rb13

CSE Research Bulletin

ISSN 0219-0370 January 2000 NO. 13

Official Launch of the Environmental Engineering Research Centre (EERC)

Reorganisation of School In April 1999, the School of Civil & Structural Engineering was re-organised into four divisions, namely, the Divisions of Environmental & Water Resources Engineering, Geotechnical & Transportation Engineering, Construction Technology & Management, and Structures & Mechanics. Two positions of Vice Deans were also created, the Vice-Dean (Academic), who oversees academic matters including teaching workloads and MSc programmes, and the Vice-Dean (Research), who takes charge of postgraduate programmes by research and other research matters. The new organisational structure is to enable the School to better focus on niche areas of teaching and research. Under the new structure, the Head of Construction Technology & Management will concurrently serve as Director of the Centre for Advanced Construction Studies ([email protected]), the Head of Geotechnical & Transportation Engineering also assumes the post of Director of the Geotechnical Research Centre ([email protected]), while the Head of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering is also Director of the Environmental Engineering Research Centre ([email protected]). The other two research centres within the School are the Centre for Transportation Studies ([email protected]) and the Protective Technology Research Centre ([email protected]). In the coming years, the five research centres are expected to evolve into the focal points for research activities within the School. The School aims to become a Civil Engineering School of choice, and to rank among the top civil engineering schools in Asia in the not too distant future, with niche areas of academic and research excellence. The School will work towards attracting a steady flow of prominent overseas visitors, establishing more research collaboration with other institutions, and pursuing greater cross-disciplinary teaching and research. A new undergraduate curriculum has been designed and implemented to better prepare the students for the emergence of a knowledge-based economy. In the coming years, more MSc programmes are likely to be introduced, and the number of well qualified postgraduate research students will increase.

The Environmental Engineering Research Centre (EERC), which has been jointly set up by NTU and the Ministry of the Environment (ENV), was officially launched on 6 September 1999 at the ENV Penthouse. Dr Cham Tao Soon, President of NTU,

Dr. Cham Tao Soon President, NTU (right) and Mr. Tan Gee Paw, Permanent Secretary, ENV, viewing exhibits at the offical launch of EERC delivered the opening address at the launch ceremony, which was witnessed by Mr Tan Gee Paw, Permanent Secretary, ENV. Other distinguished guests present at the launch ceremony included Mr Lee Suan Hiang, Chief Executive, Productivity and Standards Board (PSB) and Mr Tang Kin Fei, President, SembCorp Engineering Private. In conjunction with the launch, NTU signed three separate Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) for research collaboration with the ENV, PSB and SUT (SembCorp Utilities & Terminals Pte Ltd). Later in the same afternoon, six more MOUs for research collaboration were signed at the School between NTU and Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Waste Management and Pollution Control Ltd, Australia, the Regional Institute of Environmental Technology (RIET), ST Assembly Test Services Ltd, NatSteel Ltd, SH Soil Works Pte Ltd and JPL Industries Pte Ltd. The afternoon signing ceremony was graced by his Excellency, Mr Murray McLean, the Australian High Commissioner. The signing of the MOUs highlighted the already excellent working relationship between NTU and the various environmental partners, and signalled the mutual desire to further expand the scope and depth of the ongoing collaboration.

The new Centre is a multi-disciplinary research centre whose mission is to serve as a focal point for

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CSE Research Bulletin

For more information about the latest developments within the School, you are invited to take a cyber tour of the School at the following web site: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/cse/

upstream research and development in environmental engineering, particularly in the development of niche home-grown technologies in the area of environmental management to meet local and regional needs. The centre has identified four main functions :Research & Development, with the focus on wastewater technology, management of water quality, solid waste, air pollution, and industrial and hazardous wastes; waste recycling and reuse; sea water desalination; clean technology and development of environment friendly materials, etc.

Education and Training, which will involve organising and conducting seminars, workshops and specialised training courses for the continuing education of local and regional professionals and government officials.

Professor Chen Charng Ning, Deputy President, NTU delivering the welcome address at the MOU signing ceremony between NTu and six industry partners

Information and Resource Centre, to monitor regional developments in the areas of government policies, legislation and regulations for environmental management.

Technology Transfer and Industrial Service, to facilitate information exchange through seminars, workshops and short courses, to be conducted by invited prominent professionals or researchers on state-of-the-art developments relevant to the region. Staff from the centre will also offer specialised consultancy services to regional and international organisations.

One key role of the EERC is to serve as an R&D support infrastructure for the local Environmental Technology (ET) companies. By tapping the technical capabilities and state-of-the-art facilities of the centre, it is hoped that the local ET companies will be able to carry out their R & D activities more cost effectively, and hence be better able to sustain their competitive edge to meet the regional challenges.

The EERC values opportunities to work with other organisations in areas of mutual interest. If you have any proposals for possible research collaboration, do email the Centre Director at [email protected]. More information about the Centre can be found at the following web site : http://www.ntu.edu.sg/centre/wwweerc/eerc.htm

Please read the DISCLAIMER before you begin exploring the CSE Research Bulletin.

Copyright 2000 School of Civil & Structural Engineering, NTU. All rights reserved.

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CSE Research Bulletin No. 13. January 2000: In Focus

ISSN 0219-0370 January 2000 NO. 13

Official Launch of the Environmental Engineering Research Centre (EERC)

Reorganisation of School In April 1999, the School of Civil & Structural Engineering was re-organised into four divisions, namely, the Divisions of Environmental & Water Resources Engineering, Geotechnical & Transportation Engineering, Construction Technology & Management, and Structures & Mechanics. Two positions of Vice Deans were also created, the Vice-Dean (Academic), who oversees academic matters including teaching workloads and MSc programmes, and the Vice-Dean (Research), who takes charge of postgraduate programmes by research and other research matters. The new organisational structure is to enable the School to better focus on niche areas of teaching and research. Under the new structure, the Head of Construction Technology & Management will concurrently serve as Director of the Centre for Advanced Construction Studies ([email protected]), the Head of Geotechnical & Transportation Engineering also assumes the post of Director of the Geotechnical Research Centre ([email protected]), while the Head of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering is also Director of the Environmental Engineering Research Centre ([email protected]). The other two research centres within the School are the Centre for Transportation Studies ([email protected]) and the Protective Technology Research Centre ([email protected]). In the coming years, the five research centres are expected to evolve into the focal points for research activities within the School. The School aims to become a Civil Engineering School of choice, and to rank among the top civil engineering

The Environmental Engineering Research Centre (EERC), which has been jointly set up by NTU and the Ministry of the Environment (ENV), was officially launched on 6 September 1999 at the ENV Penthouse. Dr Cham Tao Soon, President of NTU,

Dr. Cham Tao Soon President, NTU (right) and Mr. Tan Gee Paw, Permanent Secretary, ENV, viewing exhibits at the offical launch of EERC delivered the opening address at the launch ceremony, which was witnessed by Mr Tan Gee Paw, Permanent Secretary, ENV. Other distinguished guests present at the launch ceremony included Mr Lee Suan Hiang, Chief Executive, Productivity and Standards Board (PSB) and Mr Tang Kin Fei, President, SembCorp Engineering Private. In conjunction with the launch, NTU signed three separate Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) for research collaboration with the ENV, PSB and SUT (SembCorp Utilities & Terminals Pte Ltd). Later in the same afternoon, six more MOUs for research collaboration were signed at the School between NTU and Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Waste Management and Pollution Control Ltd, Australia, the Regional

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schools in Asia in the not too distant future, with niche areas of academic and research excellence. The School will work towards attracting a steady flow of prominent overseas visitors, establishing more research collaboration with other institutions, and pursuing greater cross-disciplinary teaching and research. A new undergraduate curriculum has been designed and implemented to better prepare the students for the emergence of a knowledge-based economy. In the coming years, more MSc programmes are likely to be introduced, and the number of well qualified postgraduate research students will increase.

For more information about the latest developments within the School, you are invited to take a cyber tour of the School at the following web site: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/cse/

Institute of Environmental Technology (RIET), ST Assembly Test Services Ltd, NatSteel Ltd, SH Soil Works Pte Ltd and JPL Industries Pte Ltd. The afternoon signing ceremony was graced by his Excellency, Mr Murray McLean, the Australian High Commissioner. The signing of the MOUs highlighted the already excellent working relationship between NTU and the various environmental partners, and signalled the mutual desire to further expand the scope and depth of the ongoing collaboration.

