RC1 Session Passages

7/31/2019 RC1 Session Passages

1/31

RC Session 1


2/31

PASSAGE 1 (OGVR2)


3/31

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies.

Arguments in what could be called therelational feminist tradition maintain the doctrine ofequality in

difference or equity as distinct from equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result

in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's pro-creative

labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist

feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy,while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its

attendant responsibilities.

Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the

writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920however , relational feminism, which had been the

dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western

feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights wasalready well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to

predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to

seem increasingly irreconcilable. I ndividualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with

equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities

outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions

to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective

legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.

Relational arguments have a major pitfall : because they underline women's physiological and psychological

distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But

the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and

condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the

family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy,

could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for

contemporary feminist politics could emerge .


4/31

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in

Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the relational feminist

tradition maintain the doctrine ofequality in difference or equity as distinct from

equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary

sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's pro-

creative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By

contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and

celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of

gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant

responsibilities.

2 To support womens freedom

RF

difference between men and women

1stthing that RF believes in

2ndthing that RF believes in

IFContrasting theory individuality

this aspect is against RF

2 theories forwomensemancipation

RF 1: dividelabor per men &women. 2:

Contrastbetween RF & IF

IF all are same


5/31

Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement,

often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920however ,

relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still

predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the

United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the

Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in

English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to

seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-

blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal

educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women,

continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and

mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for

women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.

< 19th cen viewsexisted together RF dominated

1890 1920 RF lost in

England and US Still

predominates inEurope and non-western

Reason given Goals became

more different

US & England

Individualism already in other arenas in these countries

Differences became more stark IF strong view stated

IF & RF agree for something

RF strong view stated


6/31

Relational arguments have a major pitfall : because they underline women's physiological

and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and

used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles,

denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial

institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles

important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's

autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a

more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge .

- of RF stated andexplained

- of IF stated andexplained

Authorsrecommendation combine + aspects

of both.

-ve of IF

Used by political rivals

Focus on differences between sexes


7/31

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies.

Arguments in what could be called therelational feminist tradition maintain the doctrine ofequality in

difference or equity as distinct from equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result

in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's pro-creative

labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist

feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy,while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its


Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the

writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920however , relational feminism, which had been the

dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western

feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights wasalready well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to

predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to

seem increasingly irreconcilable. I ndividualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with

equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities

outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions

to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective

legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.

Relational arguments have a major pitfall : because they underline women's physiological and psychological

distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But

the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and

condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the

family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy,

could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for

contemporary feminist politics could emerge .

2 theories for womens emancipation RF divide labor per men & women Contrast between RF & IF IF all are same

< 19th cen views existed together

RF dominated 1890 1920 RF lost in England and US Still predominates in Europe and non-western Reason given Goals became more different

- of RF stated and explained - of IF stated and explained Authors recommendation combine + aspects of both.

Presented 2 theories regarding womens emancipation.Explained the progression over time nations.

Presented flawsPresented his suggested approach


8/31

The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of

individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to

(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought

on more general intellectual trends in English history

(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger

Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has

often gone unnoticed by critics of womens emancipation.

(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among

feminists in non-English-speaking countries

(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist

feminism among feminists in English speaking countries.

(E) account for the philosophical differences between

individualist and relational feminists in English speaking

countries


9/31

The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of

individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to

(A) illustrate the influenceof individualist feministthought

on more general intellectual trends in English history

Opposite: This reverses the causality. The

passage suggests that the prevailing

intellectual trend made IF popular.

(B) argue thatfeminism was already a partof the larger

Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has

often gone unnoticed by critics of womens emancipation.

OFS no mention of it going unnoticed.

(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among

feminists in non-English-speaking countries

iSWAT decline of RF in English-speaking

countries has been explained.

(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist

feminism among feminists in English speaking countries.

CORRECT

(E) account for the philosophical differences between

individualist and relational feminists in English speaking

countries

OFS - it talks about transition in importance

of IF over RF. It does not explain the

differences.

