition by the medicalboards varies from State 'to State, and recognition by arj one board doesnot necessarily confer recognition by another. In New South Wales foreignqualified medical, practitioners whose qualifications are considered to beof sufficiently high standard may,, by completing the academic requirements,of.the Ljth, 5th and final years of the medical course at the University:of.Sydney, obtain recognition and authority to practice in New South Wales.Similar concessions have been implemented in Queensland and South 'I Australia.In all States foreign qualified medical practitioners who have completednot. less than 5 years training of type and standard acceptable to;themedical board may obtain recognition and authority to practice on conditionthat intending practitioners trained in Australia obtain such recognitionand authority on the same terms in the country where each applicant wastrained..

B. Preventive Medicine H iene Social Medicine Public Health:

(1) When taught as a separate subject , when and how is it taught , andhwhat andhow much is taught?

(a) Postgraduate Teaching.

Public. Health is taught as a separate postgraduate study only at theUniversities of Sydney and.Melbourne.. A postgraduate course lasting 32months is given, at the conclusion of which examinations' for a Diplomamay be taken . The course comprises written , oral and practical tests.

(b) Undergraduate Teaching.

In addition to. the above postgraduate courses . for the'Diplom* of

Public Health, Public Health and Preventive Medicine forms part of the

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undergraduate teaching of all Australian Medical Schools. In Sydney,Melbourne and Adelaide it is a separate subject; in. Brisbane-it isgrouped with other subjects into a composite course.

At the University of Queensland, Public Health forms part of acourse on Social and Tropical Medicine taken during the 4th and 5thyears of medical studies, and at the University of Adelaide part ofa course on Preventive Medicine taken for the fourth examination.

II. DENTAL EDUCATION

Courses.are available at the Universities of Sydney (4 years) and Melbourne,Queensland, Adelaide and Western Australia (5 years)

Dental Mechanic.

The Dental Hospital, Sydney, trains dental mechanics who must concurrentlyserve a 3-year apprenticeship with a Master Dental Mechanic.

In Adelaide a.course is available at the Trade School to mechanicsapprenticed for 5 years to a registered dentist.

Dental Attendant.

The Melbourne Dental Hospital conducts a 3-years course of lectures andpractical training. General experience obtained by employment with certifieddentist.

.Dental _Specialists.

Short specialist. courses in such subjects as orthodontics, prosthetics,dental hygiene, anaesthesia, etc., are held from.time to time at Universities•with a dental faculty.

III. NURSING EDUCATION

The basic training for the General Nurse.

In each State of the Commonwealth the training, examination and registrationof nurses is controlled by State legislation and for this control there are six Actsand six State Registration Boards.

Entrance Qualifications vary from State to State, and the length of trainingfrom 3 to 4 years according to State regulations. The basic subjects include,'Anatomy and Physiology, General Nursing, Medical Nursing, Surgical Nursing, Hygiene,and Invalid Cookery.

Mars hospitals have introduced well equipped Preliminary Training Schoolswhere student nurses spend the first six or eight weeks of their training.

In Perth, Western Australia, a Central School of Nursing has been establishedto act as a teaching centre for student nurses in country hospitals.

Victoria has established two Schools of Nursing, one in Melbourne and theother at Bendigo, and in the Schools of Nursing the student nurse spends specific..periods throughout her entire training, beginning with the Preliminary trainingperiod.

Mental Nursing.

Nurses Registration Boards control the training of Mental Nurses. The lengthof training in the various States is from 3 to 4 years according to the bed capacity

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of the hospital, and for the graduate general trained nurse. the length di 'fersfrom one year in an acute hospital,in Western Australia to two years in otherStates.

The course covers Mental Diseases, Mental Nursing and General Nursingsubjects.

Midwifery Nursing.

The control of training: examination and registration is by State legis-lation: and again the length of time depends on the individual State. -

A graduate course is available to those with the required EntranceIQualifications: and in some States. it is of 18 months duration, whilst in other-.States the course takes two years.

For the General trained nurse, 12;mnthstraining is required in-, tie,--^States of New South Wales, Victoria and Queland, and nine months in the otherStates . Having received her training.in a-State requiring nine months training:a nurse is required to'do a further training of three months in New South Wales,-Victoria and Queensland before being eligible for registration in those threeStates.

Mothercraft Nursing.

Mothercra:t training,is offered-.as a graduate course in a number offinstitutions throughout Australia.. Courses are basically similar though followingcertain established systems of training - Tresillian and Truby King'(Karitane).,

The curriculum in Tasmania and Western Australia is laid down by the NursesRegistration Board. In New South Wales: where two systems are followed-"Tie RoyalSociety for the Welfare of Mothers and Babies". and the "Australian Mothercraftsociety" control the training. In the other States the State Health Department,controls the training and examination.

Certificates of Competency are issued to successful candidates.

Length of training varies from 12 months to 16 months.aceoding to'theState.

The course of study includes Theoretical.and Practical Study of theDevelopment of Infants, the Pre-School Child. 'and the S',pervision and Care Of theMother.