The new Centre is a multi-disciplinary research centre whose mission is to serve as a focal point for upstream research and development in environmental engineering, particularly in the development of niche home-grown technologies in the area of environmental management to meet local and regional needs. The centre has identified four main functions :Research & Development, with the focus on wastewater technology, management of water quality, solid waste, air pollution, and industrial and hazardous wastes; waste recycling and reuse; sea water desalination; clean technology and development of environment friendly materials, etc.

Education and Training, which will involve organising and conducting seminars, workshops and specialised training courses for the continuing education of local and regional professionals and government officials.

Professor Chen Charng Ning, Deputy President, NTU delivering the welcome address at the MOU signing ceremony between NTu and six industry partners

Information and Resource Centre, to monitor regional developments in the areas of government policies, legislation and regulations for environmental management.



Technology Transfer and Industrial Service, to facilitate information exchange through seminars, workshops and short courses, to be conducted by invited prominent professionals or researchers on state-of-the-art developments relevant to the region. Staff from the centre will also offer specialised consultancy services to regional and international organisations.

One key role of the EERC is to serve as an R&D support infrastructure for the local Environmental Technology (ET) companies. By tapping the technical capabilities and state-of-the-art facilities of the centre, it is hoped that the local ET companies will be able to carry out their R & D activities more cost effectively, and hence be better able to sustain their competitive edge to meet the regional challenges.

The EERC values opportunities to work with other organisations in areas of mutual interest. If you have any proposals for possible research collaboration, do email the Centre Director at [email protected]. More information about the Centre can be found at the following web site : http://www.ntu.edu.sg/centre/wwweerc/eerc.htm

Please read the DISCLAIMER before you begin exploring the CSE Research Bulletin.

Copyright 2000 School of Civil & Structural Engineering, NTU. All rights reserved.


CSE Research Bulletin No. 13. January 2000: Research Projects

ISSN 0219-0370 January 2000 NO. 13

Quality Improvement of Recycled Rainwater and Innovative Use of the Waste Generated during its Treatment

Under this Innovation Development Scheme (IDS) project, NTU will conduct joint research with JPL Industries Pte Ltd and Productivity and Standards Board on converting sludge generated during wastewater treatment into useful products for the construction industry, such as high strength construction aggregates, bricks and pavement. The studies will determine the characteristics of the sludge and other potential wastes, and investigate the feasibility of converting them into useful construction products, and commercialising those products. Specifications for the products, and for setting up the testing laboratory and manufacturing plant, will also be tested and established.

Project co-ordinator: Show K Y ([email protected]).

Recycling Marine Clay and Industrial Solid Wastes into Value-added Products

Large amounts of marine clay are often generated in major construction projects that involve deep excavations, as in some of the MRT projects. This project will study the feasibility of recycling the marine clay and other industrial solid wastes into value-added products, and the minimisation and treatment of the marine clay and other industrial solid wastes. The total project research funding is $7.9 million with support from NSTB at $1.7 million over three years.

Project co-ordinator : Darren Sun ([email protected])

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Re-Utilisation of By-products From Steel-Making Into value-added products

Steel manufacturing generates a large amount of a waste by-product, ladle slag, which has been classified as industrial solid waste by ENV, and is thus not suitable for direct land disposal. This joint project between NatSteel and EERC aims to develop commercially useful products from the wastes, which if viable, could potentially form a new business for NatSteel which is in line with the Groups policy of being environmentally friendly. The total project funding is $6 million with $1.1 million support from NSTB over three years.


Development of Enhanced Photo Catalytic Oxidation Technology

The project will focus on developing the EPCO (Enhanced Photo Catalytic Oxidation) technology, and the commercial application of EPCO membrane reactors, for purification of treated wastewater. The study will characterise and derive the reaction mechanism for the destruction of biological and organic species; investigate the mass transfer between solid and liquid phase in EPCO membrane reactors; investigate the membrane efficiency for separation catalyst in EPCO membrane reactors; and evaluate the feasibility of commercial application for turning treated wastewater into high quality industrial/potable water. The total research funding is $0.5 million for three years.




Steel Fibre Reinforced (SFR) Concrete Material And Fibremat Hardening System For Structures To Resist Blast Effects

The PTRC has carried out extensive work on the development of static constitutive models to define the tensile characteristics of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC). However, analytical and small-scale statical studies cannot provide the solution to problems in a dynamic environment. For this reason, the PTRC has been involved with Land and Estates Organisation (MINDEF) on explosive tests of SFRC panels. The experience has provided a better understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the material. The effects of high strain rate on material behaviour in a dynamic environment will be quantified as part of this investigation.

Project co-ordinator : Lok T S ([email protected])

Research on Flat-Plate Structures

The flat-plate structural system is increasingly being used in modern high-rise residential buildings, due to its buildability and overall cost effectiveness. In many such buildings, the columns tend to be elongated in cross section and their layout irregular. As a result, the design methods recommended for typical flat-plate buildings in the International Building Codes are not applicable. This joint Building and Construction Authority-NTU research project aims to produce a reliable design procedure for irregular flat-plate structures, within the shortest possible time. The research programme includes testing of individual as well as large multiple-panel flat-plate floor specimens. The experimental and theoretical studies will cover the important factors that determine the behaviour of flat-plate structures, from the lower level of the serviceability limit state up to the ultimate limit states and beyond.

Project co-ordinator : S Teng ([email protected])



Other recently approved research projects are summarised below. You are welcome to email the investigators concerned for more information on their projects.

PROJECT TITLES PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORThree Dimensional Finite Element Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Structures. (Collaboration with Imperial College, UK)

A/P Fan S C ([email protected]) Prof M Pavlovic (Imp Col) Dr Lee C K

Strength Improvement of Peaty Soils. (Collaboration with University of Kyoto, Japan)

A/P Leong E C ([email protected]) Prof M Kamon A/P H Rahardjo A/P Teh C I Prof K Kogure Dr S Noto

Development of a Freight Research Strategy. A/P Luk Y K ([email protected])

Shear Strength of RC Columns Under Multi-Directional Loading. (Collaboration with Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)

Ast/P P Irawan ([email protected]) Prof K Maekawa (Univ of Tokyo) A/P S Teng

Photo-degradation of Organic Pollutants by UV/Oxidation Process.

Prof Tay J H ([email protected]) A/P Goh Ngoh Khang Dr Chia L S (NIE)

Utilisation of Marine Clay for Innovative Building and Construction Materials. (Collaboration with ENV)

Prof Tay J H ([email protected]) Dr Chu J Dr Show K Y

Behaviour of Concrete Flat-Plate Slabs Under General Loading. (Collaboration with Cambridge University, UK)

A/P S Teng ([email protected]) Prof Cheong H K A/P Lee S C Dr P Irawan Dr C T Morley (Cambridge Univ)

Instability and Liquefaction of Reclaimed Land under General Stress Conditions. (Collaboration with Imperial College, UK)

Asst Prof Chu J ([email protected]) Prof David Hight (Imperial Coll) Asst Prof K Adalier



Permeability and Pore Structure of Blended Cement Concrete.Asst Prof J H Cahyadi ([email protected]) A/P Chan K S

Use of Biotechnology in Treating Oil-Polluted Seawater. Asst Prof Stephen Tay ([email protected]) Prof Tay J H A/P F Wilson Dr Lee Krumholz (Univ of Oklahoma)

Wind Characteristics of Thunderstorms and Their Effects on Wind Loading Design in Singapore.

A/P Edmund Choi ([email protected]) A/P J W Brownjohn A/P Chan Weng Kong (MPE)

The Effect of External Flow on Interior Air Quality. (NTU-CUED collaboration)

A/P Adrian Law ([email protected]) A/P Edmund Choi Dr Rex Britter (Univ of Cambridge)

The Effect of Principal Stress Rotation on the Strength and Deformation Behaviour of Singapore Soils. (Collaboration with Imperial College)

Dr Chu Jian ([email protected]) A/P Leong E C Dr R Jardine (Imp Col) Prof V Choa

Development of Enhanced Photo Catalytic Oxidation. (Inter-school research centre project)

Ast/P Darren Sun ([email protected]) Prof Tay J H

Effects of Impact and Penetration on Conventional Construction. (Inter-school research centre project)

A/P Lok T S ([email protected]) A/P Fan SC Ast/P Kevin Tsung

Punching Shear Strength of Flat-Plate Structures. (NTU/CIDB)

A/P S Teng ([email protected]) Prof Cheong H K A/P Lee S C Dr P Irawan Mr Steven Cheong G T (CIDB)

Development of an Integrated Multiple Base Station Infrastructure to Support Concurrent High Precision Differential GPS Applications. (NTU/NSTB)

A/P Goh Pong Chai ([email protected])

Impact of Rainwater from Buildings without Roof Gutters. (NTU/ENV Collaboration)

A/P Tommy Wong ([email protected]) A/P Shuy E B



Steel Fibre Reinforced (SFR) Concrete Material and Fibremat Hardening System for Structures to Resist Blast Effects.