Read the pertinent location where this was used. Because the concept of individual rights was already

well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to

predominate in English-speaking countriesPresented as reason


10/31

The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?

(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in

English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the

causes of which have not yet been investigated.

(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are

irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences

concerning the foundations of society.

(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future feministpolitics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness

among feminists of the need for cooperation among

women.

(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse

arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to

argue that the existing social system should be maintained.

(E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical

framework for contemporary feminist politics, but

individualist feminism could contribute much toward

refining and strengthening modern feminist thought.


11/31

The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?

(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking

countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have notyet been investigated.

Passage presents a cause

(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable,

given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of

society.

Opposite: The author suggests a hormonized

approach in 3rd para.

(C) A consensusconcerning the direction of future feminist politicswill probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of

the need for cooperation among women.

iSWAT - The author presents a potentialpath forward. But he does not present

reason for that.

(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments

predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the

existing social system should be maintained.

Correct. Logical deduction of

they are often appropriated by political

adversaries and used to endorse male

privilege.

(E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical frameworkfor

contemporary feminist politics, but individualist feminism could

contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist

thought.

OppositeThis is the closest choice. The

author predicts the opposite in this case. He

suggests using the IF framework and

refining it with RF ideologies. The author

does not say that one is better than the other.

He just says that both can be used together

for greater good.

Open ended inference. So no Prethinking. Apply POE.


12/31

It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the

validity of which of the following causal statements?

(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in

increased efficiency with regard to the performance ofgroup tasks.

(B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in

the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group

members.

(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social

group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked

biological differences between male and female members

of the group.

(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in

a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and

opinions among group members.

(E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities

based on gender among members of a social group can

result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of

the group.


13/31

It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the

validity of which of the following causal statements?

(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in increased

efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.

OFS - No mention of efficiency anywhere

in the passage

(B) A division of labor in a social group causesinequities in the

distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.

iSWAT uses all the terms used in the

passage but in a totally different context.

(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is

necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences

between male and female members of the group.

Correct

(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social

group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions

among group members.

OFS - No culturally based differences

(E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on

gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of

greater well-being for all members of the group.

OFS no mention of educational

programs and sense of well-being

Re-read the definition of RF & IF

IF - By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for

personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its


RF - that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and

throughout society.

Pre-Thinkingcausality is biological differences -> division of labor.


14/31

According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that

(A) individual human rights take precedence over most

other social claims

(B) the gender-based division of labor in society should be

eliminated

(C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens

regardless of gender should be passed

(D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the

importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society

(E) the same educational and economic opportunities

should be available to both sexes


15/31

According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that

(A) individual human rights take precedence over most

other social claims

OFS passage is about emancipation of

women. Individual human rights are not

discussed.

(B) the gender-based division of labor in society should be

eliminated

IF says this but not RF

(C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens

regardless of gender should be passed

RF does not say this

(D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the

importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society

RF says this but not IF

(E) the same educational and economic opportunities

should be available to both sexes

Correct. Both say this while agreeing

with IF

Re-read the part where the further differences between the two theories are presented.

Note for keywordwhile and see the change in direction of the passage. Read that part.

See how noticing such changes in direction of passage helps in getting to the correct answer.


16/31

The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in

England and the United States after 1920?

(A) They were less concerned with politics than with

intellectual issues.

(B) They began to reach a broader audience and their

programs began to be adopted by mainstream political

parties.

(C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation

among womens groups to achieve their goals.

(D) They moderated their initial criticism of the economic

systems that characterized their societies.

(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist

approaches in their thought.


17/31

The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in

England and the United States after 1920?

(A) They were less concerned with politics than with

intellectual issues.

OFS - Politics not even discussed

(B) They began to reach a broader audience and their

programs began to be adopted by mainstream political

parties.

OFS political parties not discussed

(C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation

among womens groups to achieve their goals.

OFS international not discussed

(D) They moderated their initial criticism of the economicsystems that characterized their societies.

OFS economic systems not discussed

(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist

approaches in their thought.