Tuberculosis. Nursing.

The Nurses Registration Boards,in Tasmania and Western 'Australia ppovide.a two year training for Tuberculosis Nursing. Post graduate courses are availablein Western Australia: Victoria and Tasmania and the length of time ranges fromfour months to six months.

Infant Nursing.

New South Wales is the only State pro.viiding a course of stvidy -for 'infantNursing and the Nurses Registration Board controls the training, examinati on and

registration. The course takes two years and the syllabus of study coven:

Anatorir , and Physiology, General Nursing, . Infant Feeding and Hygiene, andInfectious Nursing.

Infant Welfare Nursing.

Training in Infant Welfare can only be taken by-those registered as General, Mental orMidwifery Nursess

graduate" nursea,. ouch as

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In New South Wales voluntary agencies control the training and examinationand issue a certificate at the end of the course. As for Mothereraft y there aretwo courses available, Tresillian and Truby King (Karitane). In Victoria, Queens-land, South Australia and Tasmania the training is controlled by the Nurses Regis-tration Boards. In Western Australia, though the Act provides for training,Infant Welfare Nurses are not being trained at the present time.. The syllabusof study in all States is similar and the course covers Maternal and Infant WelfareCare, the Care of the Normal and Premature Baby, the Post-natal Care of.the Mother,etc.

Short Term Post Graduate Courses.

Victoria provides post-graduate courses in the following subjects:Orthopaedics, Gynaecological Diseases , Eye and Ear Diseases , and InfectiousDiseases.

South Australia makes provision for Infectious Disease.

Post graduate study in Gynaecological Diseases takes four months. Othercourses take six months.

Nursing lames.

Two colleges providing advanced courses in nursing education have beenestablished in Australia for graduate nurses. One, the College of NursingAustralia, has established the college in Melbourne, and has State Committees ineach State; the other is the New South Wales College in Sydney. The two collegesare quite separate.

The College of Nursing Australia provides courses for the following:Nursing Administration Diploma, Sister Tutor Diploma and Ward Sisters Certificate.The first two courses are full-time, covering the three terms of the academicyear; the Ward Sister Certificate takes six months to complete.

The New South Wales College of Nursing provides for: Sisters Tutor Diploma,

Nursing Adrin-1_stratLon Diploma, IrAdustrial Nursing Certificate and Operating

Theatre Technique and Management Certificate.

These courses are full-time during the three terms of the academic year.Practical work and instructional tours are taken during the University termvacations.

IV. TRAINING OF SANITATION PERSONNEL

Sanitary Inspect.

Training is to be the standard of the examination of the Royal SanitaryInstitute, London. The course usually takes two years for evening students.

Training colleges are the Hobart Technical College,- The Technical College,Sydney, the South Australian School of Mines and.Industries.and courses are con-ducted by the Victorian Health Department and at Perth Technical College.Medical graduates take the course at the School of Public Health and TropicalMedicine.

Meat and Food Inspectors.rr • + e s

The same colleges train students for the further examinations of theR.S.I. Further training would normally take. two to three years beyond the R.S.I.certificate standard, The courses conducted include practical demonstrations atthe City Abattoirs.

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Sanitary Engineers.

Holders of R0S.I.-certificates of Sanitary Inspector train for the R.S.L 's.Certificate of. Sanitary' Science, the recognised qualification of Sanitary Engineers.A comprehensive course. in sanitary engineering., by-passing'the Sanitary InspectorCertificate, is given by the British Institute of Engineering Technology$ Sydney.The-training given by this Institute has apparently as yet not been generallyrecognised.

Sanitary Inspectors may also obtain further certificates in (a) TropicalHygiene; (b) School Hygiene and Elementary Physiology. With the exceptlon ofthe Tropical Hygiene Certificate as regards Western Australia these additionalcertificates are not regarded by employing authorities as adding to the statusand capacity of inspectors.

There appear to be no noteworthy problems of training and equipment.

V. TRAINING OF AUXILIARY PERSONNEL

Medical Assistants (Tropical - Areas).

Training is given at the School of Public Health and-Tropical Medicine,Sydney University, in elementary tropical medicine, hygiene and sanitation, 30lectures over three months.

Auxiliary Nursing Service.

The Registration Board of Tasmania, has established an auxiliary. nursingcourse. The General Nursing training course has been re-organised so that thefirst year-training is of a practical nature. The courses which is conducted bythe hospitals, covers:-

(i) Theory and Practice of Nursing(ii) First. Aid with Elementary Anatomy(iii) Invalid Cookery(iv) Elementary Dietetics(v) Elementary Hygiene

Where the educational standard is adequate it is hoped that the auxiliarynurses will complete the further three year course as a general nurse. Otherwisethe trainee will practice as an auxiliary nurse.

Victoria has established a Central Training School which provides a twelvemonths course for the practical nurse. The preliminary training is given in the.school and the clinical experience is obtained in hospitals, approved for; thistraining. An examination is conducted by the Victorian Hospital and CharitiesBoard and the successful candidates are enrolled by that Board.