A/P Lok T S ([email protected]) A/P Zhao J

Damage Assessment of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints under Reverse Cyclic Loading.

A/P Pan T C ([email protected])

Dynamic Response of Rock Tunnels Subjected to Blast Load. A/P Hao Hong ([email protected])

Instrumentation and Monitoring of Rock Caverns During Construction and Operation.

A/P Zhao Jian ([email protected]) A/P Tor Y K Dr J Sharma

Elastic Constants of Aluminium Truss-Core Sandwich Panel. A/P Lok T S ([email protected])

CIDB-NTU Collaborative Research Initiatives on Water tightness and Evaluation of Building Envelope.

A/P Edmund Choi ([email protected]) Mr Allen AL Ng (CIDB)

Management of Quantity and Quality of Storm Runoff Using on-Site Infiltration Pits (NTU-ENV Collaboration )

A/P Shuy E B ([email protected]) A/P Tommy Wong A/P Chui P C

Analysis of frame structures in fire (Collaboration with Imperial College, UK)

AP Tan K H ([email protected]) A/P Fung T C Prof G. England (Imp Col)


CSE Research Bulletin No. 13. January 2000: Research Activities

ISSN 0219-0370 January 2000 NO. 13

Inside this issue, there are thirty-four technical articles highlighting the Schools research activities in the areas of Construction, Environment, Geotechnics, Structures, Surveying, Transportation and Water. You are welcome to email the respective authors to find out more about their work.

All the research articles are available in the form of PDF (portable document file) format. If you do not

have PDF, please click to download and install the Acrobat Reader for Windows 95, Windows 3.1, Window-NT, DOS, Macintosh, OS2, LINUX, etc. To view and print the articles, run Acrobat Reader and click the links below.

Construction

l Analysis of Premature Failures in CFRP-Strengthened RC Beams

l Design & Build Practice in the Singapore Public Sector

l Construction Automation in Improving Construction Productivity in Singapore

l A Simple Approach to Strength and Stability of Steel Columns in Fire

l A Rankine Approach for Fire Resistance of Steel Frames

l Effect of Stress-Path on the Failure of Concrete Under Tri-Axial Stress State

l Constitutive Model of Concrete Under Multi-Axial Stresses

l Hybrid Precast Concrete Beam

Environment

l Removal of Color and TOC Using a TiO2/

Fe2O3 Suspended Bubble Photo Catalytic

Oxidation Reactorl Optimizing the Preparation of Activated

Carbon from Digested Sewage Sludge and Coconut Husk

l Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater in Urban Agriculture: A Hydroponic Study

l Biomass Growth and Retention in Anaerobic Filters

l Long Term Predictions of Phosphorus Dynamics in Kranji Reservoir

Use of Industrial Sludge for Concrete Aggregates

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Geotechnics

l Behaviour of Cracked Diaphragm Wallsl Dynamic Testing of The Bukit Timah

Granite Material Using the Split Hopkinson Bar

l Effect of Soil Movements on Pilesl Interpretation of Initial Horizontal Stresses

in Rock Using the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Measurements

l A Brief Geotechnical Analysis of an Earthquake: Cukurova-1998

Surveying

l Near-Real-Time Measuring of Sea Level Using GPS

Structures

l 3D Crack Simulation Using Boundary Element Method

l Shear Strength and Behaviour of Beam-Column Joints Under Cyclic Loading

l Elastic Moduli of Concrete - A Micromechanics Approach

l Shaking Table Tests of RC Model Structures Under Simulated Ground Shocks

l Dynamic Properties and Serviceability of Floor Slabs with Human-Structure Interaction

l Fuzzy Probabilistic Damage Analysis of Rock Mass to Explosive Loads

l Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Panels Exposed to Air-Blast Loading

Transportation

l Comparison of the HCM and Singapore Models of Arterial Capacity

l Driver Stopping Response Latency at Signalised Junctions

l Mobility Model for Urban Public Transportation

Water

l Taylor Dispersion by Surface Wavesl GIS as a Tool for Management of Oil-spill

incidents in the Coastal Environmentl Performance of a Membrane Wave Barrier of

Finite Draftl Riprap Failure Around Bridge Piers Under Live-

Bed Condition



l The Second GRC (Geotechnical Research Centre) Lecture on Anisotropy In Soils - Its Measurement And Practical Implications was delivered by Professor David Hight on 27 November 1998.

l The GRC organised a 3-day Seminar on Characterisation Of Soil For Design And Analysis by David Hight, Nick Shirlaw, and Chu Jian from 1-3 December 1998.

l The Centre For Transportation Studies (CTS) organised the Conference On Transportation Into The Next Millennium in September 1998 at the Mandarin Hotel Singapore, which coincided with the implementation of the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system. The conference was supported by the Land Transport Authority as well as transport research centres at the University of California, Berkeley; Leeds University; Monash University; and University of Sydney. About 150 delegates from 20 countries participated in the Conference, which was opened by the Minister for Communications, Mr Mah Bow Tan. The ASEAN Transport Ministers who were in Singapore for an ASEAN meeting also attended the Opening as guests of the Minister. In addition to the technical sessions, the delegates also had the opportunity to visit both the ERP system and the CityCab GPS Dispatch Centre.

l At the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), CTS conducted two courses for officials from developing countries under the Singapore Technical Assistance Programme for Sustainable Development. One was on Urban Traffic Management and Control which was held from 1 to 11 December 1998 and attended by 12 government officials from Bhutan, China, Fiji, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Seychelles, Thailand, Tonga and Vietnam. The other was on Transport Planning and Design conducted from 11 to 21 January 1999, which was attended by 11 participants.

l In April 1999, CTS staff organised a customised workshop on the use of the Sea-Space Capacity Model developed by CTS for officers of MPA.

l CTS conducted a short course on Traffic Planning for Industrial Land Uses for officers of JTC during the months of March and April 1999.

l The Centre for Advanced Construction Studies (CACS) conducted a short course attended by 65 participants on Construction Claims & How to Resolve Them by Assoc Prof Goh Phai Cheng & Prof Dennis Ballou from 3-24 August 1998

l The CACS conducted a seminar on Management of Large Scale Construction by Prof Dennis Ballou & A/P Lim Ewe Chye on 20 August 1998, attended by 102 participants

l CACS conducted a short course on Construction Management Training Programme for Bhutan Engineers & Managers from 24 August to 4 September 1998, which was attended by 5 participants

l CACS conducted a



seminar on Concrete Floating Bridges in the U.S.A by Myint Lwin, Department of Washington, USA on 15 March 1999, which was attended by 90 participants

l CACS organised the Dr Tan Swan Beng Memorial Symposium at the Mandarin Singapore from 18 to 19 March 1999. It was attended by 185 participants

l CACS conducted a seminar on Risk Management by Dr Takayuki Minato, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, on 4 April 1999.It was attended by 50 participants

l A/P Edmund Choi has successfully developed a Testing Device for the Field Testing of Water Tightness of Building Envelope for the Building and Construction Authority (BCA), under their Innovation Development Scheme. A patent has been applied, and is now under the patent pending status. The patent will be jointly owned by A/P Choi and his industrial partner.

l A/P Edmund Choi has developed a Testing Method with Defined Testing Parameters for on-site water tightness testing of curtain walls and windows for BCA. The method and the parameters have been adopted by BCA for their CONQUAS Scheme for building quality assessment.

l As the chairman drafting the Wind Loading Code for Singapore, A/P Edmund Choi represented Singapore at the APEC network group meeting on Code alignment in the APEC region. He is also a member of the International Codification Forum sponsored by the International Association for Wind Engineering.

l Prof A Appan was invited to deliver a paper titled Water Pollution and health in some megacities in South East Asia at the Conference on Water and Security in South East Asia & Oceania. The conference was sponsored by the Global Environmental Change and Human Security Project of the IHDP and HDP, Canberra, Australia, from 16 to 19 November 1998

l Prof A Appan was invited to deliver a paper titled Economic and Water Quality aspects of Rainwater



Catchment Systems, at the International Symposium on Efficient Water use in Urban Areas, Innovative ways of finding water for Cities, in Kobe, Japan, from 8-10 June 1999


CSE Research Bulletin No. 13. January 2000: Research Reports

ISSN 0219-0370 January 2000 NO. 13

Abstracts of all the research reports are available in the form of PDF (portable document file) format. If

you do not have PDF, please click to download and install the Acrobat Reader for Windows 95, Windows 3.1, Window-NT, DOS, Macintosh, OS2, LINUX, etc. To view and print the article, run Acrobat Reader and click the link below.