Correct inference of the word

irreconcilable

Re-read the part in 2nd para about the progression of theories in England and US. Between 1890 and 1920however , relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among

European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well

established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries.At the sametime,the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable


18/31

PASSAGE (E-GMAT)


19/31

Even after decades of cooperation in business and politics, America and Japan still trip over a seemingly simple

concept: the apology. Neither culture appears to fully understand what the other means or expects. On one hand,

most Americans were unmoved by Toyota CEO Akio Toyodas effusive apologies in 2010, after widespread reports

of malfunctioning Prius accelerator. Japan, on the other hand, bristled when a U.S. submarine commander didnt

immediately apologize after colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001. The confusionover the meaning of and occasion for an apology extends beyond those countries; indeed, it seems that virtually

every culture has its own rules. While apologies are far less common in India, they are so prevalent and ritualized

in Hong Kong that many people are inured to them.

A core issue contributing to this cultural gap is differing perceptions of culpability: Americans see an apology as an

admission of wrongdoing, whereas Japanese see it as an expression of eagerness to repair a damaged

relationship, with no culpability necessarily implied. And this difference affects how much traction an apologygains. This can be demonstrated by the two recent surveys carried among undergraduates from the two countries.

In the initial survey, it was found that the Japanese students apologized a lot morethey recalled issuing an

average of 11.05 apologies in a week, whereas U.S. students recalled just 4.51. In a second study, the utility of

apologies for repairing trust was assessed. Undergraduates from both countries were placed in situation such that

they had to choose whether to hire an applicant who had admitted to a blunder and apologized for it. The

Japanese students were more willing than their U.S. counterparts to trust the candidates assertion that she

wouldnt engage in such behavior again and to offer her a job. We believe that this is owing to Americans

inclination to associate apologies with culpability.

This is in keeping with the psychological tendency of westerners to attribute events to individuals action. Thus, in

the U.S., an apology is taken to establish culpability of mistakes to individuals. Whereas, in Japanwhich, like

many other East Asian countries, has a more group-oriented cultureapologies are perceived just as an

expression of agreement on the presence of a fault without implying any blame on anyone. Researchers whove

compared apologies in America and China have found a similar pattern: U.S. apologies serve to establish

personal responsibility, while Chinese ones focus on the larger consequences of the transgression.


20/31

Even after decades of cooperation in business and politics, America and Japan still trip

over a seemingly simple concept: the apology. Neither culture appears to fully

understand what the other means or expects. On one hand, most Americans were

unmoved by Toyota CEO Akio Toyodas effusive apologies in 2010, after widespread

reports of malfunctioning Prius accelerator. Japan, on the other hand, bristled when a

U.S. submarine commander didnt immediately apologize after colliding with and

sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001. The confusion over the meaning of

and occasion for an apology extends beyond those countries; indeed, it seems that

virtually every culture has its own rules. While apologies are far less common in India,

they are so prevalent and ritualized in Hong Kong that many people are inured to them.

1

US & Japancooperateotherwise

They differ onapology

Ex 1 Japanapologized a lot butUS was unmoved

Ex 2 US did notapologize soonenough as expectedby Japan

Differences inother countries too.

Ex India and HK

Japan did something bad

2

US did something bad

Bl bl


21/31

A core issue contributing to this cultural gap is differing perceptions of culpability:

Americans see an apology as an admission of wrongdoing, whereas Japanese see it as

an expression of eagerness to repair a damaged relationship, with no culpability

necessarily implied. And this difference affects how much traction an apology gains.

This can be demonstrated by the two recent surveys carried among undergraduates

from the two countries. In the initial survey, it was found that the Japanese students

apologized a lot morethey recalled issuing an average of 11.05 apologies in a week,

whereas U.S. students recalled just 4.51. In a second study, the utility of apologies for

repairing trust was assessed. Undergraduates from both countries were placed in

situation such that they had to choose whether to hire an applicant who had admitted to

a blunder and apologized for it. The Japanese students were more willing than their

U.S. counterparts to trust the candidates assertion that she wouldnt engage in such

behavior again and to offer her a job. We believe that this is owing to Americans


US view point

Diff perception oftaking blame or not. US say sorry when

they take blame onthemselves

Japan no questionof blame. Goal tomend the

relationship. Evidence presented

thru 2 studies.