Volunteer Ambulance Services..

St. John Ambulance and Red Cross conduct courses in first aid andelementary home nursing for children and adults of both sexes.

Technical Assistants (Occupational Therapy).

At the beginning of 1950 the Red Cross in Victoria inaugurated attraining

centre . The course covers three terms of three months each , the first of which

is probationary . Instruction is given in each , the first of which is .probationary.

Instruction is given in crafts and lectures on (a) a proach to the patient;

(b) Hospital Etiquette; ( c) Occupational Therapy; (d) Other auxiliary medical

professions ; (e) Work with children ; (f) Records and stores management. 'Twomonths practical work is carried out in hospitals or centres , one of which is an

Occupational Therapy department.

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VI. SPECIALIST TRAINING OF PUBLIC HEALTH PERSONNEL

Medical

Training is a twelve months' post-graduate course for the Diploma of PublicHealth. The greater number of candidates take this course at the School of PublicHealth and Tropical Medicine, Sydney University, though courses are arranged atMelbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide if five students'enrol therefor.

The course covers practical tasks in clinical examinations on infectiousdiseases and food insepction with inspection of premises. Examination subjectsare Bacteriology and Parasitology, application of the principles of Physiologyand Biochemistry, Chemistry and Physics to environmental and personal hygiene andto public healthy Sanitation and Public Health., Epidemiology and Vital Statistics,Public Health Law and Administration, Hygiene.

Dietetics.

Training is given in Medical Regulation of diets by the New South WalesInstitute of Dieticians in conjunction with Royal Newcastle Hospital and RoyalNorth Shore Hospital, Sydne*- P. diploma is issued only to graduates in scienceafter the twelve months' training course.

In Victoria training is for the Diploma of Institutional Management. Atthe Melbourne University the course is a one-year post graduate one for science grat.duates. At the Emily McPherson College the course is a four year.one.for girls.with Intermediate Certificate qualifications. Specialisation in dietetics may beundertaken in the fourth year.

The one year post-graduate course as approved by the Australian DieteticsCouncil and, the University of Melbourne is also available.^t the Royal PerthHospital.

Radiographic Technicians.

Training is given at the Sydney Hospital and St, Vincents Hospital in theLecture Hall, Darlinghurst. The course is for 2 years in physics, anatomy andphysiotherapy, also dark room processing and x-ray technique. Training is alsoavailable at the Melbourne Technical College.

The Royal Hobart and Launceston General Hospitals give training in "practical radiography,,. One clinic and two Perth Public Hospitals give four yearcourses., three of'which'involve attendance at Perth Technical College night classes.

The School of Mines, Adelaide, conducts a part-time course of two years,usually two e-ranings per week. A certificate in x-ray technology is granted tosuccessful examinees.

Repatriation general hospitals in five States give radiography trainingin conjunction with the course for the certificate in Radiography issued by theConjoint Board of the College of Radiologists (Australia and New Zealand) andthe Australian Institute of Radiography.

Medical Acoustics Technicians,

Basic electronic training is provided at the Sydney Technical College.Specialised training at Acoustic Laboratory, In Melbourne the CommonwealthAcoustics Laboratory trains staff,

Biochemist and Pathological Technicians.! - -1^^1 YY Y ' - ^^ 1r

Training at the University, Sydney, and the Technical College, Sydney.There-is a three year course for Science (Medical) and a twD years course forLaboratory Technicians and Laboratory Assistants.

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Repatriation . general . hospitals in three States give training nconjunction with the course for the Diploma' of"the Society of LaboratoryTechnicians of Australasia.

7..

Training is given at the Public Health Laboratories, Perth , (RyalHospital ), to the requirements of the Society of Laboratory Technicians ofAustralasia.

Physiotherapy.

The . Australian Physiotherapy Association in conjunction. withthie.University ofSydney runs three year course .s. Training is. given at large metrbpolitan hospitals. In Victoria the study and practice of physiotherap y ltt is under'the control of "the Masseur's Registration Board (Victorian Health Depax4tment).The course is for three years and is limited to forty 'students. .The quota hasnot been filled in past years,

Athree year diploma course for physiotherapists is conducted in Perthby the Physiotherapists Registration Board.

Occupational Therapy.

Occupational Therapy School of Victoria arranges training in coaijunction'with . Melbourne University and Melbourne Technical College and field training isprovided at Childrens) Mental and General Hospitals and the Rehabilitatd..onCentre . ' ,The course is for three years.

Tropical Hygiene.

There is a ' six months course atthe School of Public Health and TropicalMedicine., Sydney., covering all aspects of tropical hygeine. The Diplona ofTropical Medicine and Hygiene - is given after successful completion of the course.

The Perth Technical College conducts a correspondence course in TropicalHygiene for health inspectors.

(N.B.: Owing to the length of the document and in order to keep the informationin line With that submitted by other countries, detailed description ojf thevarious courses .of study has not been reproduced here; however ' the completedoriginal shall be available for consultation by the representatives during thediscussions).