Abstracts of research reports

file:///D|/CEE_old/RESEARCH/Bulletin/1999_2000/HTM/Research_reports.htm9/27/2003 10:48:26 AM

CSE research Bulletin No. 13 January 2000

1

RESEARCH REPORTS

Interpretation of In-Situ Tests in Clay with Particular Reference to Reclaimed Sites

Candidate: Cao Laifa

Report No: CSE/PhD/1998/15

A solution to the undrained expansion and subsequent contraction of both spherical and

cylindrical cavities in modified Cam clay material has been developed. The solution was

applied to the interpretation of in-situ tests including the piezocone test, the self-boring

pressuremeter test and the dilatometer test. Soil parameters, especially the

overconsolidation ratio estimated from these in-situ tests, are in good agreement with

results obtained by other investigation methods. An intensive test program comprising in-

situ and laboratory tests was conducted at four recently reclaimed sites in Singapore. The

proposed methods of interpretation have been modified for application in clays which are

still undergoing consolidation. The degree of consolidation predicted from in-situ tests has

been found to agree well with that obtained from laboratory tests and field observation.

Soil parameters derived from in-situ tests have also been found to be reasonable.


2

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of RC Plates and Shells Using the Unified

Strength Theory

Candidate: Wang Fang

Report No: CSE/PhD/16

A new finite element model of RC plates and shells has been successfully developed by

using the present plastic-damage material model in combination with the proposed

strength criterion for concrete. The new plastic-damage model requires only one

parameter in derivation. It is capable of predicting with reasonable accuracy the overall

responses of not only the ultimate load-carrying capacity, but also the progressive failure

modes and failure crack pattern for all the numerical examples given in the thesis. In

addition, it is able to reveal the weak spots so as to make optimised structural design

possible.


3

Riprap Protection and Failure Mechanisms at Bridge Pier

Candidate: Lim Foo Hoat

Report No: CSE/1999/PhD/ 17

Experiments conducted under live-bed conditions show that a riprap layer at a cylindrical

bridge pier will fail in either one of the following two modes: total disintegration or

embedment. The study proposes a criterion to demarcate the limiting condition between

the two types of failure. It also confirms that embedment failure is a more common failure

mode of riprap layer under live-bed conditions. The causes of embedment failure are two-

fold: (1) bed feature destabilization; and (2) differential mobility. Bed level fluctuations

caused by the propagating bed features result in bed feature destabilization whereas

differential mobility is due to the different response of the riprap stones and bed sediments

to the flow field. Experimental results also show that the riprap layer can degrade to an

equilibrium level for a given flow condition. Finally, the study proposes a semi-empirical

equation to compute the maximum depth of riprap degradation, which occurs at the upper

end of dune regime.


4

Fluid Transients Induced Vibration in a Pipeline System

Candidate: Wang Zhongmin


The main objectives of the study were to establish a computational model and numerical

methods for the coupled phenomena, and hence to evaluate the performance of a long

water supply pipeline subjected to a strong earthquake load.

The governing equations for the fluid transients and the induced structural responses of a

fluid-filled pipe system were derived. The effects of fluid transient pressure on pipe

vibration in the longitudinal and lateral directions, and the torsion about the longitudinal

axis are reflected in the structural vibration equations. The effect of pipe movement on the

fluid, through Poissons coefficient and other coupling terms, is in turn included in the

extended fluid transient equations. A solution procedure combining the method of

characteristics (MOC) and the finite element method (FEM) was used to solve the coupled

equations. A feedback-loop-iteration approach was adopted in the procedure.

Application of the FSI model to a typical water-supply main and an artificial seismic loading

on the pipe main indicates that the magnitude of the induced pressure is discernible and

could be considerable in some cases, such as during concurrent dynamic structural

loading (earthquake) and fluid flow interruption (pump failure).


5

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Behaviour of Piles Subjected to Lateral

Soil Movement

Candidate: Pan Jieliang

Report N0: CSE/PhD/1999/19

Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to study the behaviour of piles in soft

clay when subjected to lateral forces induced by horizontal soil movements from nearby

construction activities such as deep excavations, tunnelling and approach embankments.

In the experimental study, a uniform soil movement profile was applied on model piles

embedded in soft clay. Both single piles and coupled pile tests with different pile flexibility

and pile fixity conditions were carried out. Three-dimensional finite element analyses were

also carried out to back analyse the model pile tests. The results showed fairly reasonable

agreement with the model test results. The computed distributions of the maximum soil

pressures acting along the pile shaft were similar to the corresponding model pile test

results. Based on the experimental data and numerical analyses, some simplified limiting

soil pressure distributions have been proposed for preliminary design of these piles.


6

Effects of construction methods and concrete cracking on the performance of

propped diaphragm walls

Candidate: Poh Teoh Yaw


Diaphragm walls are increasingly being used in Singapore for supporting propped

excavations. In this research, three case histories of propped excavations were back

analysed and extensive parametric studies were conducted to study the effects of concrete

cracking on their performance. Also, case histories of wall panel construction were

evaluated to provide a better understanding of the effects of the wall construction on

adjacent ground deformations and changes in lateral earth pressures. In addition, the

performance of a well-instrumented jet grout trial and the production grouting at a site in

Singapore were evaluated to investigate the effects of jet grouting on the diaphragm walls,

adjacent ground, and nearby structures.


7

Discrete Element Modelling of Jointed Rock Masses under Dynamic Loading

Candidate: Chen Shou Gen


This study investigated the discrete element code, UDEC, in modelling the behaviour of

jointed rock masses under dynamic loading. The project was done in three phases.

Firstly, the UDEC was verified on wave attenuation in rock material and at joints. It was

found that the UDEC is able to model wave propagation in jointed rock masses. However,

some improvements had to be made for modelling explosion problems. The UDEC was

then improved and a coupled method of UDEC and AUTODYN was proposed to model the

detonation process and the wave propagation in jointed rock masses. The dynamic

equation of state of rock material was incorporated into the UDEC to model the behaviour

of the rock material under high strain rate. Finally, the improved UDEC was utilised to

model a field explosion test. The modelling results are significantly better than the

predictions of empirical formulae.


8

Dynamic Buckling of Columns and Plates under Intermediate Velocity Impact

Candidate: Cui Shijie


It was realized a few decades ago that dynamic buckling of structures depends on both the

amplitude and duration of impact load. Most previous studies of dynamic buckling of

structures were, however, focused on either high velocity or low velocity impact, neglecting

the loading duration effect. The present project investigated the dynamic buckling

characteristics of columns and plates under intermediate velocity impact with consideration

of both the amplitude and duration effect. The project involved analyzing the previously

obtained test data, deriving close form solutions for columns by using the nonlinear

dynamics theory, and numerically calculating the dynamic response and buckling of plates.

The dynamic buckling, yielding and collapsing criteria of columns and plates were defined.

Their relationships with the structural properties such as slenderness ratio, aspect ratio,

boundary conditions and material parameters, as well as the amplitude and duration of

impact load were derived and explicitly presented. Buckling and post-buckling

characteristics are also discussed with respect to structural and loading properties.


9

Coastal Zone Environmental and Resource Management

Principal Investigator: Tan Soon Keat

Report No: CSE/1998/59

This report presents the findings of an attempt, firstly, to illustrate that sandy sediment

accumulates in some natural sediment sinks in Singapore waters, secondly, to locate

them, and, finally, to estimate the probable quantity and rate of sediment accumulation

there.

The evidence gathered so far shows that natural sinks for sediment deposit are located at

the confluence of tidal streams. Examples of locations are the Raffles Shoal, Sultan Shoal

and Sister Shoal. Sediment at these areas has been dredged and used as landfill

materials. The investigation at Sister showed that a sandpit of 120 m by 70 m trapped a

total of 4684 m3 of sediment over a period of 6 months, making an average sediment

deposit of 1.1 m over a period of 1 year.