Japan view point

Blame or no blame

May skip this partcome back later if any question on these studies is asked.

Evidence


22/31

This is in keeping with the psychological tendency of westerners to attribute events to

individuals action. Thus, in the U.S., an apology is taken to establish culpability of

mistakes to individuals. Whereas, in Japanwhich, like many other East Asian

countries, has a more group-oriented cultureapologies are perceived just as an

expression of agreement on the presence of a fault without implying any blame on

anyone. Researchers whove compared apologies in America and China have found a

similar pattern: U.S. apologies serve to establish personal responsibility, while Chinese

ones focus on the larger consequences of the transgression.

US Apology blame IS IN LINEwith their tendencyto relate events toind. Actions

Japan has grouporiented culture.

Chinese apologies

focus onconsequences ofthe wrong doing.

Same conclusion as in 2ndpara

Same conclusion as in 2ndpara


23/31

Even after decades of cooperation in business and politics, America and Japan still trip over a seemingly simple

concept: the apology. Neither culture appears to fully understand what the other means or expects. On one hand,

most Americans were unmoved by Toyota CEO Akio Toyodas effusive apologies in 2010, after widespread reports

of malfunctioning Prius accelerator. Japan, on the other hand, bristled when a U.S. submarine commander didnt

immediately apologize after colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001. The confusion

over the meaning of and occasion for an apology extends beyond those countries; indeed, it seems that virtuallyevery culture has its own rules. While apologies are far less common in India, they are so prevalent and ritualized

in Hong Kong that many people are inured to them.

A core issue contributing to this cultural gap is differing perceptions of culpability: Americans see an apology as an

admission of wrongdoing, whereas Japanese see it as an expression of eagerness to repair a damaged

relationship, with no culpability necessarily implied. And this difference affects how much traction an apology

gains. This can be demonstrated by the two recent surveys carried among undergraduates from the two countries.

In the initial survey, it was found that the Japanese students apologized a lot morethey recalled issuing anaverage of 11.05 apologies in a week, whereas U.S. students recalled just 4.51. In a second study, the utility of

apologies for repairing trust was assessed. Undergraduates from both countries were placed in situation such that

they had to choose whether to hire an applicant who had admitted to a blunder and apologized for it. The

Japanese students were more willing than their U.S. counterparts to trust the candidates assertion that she

wouldnt engage in such behavior again and to offer her a job. We believe that this is owing to Americans


This is in keeping with the psychological tendency of westerners to attribute events to individuals action. Thus, in

the U.S., an apology is taken to establish culpability of mistakes to individuals. Whereas, in Japanwhich, like

many other East Asian countries, has a more group-oriented cultureapologies are perceived just as an

expression of agreement on the presence of a fault without implying any blame on anyone. Researchers whove

compared apologies in America and China have found a similar pattern: U.S. apologies serve to establish

personal responsibility, while Chinese ones focus on the larger consequences of the transgression.

US & Japan cooperate otherwise They differ on apology

Ex 1 Japan apologized a lot but US was unmoved Ex 2 US did not apologize soon enough as expected by Japan

Differences in other countries too.

Ex India and HK

Diff perception of taking blame or not.

US sorry when they take blame on themselves Japan no question of blame. Goal to mend the relationship. Evidence presented thru 2 studies.

US Apology blame IS IN LINE with their tendency to relate eventsto ind. Actions

Japan has group oriented culture. Chinese apologies focus on consequences of the wrong doing.

Author presents and discusses the difference in perception of apology among different countries.


24/31

The author of the passage is most likely to agree with which of the following?

(A) China has a more group-oriented culture than the USA

(B) Indians tend to associate apologies with culpability.

(C) Chinese culture emphasizes on the importance of

apologies

(D) American perspective of apologies needs to change.

(E) Japanese perspective of apologies needs to change.


25/31

The author of the passage is most likely to agree with which of the following?

(A) China has a more group-oriented culture than

the USA

Correct

have found a similar pattern

Japanwhich, like many other East Asian countries,

has a more group-oriented culture

(B) Indians tend to associate apologies with

culpability.