10

Flow and Entrainment Characteristics of Density Stratified Liquids In A Slotted

Compartment Induced by A Submerged Flow Stream

Principal Investigator: Chen Charng Ning

Report No : CSE/98/60

This project investigates the entrainment characteristics and feedback mechanisms in

mixing layer oscillations induced by a flow beneath a rectangular compartment. An

approximate unified equation was derived for estimating the mixing rates across a density

interface in rectangular and circular tanks with partially open bottoms, induced by a

submerged flow stream beneath the tanks. The dynamics of a free shear layer, formed as

the flow passed underneath a submerged rectangular compartment, were studied under

both non-impinging and impinging conditions. Under non-impinging conditions, the flow

resembled a wall jet. The presence of large vortical structures in the mixing layer above

the potential core was observed and quantified. The passage frequency of these

structures was well predicted by the linear stability theory. Fluid-dynamic and fluid-

resonance feedback mechanisms were studied for the flow under impinging conditions.

Two resonating conditions in fluid-resonance feedback were studied: liquid column mass

oscillations and internal wave oscillations. The results show that, when fluid-dynamic and

fluid-resonance conditions co-exist, the two feedback mechanisms may compete for

control of the mixing layer oscillation frequency.


11

Evaluation of Risks in BOT Projects

Principal Investigator: Robert Tiong


The project involved an international survey on risk management of BOT projects in

developing countries with emphasis on power projects in China. The objectives of the

survey were:

To identify the unique or critical risks associated with China's BOT projects;

To evaluate the effectiveness of measures to mitigate these risks;

To examine the adequacy of key contract clauses used in the first state approved BOT

project in China (Laibin B) that are related to these risks and to propose possible

improvements to these contract clauses;

To provide a risk management framework for investing in future BOT projects in China.

Ten unique or critical risks associated with China's BOT power projects, in descending

order of criticality, were identified: Tariff Adjustment, the Chinese Parties' Reliability and

Creditworthiness, Dispatch Constraint, Change in Law, Exchange Rate and Convertibility,

Force Majeure, Financial Closing, Delay in Approval, Expropriation and Corruption. Most

measures for mitigating each of these risks were regarded as effective or very effective

while a few were only fairly effective. The key contract clauses related to these risks in

Laibin B contracts were regarded as generally adequate. However, improvements are

needed in the area of foreign exchange approvals and tariff adjustments. A risk

management framework for investing in China's BOT projects was also recommended.


12

Development of the Asymptotic State Concept For Soils and Its Application to Slope

Stability Analysis

Principal Investigator: Chu Jian


A new state concept, the so-called asymptotic state, has been proposed based on

experimental studies on sand and clay. Further experimental study was carried out on a

laboratory compacted residual soil to verify whether the asymptotic state could also be

established for residual soils. Compaction, consolidation, triaxial drained, triaxial

undrained, stress/strain path, and ring shear tests were conducted to establish the stress-

strain behaviour of the tested soil. The stress-dilatancy relation at the asymptotic state

was established. The effect of water infiltration on the strain hardening and softening

behaviour of the soil was also studied through stain path tests.

The anisotropic strength behaviour of an undisturbed residual soil was studied. The failure

envelopes determined for both horizontal and vertical cut specimens were curved and

went through the origin. Both drained and undrained strengths in the horizontal direction

were stronger than that in the vertical direction. The instability behaviour of an undisturbed,

unsaturated residual soil was also investigated.

The residual strength of two different residual soils was studied. The residual friction angle

for both residual soils at unsaturated state was in the order of 20 to 300. The residual

strength measured was relatively high. However, this was expected for soil with a clay

fraction of 20%. There was no residual strength when the soil was soaked in water.


13

Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Granitic Rocks In Singapore

Principal Investigator: Zhao Jian

Project No: CSE/1999/63

The project studied the strength and deformation characteristics of the Bukit Timah granite

of Singapore under static and dynamic compression. Tests, including static uniaxial

compression and triaxial compression at different confining stresses, dynamic uniaxial

compression and triaxial compression at different loading rates and confining stresses,

were conducted.

The studies show that the Bukit Timah granite exhibits typical class II post-peak behaviour

under uniaxial compression and at high confining stresses, it exhibits class I post-peak

behaviour, under static compression loads. The strength characteristics can be described

by the Hoek-Brown criterion.

The compressive strengths (both uniaxial and triaxial) of the granite increase with

increasing loading rate. The failure mode becomes more brittle with increasing loading

rate.

Modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio, however, are not significantly effected by the

confining stress and loading rate.

The study confirmed and quantified the change of strength of the granite with change of

loading rate, and also examined the mechanism of the change in strength. It provides a

better understanding on the behaviour of the rock under dynamic loading.


14

Large Prestressed High Strength Concrete Deep Beams

Principal Investigator: Tan Kang Hai

Project No: Cse/1999/64

This research comprises two sections. Part A focuses on the general behaviour, analysis

and design in the shear strength of large reinforced and post-tensioned concrete deep

beams. The influence of main steel ratio, concrete strength, shear span-to-overall-height

ratio, overall height and prestress force on deep beams were investigated.

A total of 46 beams were tested in Part A. A simple strut-and-tie model based on the

Canadian Code was used for the predictions of 46 reinforced and post-tensioned deep

beams, together with 233 specimens collected from literature.

Studies in Part B focus on the strut-and-tie approach to shear strength predictions of deep

beams. Both non-prestressed and prestressed deep beams as well as deep beams with

web openings were considered. A different strut-and-tie model was used that

encompasses non-prestressed deep beams, deep beams with web openings and

prestressed deep beams. All the predictions were verified by experimental results and

code predictions. It was shown that the proposed strut-and-tie model in Part B agrees well

with all the different case studies.


15

The Effect Of Rainfall On The Slope Stability Of Residual Soil In Singapore

Principal Investigator: Rahardjo Harianto


This research project was undertaken to characterise the soil properties of the residual

soils of Singapore and to study the mechanism of rainfall-induced slope failures.

The residual soils of the sedimentary Jurong Formation were found to have an effective

cohesion, c of approximately 30 kPa, an effective angle of internal friction, f of 26

degrees and a fb angle of 26 degrees. Field instrumentation revealed that maximum

changes in matric suction occur near the ground and the decrease in matric suction during

rainfall events is highly dependent on the surface conditions of the slope. Field

reconnaissance showed that rainfall-induced slips are relatively shallow (one to two

metres). The daily and antecedent rainfalls are important triggering factors for landslides in

the residual soils of the sedimentary Jurong Formation.

Hysteresis was found to have a profound effect on the shear strength behaviour of

unsaturated soils. Soils following a wetting curve were found to have lower strengths than

soils following a drying curve. The stress path followed during shearing was found to affect

the strength of the soil. The shear strength obtained from constant suction shearing tests

was lower than that measured in the infiltration shearing tests.


16

Flux Boundary Conditions For Geotechnical Problems

Principal Investigator: Rahardjo Harianto


The effect of typical flux boundary conditions, such as infiltration and evaporation, on pore-

water pressures in a residual soil slope was investigated through the use of field

instrumentation. The depth of infiltration was found to be approximately 3.0 metres and the

infiltration rates varied from 20% to 30% of the rainfall rate. The evaporation rate was

determined to be approximately 5 mm/day. Through field instrumentation, laboratory tests

and numerical analyses, the majority of infiltration was found to occur at the crest of a

slope. The factor of safety of a slope was found to increase by 34% during evaporation

and to decrease by 27% during infiltration under a typical rainfall event.

Horizontal drains that were installed in the face of a slope were found to be ineffective for

intercepting infiltration and were unable to maintain matric suctions in the slope.

Horizontal drains located at the toe of the slope were found to be beneficial for slope

stability since they prevent rises in the groundwater level.

Soils at wetting were found to be more brittle and had a lower Youngs Modulus than soils

at drying. It was also found that rapid deformation occurs at failure during infiltration. This

may explain the possible catastrophic nature of rainfall-induced landslides.


17

Floating Tied System for Offshore Airport

Principal Investigator: Wibisono Hartono


This research investigated the possible implementation of a new system of floating airport.

Unlike the other systems that are also currently under research, it does not move and

oscillate under the action of waves and wind, however it still makes use of the buoyancy of

seawater to resist the gravity forces. The floating tied system is a box like concrete

structure fixed to the seabed by a fibre composite cable system. The cable system forms a

diagonal bracing at each side of the box so that the structure will be fixed in both vertical

and horizontal direction. The research studied the structural behaviour of the floating tied

system under static and dynamic loads (seismic excitation) using the Finite Element

method. A comparison of the structural dynamic responses with and without incorporating

the mass of surrounding water was made.


18

Biological Treatment Of High Strength Wastewaters Using Attached Biomass Films

Principal Investigator: Francis Wilson


The purpose of the study was to investigate aspects of the use of the Rotating Biological

Contactor (RBC) to treat high strength wastewater in a tropical climate. Total organic

carbon (TOC), BOD and COD were used as analytical parameters to determine the

efficiency of treatment of the wastewater. The experiment used high influent

concentrations (400 - 6500 mg COD/L) and high loading rates, applied to a laboratory

scale rotating disc system operating under ambient temperatures in Singapore. The results

indicated that the RBC system, under these temperature conditions, could produce high

treatment efficiencies, with effluent qualities meeting the local sewer discharge standard of

215 mg/L for loads up to 21 g TOC/m2.d. Correlation studies of the three analytical

parameters of TOC, BOD and COD produced high correlation coefficients, and it was

therefore concluded that the quicker TOC test would be satisfactory for use as the main

analytical parameter.


19

Investigation and Studies on the Design of Reinforced Concrete Composite

Structures

Principal Investigator: Chiew Sing Ping


The research work described in this report can be broadly divided into two parts. Part A of

the report touches on the general aspects of finite element modeling and analysis, and

experimental comparison and verification of important structural elements such as

concrete-filled composite columns. This includes numerical simulation, study of the

influence of boundary conditions on the simulation of failure mode of steel circular hollow

section (CHS) columns and simulations of concrete-filled steel CHS composite columns.

Part B of the report details the development of a damage model of 3-D interface element

which can be incorporated into an existing finite element code to model the interface bond

behavior between the concrete and steel surfaces which exists in all concrete-steel

composite elements.


20

Wind and Wind-driven Rain Characteristics in Singapore

Principal Investigator: Edmund C.C. Choi.


This project is a study on the wind and wind-driven rain (WDR) characteristics in

Singapore. Buildings and their performance are affected by wind-driven rain in many

ways. Water leakage into the interior of a building can cause damage to building contents,

deterioration of interior finishing and disruption of daily life of the occupants. Water

penetration and absorption also leads to the decay and deterioration of building material.

A good understanding of the wind-driven rain phenomenon will help to prevent and

minimize these problems.

This project investigates the unobstructed wind-driven rain over an open field. It looks into

three important areas of WDR, intensity-duration relationship, driving rain intensity

coefficient, Cdr(Ih), and raindrop size distribution (DSD). The intensity-duration relationship

studies the intensity of vertical rainfall and driving rain at short duration. The study of the

driving rain coefficient investigates the relationship of WDR with wind and rain.

Another factor which affects wind-driven rain is the wind itself. Its characteristics,

especially the characteristics of wind during thunderstorms, are investigated. Wind

properties such as gust factors, velocity profile and also the co-occurrence of wind and

rain are also being studied.


21

Biotechnological Application on Wastewater Treatment

Principal Investigator: Tay Joo Hwa


The objective of the project is to investigate biogranulation in various biological processes

in wastewater treatment such as upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, anaerobic

filters, hybrid reactors and others.

One major accomplishment of the project is the development of a biological selection

pressure, termed Microbial Load Index (MLI), to represent relative substrate sufficiency

to which the biomass is subjected during startup of reactors. The MLI provides a useful

tool to quantitatively measure and expedite startup and biogranulation processes. Another

important finding of the study is that media porosity plays a more important role than

media surface area in the performance of anaerobic filters. It has been established that

support media of larger porosity promote growth of suspended granules with less

likelihood of clogging. A neural fuzzy technique was developed to model the complex

systems instead of conventional kinetic methods. The model, combining the merits of both

neural networks and fuzzy systems, has successfully simulated the anaerobic systems

and presented a good prediction of system upset one hour in advance. A molecular

mechanism model of sludge granulation based on proton translocation-dehydration theory

was proposed in this project. The experimental results showed that proton translocating

activity on bacterial surfaces was a crucial factor in sludge granulation.

CSE Research Bulletin No. 13. January 2000: Publications

ISSN 0219-0370 January 2000 NO. 13

The CSE publications list is available in the form of PDF (portable document file) format. If you do not

have PDF, please click to download and install the Acrobat Reader for Windows 95, Windows 3.1, Window-NT, DOS, Macintosh, OS2, LINUX, etc. To view and print the article, run Acrobat Reader and click the link below.

CSE publications list

file:///D|/CEE_old/RESEARCH/Bulletin/1999_2000/HTM/Publications.htm9/27/2003 10:49:58 AM


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PUBLICATIONS

Anandrajah, A.* and Chu, J., 1998. The strength behaviour of an undisturbed residual soil.Proceedings of the 13th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, 6-20 November,Taipei, pp. 7-12.

Appan, A. and Rahman, A.*,1998. Recycling of wastewater an inevitable option forcities: The case of Singapore. Proceedings of the 8th Water Symposium, StockholmInternational Water Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, 10-13 August.

Appan, A., 1998. Water pollution and health in some megacities in South East Asia.(Invited Paper) Proceedings of the Workshop on Water and Security in South East Asia &Oceania, sponsored by the Global Environmental Change and Human Security Project ofthe IHDP and HDP, Canberra, Australia, 16-19 November.

Appan, A., 1999. Economic and water quality aspects of rainwater catchment systems.(Invited paper) International Symposium on Efficient Water use in Urban Areas: Innovativeways of finding water for cities, 8-10 June, Kobe, Japan.

Appan, A., 1999. Trends in water demands and the role of rainwater catchment systemsin the next millennium. (Keynote address) Proceedings of the 9th International Conferenceon Rainwater Catchment Systems, Petrolina , Brazil, 6-9 July.

Appan, A., 1999. Water supply and sanitation: trends and developments. (Invited paper)Proceedings of the 9th Water Symposium, Stockholm International Water Institute,Stockholm, Sweden, 9-12 August.

Bo Myint Win*, Cao, L.F., Chu, J. and Choa, V.*, 1998. One dimensional consolidationtests on Singapore marine clay at Changi. Proceedings of the 13th Southeast AsianGeotechnical Conference, 6-20 November, Taipei, pp. 199-206.

Brownjohn, J.M.W. and Xia, P., 1999. Finite element updating of a damaged structure.Proceedings of the IMAC 17, Florida, USA, pp. 457-462.

Brownjohn, J.M.W., 1998. Dynamics of an aerial cableway system. EngineeringStructures, UK, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 826-836.

Brownjohn, J.M.W., Pan, T.C. and Choi, E.C., 1998. Dynamic loading and response for atall building. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Tall Buildings, HongKong, 9-11 December, pp. 730-735.

Cai, J., Zhao, J. and Hudson, J.A.*, 1998. Computerised rock engineering systems withneural networks and expert system. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 31, pp.135-152.

Cao, L.F., Na, Y.M.*, Bo Myint Win*, Choa, V.* and Chang, M.F., 1998. Evaluation ofsand densification by in-situ tests. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference onGround Improvement Techniques, Singapore, October, pp. 93-100.


2

Chan, T.K., Soh, C.K. and Fung, T.C., 1998. Experimental study of a full-scale multiplanartubular XT-joint. Proceedings of the 8 th International Symposium on Tubular Structures inthe area of Static and Fatigue Behaviour of Connections, pp. 131-138.

Chang, M.F. and Zhu, H., 1998. A t-z curve with consideration of modulus degradation forpile analyses. Proceedings of the 13th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Taipei,November, pp. 461-466.

Chang, M.F., Choa, V.* and Bo Myint Win*, 1998. Use of in-situ tests in land reclamationprojects in Singapore. Proceedings of the 13th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference,Taipei, November, pp. 755-762.

Chang, M.F., Tsen, C.N.* and Kho C.M.*, 1998. Performance of cast-in-place pilessocketed into limestone for a bridge foundation in Singapore. Proceedings of the RegionalSymposium on Sedimentary Rock Engineering, Taipei, November, pp. 60-65.

Chen, C.N. and Shuy, E.B., 1998. Flow and entrainment characteristics of densitystratified liquids in a slotted compartment induced by a submerged flow stream. NTU-CUED Collaboration Project Report CUED-01, School of Civil and Structural Engineering.

Chen, C.N., Adrian Law, W.K. and Sun, W.D.*, 1999. Measures to mitigate the formationof sandbars at coastal drainage outlets. ENV-NTU-NUS Joint Research Seminar, 31 May.

Chen, S.G. and Zhao, J., 1998. A data processing and management method for caverndeformation monitoring. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 31, pp. 125-131.

Chen, S.G. and Zhao, J., 1998. A study of UDEC modelling for blast wave propagation injointed rock masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol.35, pp. 93-99.

Cheng, N.S. and Chiew, Y.M., 1998. Modified logarithmic law for velocity distributionsubjected to bed seepage. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 12, pp.1235-1241.