OFS No such discussion

apologies are far less common in India

(C) Chinese culture emphasizes on the importance of

apologies

OFS No such discussion

Chinese ones focus on the larger consequences of

the transgression

(D) American perspective of apologies needs tochange.

OFS - Need for change not implied anywhere

(E) Japanese perspective of apologies needs to

change.

OFS - Need for change not implied anywhere

Global Inference - Perform POE on the answer choices


26/31


27/31

The author mentions the psychological tendency of westerners primarily to?

(A) Make additional conclusions on the basis of the

surveys.

The fact about western psych is taken as a fact without

supplying any arguments to support. No additional

conclusions have been made based on the surveys

(B) Strengthen his conclusion about American

perceptions of an apology by correlating it to

established facts about western psychology.

Correct Answer

(C) Illustrating another aspect of American

perceptions

While the statement presents another aspect of

American perceptions, the purpose of stating this

statement is not to present another perception.

(D) Extending his conclusions about the Americanand Japanese perceptions to Chinese perceptions

too.

Out of Context. While in the same paragraph, this isdone, but the purpose of bringing up the pysc tendency

is not to extend his conclusions.

(E) Covering additional facets of US apologies. Same characteristics are discussed from apsychological point of view

Purpose QuestionAuthor mentions the psychological tendency here - This is in keeping with the psychological

tendency of westerners to attribute events to individuals action. this in the sentence refers to the previous sentence

We believe that this is owing to Americans inclination to associate apologies with culpability. So the author tries to

make his conclusion, that Americans tend to associate apologies with culpability, more convincing by discussing it

in the light of known western psych.


28/31

The Author mentions all of the below about the Japanese except-

(A) Japan has a group-oriented culture.

(B) The Japanese use apologies much more frequently than the

Americans

(C) The people of Japan forgive apologetic people more easily

than American people do.

(D) The Japanese people do not blame individuals for mistakes

and errors.

(E) Japanese people use apologies to express willingness to

rectify relationships.


29/31

The Author mentions all of the below about the Japanese except-

(A) Japan has a group-oriented culture. Last ParaJapanwhich, like many other East Asian

countries, has a more group-oriented culture

(B) The Japanese use apologies much more frequently than the

Americans

2nd paraThe Japanese students apologized a lot more

(C) The people of Japan forgive apologetic people more easily

than American people do.

2nd paraJapanese students were more willing than their U.S.

counterparts to trust the candidates assertion

(D) The Japanese people do not blame individuals for mistakesand errors.

Correct not mentioned

(E) Japanese people use apologies to express willingness to

rectify relationships.

2nd parawhereas Japanese see it as an expression of

eagerness to repair a damaged relationship

Read all choices and find the one that is not discussed in the passage at all. That is the correct answer.


30/31

Based on the information in the passage, it may be inferred that the US submarine

commander

(A) Considered the collision to be a fault of the Japanese

fisherman who was fishing in US waters.

(B) Did not perceive himself to be responsible for the

colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat.

(C) Did not value the importance of Japanese-US

relations

(D) Was angry about the reports of malfunctioning Prius

accelerators and chose to express his agitation byrefusing to apologize.

(E) Did not want to admit wrongdoing in spite of being

culpable of sinking a much smaller ship.


31/31

Based on the information in the passage, it may be inferred that the US submarine

commander

(A) Considered the collision to be a fault of the Japanese

fisherman who was fishing in US waters.

OFS: this is not mentioned in the

passage

(B) Did not perceive himself to be responsible for the

colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat.

Correct: This is implied from the

information in para 1 and 2

(C) Did not value the importance of Japanese-US

relations

OFS: no mention in the passage

(D) Was angry about the reports ofmalfunctioning Prius

accelerators and chose to express his agitation by

refusing to apologize.

Inconsistent: combining 2 unrelated

events

(E) Did not want to admit wrongdoing in spite of being

culpable of sinking a much smaller ship.

OFS: no information about

culpulabilty is provided in the

passage

Combination InferenceJapan, on the other hand, bristled when a U.S. submarine commander didnt

immediately apologize after colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001.

Americans see an apology as an admission of wrongdoing,

Documents

RC1 Session Passages