Cheng, N.S. and Chiew, Y.M., 1998. Turbulent open-channel flow with upward seepage.Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 415-431.

Cheong H.K., 1998. Engineering education in Singapore - towards a new paradigm.ASAIHL Seminar on New trends in higher education: market mechanisms in highereducation towards the 21st century, Jakarta, Indonesia, July.

Cheong, H.K., Hao, H. and Cui, S.J.*, 1998. Effect of damping on the intermediate impactbuckling properties of column. International Symposium on Strength Theories:Applications and Development, Xian, China, September.

Cheong, H.K., Hao, H. and Cui, S.J.*, 1999. Fluid-solid impacted buckling of imperfectcolumns. Proceedings of the 13th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, The JohnsHopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA, 13-16 June, Session M3B, Paper no. 3.


3

Chiew, S.P., Soh, C.K. and Wu, N.W., 1999. SCF equations for the fatigue design ofmultiplanar tubular XT-joints. Proceedings of the 9th International Offshore and PolarEngineering Conference, ISOPE-99, Brest, France, 30 May to 4 June, Vol. IV, pp. 82-89.

Chiew, S.P., Soh, C.K., Fung, T.C. and Soh, A.K.*, 1999. Numerical study of multiplanartubular DX-joints subject to axial loads. Journal of Computers and Structures, UK, July,Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 749-761.

Choi, E.C.C. and Wang, Z.H.*, 1998. Study of pressure-equalization of curtain wall.Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Netherland, Vol. 73, pp. 251-266.

Choi, E.C.C., 1998. Water penetration testing criteria for high-rise buildings. Proceedingsof the 5th International Conference on Tall Buildings, Hong Kong, pp. 656-661.

Choi, E.C.C., 1999. Characteristics of wind and wind-driven rain during tropicalthunderstorms. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Wind Engineering,Denmark, pp. 729-736.

Choi, E.C.C., 1999. Wind-driven rain on building faces and the driving rain index. Journalof Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Netherlands, Vol. 79, pp. 105-122.

Chu, J. and Leong, W.K., 1999. Discussion on Static liquefaction of very loose sand.Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 578.

Chu, J., 1999. Discussion on Quasi-steady state: a real behaviour? CanadianGeotechnical Journal, Vol. 36, No.1, pp. 190-191.

Chu, J., Bo Myint Win* and Choa, V.*, 1999. Determination of undrained shear strength ofclay by direct simple shear tests. Proceedings of the 11th Asian Regional Conference onSoil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Seoul, 16-20 September, Vol. 1, pp. 49-52.

Chu, J., Chong, K.L*. and Wee, S.E.*, 1998. Instability behaviour of a residual soil.Proceedings of the 13th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, 6-20 November,Taipei, pp. 41-46.

Chu, J., Leong, W.K., Jai, X.L.* and Lee, C.W.*, 1999. Stability of submarine granularslopes. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Landslides and Stability andSafety of Infrastructures, Singapore, 27-28 July, pp. 139-147.

Chuang, P.H. and Kong, S.K.*, 1998. Strength of slender reinforced concrete columns.Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 9, pp. 992-998.

Chuang, P.H. and Li, X., 1999. Nonlinear frame analysis using flexibility approach withmathematical programming application. USNCCM99 Book of Abstracts,USACM/USNCCM99 5th US National Congress on Computational Mechanics, Universityof Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 4-6 August, pp. 488-489.


4

Chuang, P.H., Goh, A.T.C. and Wu, X.*, 1998. Modeling the capacity of pin-ended slenderreinforced concrete columns using neural network. Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 7, pp. 830-838.

Cui, S.J.*, Cheong, H.K. and Hao, H., 1998. Theoretical analysis of dynamic buckling of acolumn under intermediate velocity impact. Proceedings of the 5th InternationalConference for Young Experts on Structural Engineering, 18-21 August, Shenyang, China,pp. 150-160.

Cui, S.J.*, Cheong, H.K. and Hao, H., 1999. Dynamic buckling of simply-supportedcolumns under axial slamming. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, May, Vol. 125,No. 5, pp. 513-520.

Cui, S.J.*, Cheong, H.K. and Hao, H., 1999. Experimental study of dynamic buckling ofplates under fluid-solid slamming. International Journal of Impact Engineering, UK, Vol.22, pp. 675-691.

Cui, S.J.*, Hao, H., and Cheong, H.K., 1999. Dynamic buckling investigation of columnunder impact load. Proceedings of 13th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, TheJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA, 13-16 June, Session M1C, Paper no. 6.

Dong, Y.X. and Chiew, S.P., 1998. Influence of boundary conditions on the modeling ofsteel CHS tubular columns. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on TubularStructures, Singapore, 26-28 August, pp. 417-424.

Dong, Y.X., Zhang, C.H.*, Wang, G.L.* and Chiew, S.P., 1999. Non-overlappingconditions for crack face displacement of anisotropic bodies. Journal of Theoretical andApplied Fracture Mechanics, UK, May, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 99-104

Dong, Y.X., Zhang, C.H.*, Wang, G.L.* and Chiew, S.P., 1999. Strain factor ratio criterionfor crack extension in anisotropic plates. Journal of Engineering. Mechanics, ASCE,January, Vol. 125, No.1, pp. 119-122.

Findikakis, A.N.* and Law, A.W.K. 1999. Wind-mixing in temperature simulations for lakesand reservoirs. Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 420-428.

Fung, T.C. and Chow, S.K.*, 1999. Responses of blast loading by complex time stepmethod. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 223, No. 1, pp. 23-48.

Fung, T.C. and Tan, K.H., 1998. Shear stiffness for Z-core sandwich panels. ASCEJournal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 7, pp. 809-816.

Fung, T.C., 1999. Higher order accurate least squares methods for first order initial valueproblems. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 45, pp. 77-99.

Fung, T.C., 1999. On the accuracy of Galerkin methods in time domain. Journal ofVibration and Control, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 155-174.


5

Fung, T.C., Fan, S.C. and Sheng, G.*, 1998. Mixed space-time finite elements forvibration response analysis. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 213, No. 3, pp. 409-428.

Fung, T.C., Soh, C.K., Gho, W.M.* and Cheung, B.L.Y.*, 1998. Current understanding ofcompletely overlap tubular joints. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium onTubular Structures in the area of Static and Fatigue Behaviour of Connections, Singapore,26-28 August, pp. 239-247.

Gasmo, J.*, Hritzuk, K.J.*, Rahardjo, H. and Leong, E.C., 1999. Instrumentation of anunsaturated residual soil slope. ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp.134-143

Gasmo, J.M.*, Hritzuk, K.J.*, Rahardjo, H. and Leong, E.C., 1999. Instrumentation of anunsaturated residual soil slope. Geotechnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, June, Vol. 22,No. 2, pp. 128-137.

Goh, A.T.C., 1999. Soil laboratory data interpretation using generalized regression neuralnetwork. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, Vol. 16, pp. 175-195.

Goh, A.T.C., Teh, C.I. and Wong, K.S., 1999. Analysis of piles subjected to embankmentinduced lateral soil movements - closure. Journal of Geotechnical and GeoenvironmentalEngineering, ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 427.

Guo, C.J. and Zhao, J., 1998. Engineering properties of the weathered carbonate rocksof Singapore. Regional Symposium on Sedimentary Rock Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan.

Gupta, A.* and Soh, C.K., 1999. An intelligent interactive tutoring system: our experienceat NTU. Proceedings of the 2nd UICEE Conference on Engineering Education, Auckland,New Zealand, pp. 222-224.

Hao, H. and Ang, T.C., 1998. Analytical modeling of traffic-induced ground vibrations.Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 8, pp. 921-928.

Hao, H. and Zhang, S.Y., 1999. Spatial ground motion effect on relative displacement ofadjacent building structures. International Journal of Earthquake Engineering andStructural Dynamics, Vol. 28, pp. 333-349.

Hao, H., 1998. Vibration in buildings caused by moving vehicles. Proceedings of theAcoustics and Vibration Asia 98, Singapore, 11-13 November.

Hao, H., Ma, G.W. and Zhou, Y.X., 1998. Assessment of damage zone generated byunderground explosion. International Symposium on Structural Theories: Application &Developments, Xian, China, 9-11 September.

Hao, H., Ma, G.W. and Zhou, Y.X., 1998. Numerical simulation of underground explosion.International Journal for Blasting and Fragmentation, Vol. 2, pp. 383-395.

Hao, H., Ma, G.W., and Zhou, Y.X., 1998. Damage assessment of surface structuressubjected to ground shock excitation. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference forYoung Experts on Structural Engineering, 18-21 August, Shenyang, China, pp. 142-149.


6

Hao, H., Wu, Y.K., Ma, G.W. and Zhou, Y.X., 1998. Characteristics of ground motionsinduced by construction blasting in jointed rock mass. Proceedings of the Acoustics andVibration Asia 98, 11-13 November, Singapore.

Hartono, W., 1998. A floating tied system for an offshore airport. Ocean Engineering, Vol.25, No. 7, pp. 591-596.

Jeyaseelan, S., 1999. Microbial activities in suspended growth and attached growth inacidogenous and methanogenous phases in anaerobic digestion. Proceedings of the 2ndInternational Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion of Solid Waste, 15-18 June, Barcelona,Spain, Vol. II, pp. 125-128.

Jeyaseelan, S., 1999. Use of filterability constants as dewatering characteristics of oilysludge. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion of SolidWaste, 15-18 June, Barcelona, Spain, Vol. II, pp. 164-167.

Krumholz, L.R.*, Harris, S.H.*, Tay, S.T. and Suflita, J.M.*, 1999. Characterization of twosubsurface H2-utilizing bacteria, Desulfomicrobium hypogeium sp. nov. andAcetobacterium psammolithicum sp. nov., and their ecological roles. Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology. Vol. 65, pp. 2300-2306.

Law, A.W.K. and Wang, H.W.*, 1998. Simultaneous velocity and concentrationmeasurements of buoyant jet discharges using combined DPIV and PLIF. Proceedings ofthe 2nd International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics, Hong Kong, pp. 211-216.

Law, A.W.K., 1999. Wave-induced surface drift of an inextensible thin film. Journal ofOcean Engineering, UK, Vol. 26, Issue 11, pp. 1145-1168.

Lee, C.K. and Hobbs, R.E.*, 1998. Automatic adaptive finite element mesh generationover rational B-spline surfaces. Computer and Structures, Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 577-608.

Lee, C.K. and Hobbs, R.E.*, 1999. Automatic adaptive finite element mesh generationover arbitrary 2D domain using advancing front technique. Computer and Structures, Vol.71, No. 1, pp. 9-34.

Lee, C.K. and Lo, S.H.*, 1998. On using different procedures for the construction ofsmoothed stress in finite element method. International Journal for Numerical Methods inEngineering, Vol. 43, No. 43, pp. 1223-1252.

Lee, C.K. and Lo, S.H.*, 1998. On using different stress recovery procedures in Reissner-Mindlin finite element modelling. Proceedings of the 4 th World Congress on ComputationalMechanics. Buenos Aires, Argentina (CD-ROM Proceeding).

Lee, C.K. and Lo, S.H.*, 1999. A full 3-D finite element analysis using adaptive refinementand PCG solver with back interpolation. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics andEngineering, Vol. 170, No. 1-2, pp. 39-64.

Lee, C.K., 1999. Automatic adaptive mesh generation using metric advancing frontapproach. Engineering Computations, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 230-263.


7

Lee, C.K., Sze, K.Y.* and Lo, S.H.*, 1999. On using degenerated solid shell elements inadaptive refinement analysis. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 627-659.

Leong, E.C. and Rahardjo, H. 1998. Matric suction changes in a residual soil slope. CivilEngineering Research Bulletin, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, January,pp. 22-23.

Leong, E.C. and Rahardjo, H., 1998. A review on soil classification systems. Proceedingsof the International Symposium on Problematic Soils, Sendai, Tohoku, Japan, 28-30October, pp. 493-497.

Leong, E.C. and Rahardjo, H., 1999. Discussion on soil-water characteristic curves forcompacted clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol.125, No. 12, pp. 629-630.

Leong, E.C., Rahardjo, H., Chiam, S.L.* and Gan, C.C.*, 1998. Suction profiles of aresidual soil slope as affected by climatic conditions. Proceedings of the 2nd InternationalConference on Unsaturated Soils, Beijing, China, 27-30 August, Vol. 1, pp. 231-236.

Leong, E.C., Rahardjo, H., Deustcher, M.S.* and Quan, C.N.*, 1998. Instrumentation anda data acquisition system for the study of a residual soil slope at a remote site.Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Beijing, China, 27-30 August, Vol. 1, pp. 383-388.

Leong, E.C., Rahardjo, H., Tang, S.K.* and Chiam, S.L.*, 1998. Role of soil cover inmaintaining slope stability. Proceedings of the 13th Southeast Asian GeotechnicalConference, Taipei, Taiwan, 16-20 November, pp. 99-104.

Leong, W.K., Chu, J. and Teh, C.I., 1999. Instability behaviour of a granular fill.Proceedings of the Australia and New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, 15-17February, Horbat.

Li, Q.M. and Jones, N.*, 1999. Shear and adiabatic shear failures in an impulsively loadedfully clamped beam. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 589-607.

Li, Q.M., 1999. Dissipative flow model based on dissipative surface and irreversiblethermodynamics. Archive of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 69, pp. 379-392.

Lie, S.T. and Lan, S.*, 1998. A boundary element analysis of misaligned load-carryingcruciform welded joints. International Journal of Fatigue, July, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 433-439.

Lie, S.T. and Lan, S.*, 1999. Computer prediction of misaligned welded joints. Advancesin Engineering Software, September, Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 56-63.

Lie, S.T. and Li, Q., 1998. Analysis of tubular joints using coupled finite element andboundary element methods. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on TubularStructures, 26-28 August, Singapore, pp. 341-346.


8

Lie, S.T. and Xu, K., 1999. Time-domain boundary element method for transient responseof semi-infinite problems. Boundary Elements Communications, Vol. 10, No. 1/2, pp. 9-13.

Lie, S.T., Cen, Z.* and Xu, K., 1999. Analysis of 2D crack using symmetric galerkinboundary element method. Boundary Element Technology XIII, Las Vegas, USA, 8-10June, pp. 163-172.

Lie, S.T., Li, Q. and Cen, Z.*, 1998. Modelling tubular joints using a combination of finiteand boundary elements. Proceedings of the 8th China-Japan Symposium on BoundaryElement Method, Beijing, China, 11-15 May, pp. 257-266.

Lim, S.Y. and Cheng, N.S., 1998. Scouring in long contractions. Journal of Irrigation andDrainage Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 5, pp. 258-261.

Lim, S.Y. and Chiew, Y.M., 1998. Effect of an upstream pile on pier scour. RiverSedimentation - Theory and Applications, Jayawardena, Lee and Wang (eds).Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Hong Kong, 16-18 December, pp. 153-158.

Lim, S.Y., 1998. Closure to "Equilibrium clear water scour around an abutment Journal ofHydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 10, pp. 1069-1073.

Lim, S.Y., 1999. Translation of Chapter 6: Bed form movement of the book Mechanicsof Sediment Transport by Chien, N. and Wan Z. from Chinese to English, published byASCE Press, January, pp. 193-248.

Lin, K.*, Wong, K.S. and Wong, I.H.*, 1998. FEM analysis of embankment over soft soilfoundation treated with DCM columns. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference onGround Improvement Techniques, Singapore, October.

Liu, Q., Zhao, J., Lee, K.W. and Yang, K.S.*, 1999. Potential rock cavern development inthe Jurong sedimentary formation. Proceedings of the World Tunnel Congress '99, Oslo,Norway.

Lo, E.Y.M., 1998. A constrained dual membrane wave barrier. Proceedings of the 2ndInternational Symposium On Environmental Hydraulics, 16-18 December, Hong Kong, pp.923-928.

Lo, E.Y.M., 1998. A flexible dual membrane wave barrier. Journal of Waterway, Port,Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 5, pp. 264-271.

Lo, S.H.* and Lee, C.K. 1998. On using selective refinement scheme in adaptive finiteelement analysis. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Computational Mechanics.Buenos Aires, Argentina (CD-ROM Proceeding).

Lo, S.H.* and Lee, C.K., 1998. An optimal adaptive refinement strategy for full 3-D finiteelement analysis. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on ComputationalStructures Technology. Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 109-113.


9

Lo, S.H.* and Lee, C.K., 1998. Error estimation of degenerated shell elements.Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computational Structures Technology.Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 95-99

Lo, S.H.* and Lee, C.K., 1998. On constructing accurate recovered stress fields for thefinite element solution of Reissner-Mindlin plate bending problems. Computer Methods inApplied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 160, No. 1/2, pp. 175-191.

Lo, S.H.* and Lee, C.K., 1998. On using special hybrid hexahedral element for theanalysis of thin wall structures. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on

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