Rationality and Emotion

Lin Ren

Rationality and Emotion

Comparative Studies of the Franco-German and Sino-Japanese Reconciliations

ISBN 978-3-658-02215-0 ISBN 978-3-658-02216-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-02216-7 Th e Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografi e; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

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Lin Ren Berlin , Germany

Dissertation Freie Universität, Berlin, 2012

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1.1 Literature Review: Current Research on Reconciliation 5

Acknowledgement This book is based on my PhD dissertation at the Freie Universität Berlin. As the single person whose name appears on the cover of this book, I owe sincere and earnest thankfulness to many people. I am much blessed to have them around me.

First of all, my deepest gratitude is to my supervisor, Prof. Klaus Segbers. My PhD study in Berlin would not have been possible without the support from him. His encouragement helped me overcome many difficulties. He is one of the best teachers that I ever had. He sets high standards for students and offers gen-erous support.

I would like to show my sincere gratitude to Prof. Shen Dingli, who offered valuable advice. He supplied me with some most important pieces of contributions in reconciliation studies. His insightful advice was very thought-provoking.

I am also grateful to Prof. Mechthild Leutner, Prof. Bettina Gransow and Dr. Julia Gerlach, who have shared their insightful advice and offered generous support.

Many thanks should also be given to Professor Thomas Risse, who dis-cussed with me how to do a research design with ideational factors, such as cul-ture and memory.

My special thanks go to Dr. Claudia Kissling. She offered me insightful comments and constructive suggestions, which convinced me to focus on my research interest. I am truly indebted and thankful to Peter Emerson, who is a very reliable and responsible person. Even though he was extremely busy, he thoroughly checked almost all of the text.

I would also like to thank many other friends who always supported and en-couraged me. They discussed with me over my topic and did some proofreading. They are Jan, Thomas, Kai, Yan, Erik, Tao.

I am obliged to many of my peers at CGP, who supported me, not only the PhD students but also the staff, who are always ready for help. Especially, Ms. Daniela Schmidt and Ms. Sabine Pag have given me endless support.

6 Acknowledgement

Finally, I appreciate the financial support from CSC, CIC and DRS, who funded some of the research done and related conferences visited in the writing process. I dedicate this book to my family, with love.

REN Lin

Berlin, Germany

Contents 7

Contents List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................ 11 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................ 13 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 15 1.1 Literature Review: Current Research on Reconciliation ............................. 16

1.1.1 Developing a General Theoretical Model of the Reconciling Process ............................................................................................. 17

1.1.2 Typical and Extreme Case Studies .................................................. 19 1.1.3 Studies on Ideational Factors and Remembrance ............................ 20

1.2 Theoretical Relevant IDVs: Explanatory Variables from the Different Strands of IR Theories ................................................................................ 22 1.2.1 IDV 1: The Commercial Ties /Economic Interdependence ............. 25 1.2.2 IDV 2: Maintaining or Challenging the Equilibrium of Power ....... 27 1.2.3 IDV 3: Convergent Memories of History ........................................ 28 1.2.4 IDV 4: Political Similarity ............................................................... 29 1.2.5 IDV 5: Convergent Narratives of Nationhood to Sensitive

Territories ........................................................................................ 30 1.3 Hypothesis .................................................................................................. 31 1.4 Methodology: A Comparative Case Study with “small-n” Samples........... 33 1.5 The Roadmap of the Book .......................................................................... 35 2 A Research Framework and Some Important Definitions .................... 37 2.1 Reconciliation: Making a Better Defined Area for IR Students ................. 37 2.2 Introduction into the Cases & Cutting Time into Periods ........................... 40

8 Contents

2.3 A Research Framework............................................................................... 42 2.3.1 The Process of Studying a Causal Mechanism in

Social Science and the Theoretical Contribution of this Design ...... 42 2.3.2 Development of Related Schools of Thought:

Research Significance in Terms of the Theoretical Puzzle .............. 44 2.4 The Analysis-Level Problem and Pluralism ............................................... 50 2.5 The Nature of Conciliatory/Non-Conciliatory Decision-Making ............... 52 2.6 Indicate the Variation of the Stability of Peace (DV) ................................. 55

2.6.1 The Franco-German Relationship .................................................... 57 2.6.2 The Sino-Japanese Relationship ...................................................... 61

2.7 Short Summary ........................................................................................... 64 3 Trade Ties and Reconciliation ................................................................. 65 3.1 Theoretical Background .............................................................................. 65 3.2 Correlation between Economic Interdependence and Peace ....................... 67 3.3 Across Analytic Two Levels: Information Flow, Institutional Restraint

and “Reputation-Cost” ................................................................................ 75 3.4 Diverse Ways of Reasoning ........................................................................ 77 3.5 Conclusion: Redefined Self-Interest ........................................................... 80 4 Revisionism and Reconciliation ............................................................... 83 4.1 Theoretical Background .............................................................................. 83 4.2 Comparative Study of Related Indicators/ Reconciliation Outcomes ......... 85

4.2.1 GDP Growth .................................................................................... 85 4.2.2 Military Expenditure (Sum Per Capita) ........................................... 88 4.2.3 Armed Forces (Manpower and Tech.); Air Forces; Naval Forces ... 92 4.2.4 Nuclear Capability and Other Power Boosting Signals ................... 94 4.2.5 The Status Quo with the U.S.: NATO and the U.S.-Japanese

Allies ............................................................................................... 95 4.3 Examples of Uncertainty and Different Ways of Reasoning ...................... 96 4.4 Conclusion of Comparison ......................................................................... 99

Contents 9

5 Memory and Reconciliation ................................................................... 101 5.1 Theoretical Background and Dynamics: Memory, Signal, Identity,

and Healing ............................................................................................... 101 5.2 Typology of Memory and Correlated Reconciliation ............................... 103

5.2.1 Clash of Memory ........................................................................... 104 5.2.2 Collective Amnesia ........................................................................ 108 5.2.3 Collective Memory ........................................................................ 113

5.3 The Analysis Level ................................................................................... 115 5.3.1 The Clashing Sino-Japanese Remembrance and Reconciliation

after 1980s-current ........................................................................ 116 5.3.2 The Co-Amnesia Remembrance and Reconciliation from1950s

to 1972; 1972-early1980s .............................................................. 117 5.3.3 The Co-Amnesia German-Franco Remembrance and

Reconciliation from the 1950s to 1963 .......................................... 120 5.3.4 The Convergent Franco-German Remembrance and

Reconciliation from 1963 to 1989; after 1989 ............................... 121 5.4 Micro-Foundation: Emotion ..................................................................... 122 6 Political Similarity and Reconciliation .................................................. 125 6.1 Theoretical Background ............................................................................ 125 6.2 Correlation between Political Similarity and a Stable Restored

Relationship .............................................................................................. 127 6.3 Reconciliation and Political Transformation in the Franco-German Dyad .. 128

6.3.1 German Political Transformation till 1963: Convergence of Democratic Culture between Bonn and Paris ................................ 128

6.3.2 Continuing Convergent Signals of Political Transformation ......... 129 6.3.3 Democratic Political Culture Introduced to The East .................... 131

6.4 Reconciliation and Political Transformation in the Sino-Japanese Dyad . 132 6.4.1 Reducing Political Similarity and The Sino-Japanese

Relationship in the Era of Pre-Normalization ................................ 132 6.4.2 Political Dissimilarity and The Sino-Japanese Relationship

in the Era of Post-Normalization ................................................... 133 6.4.3 Political Dissimilarity and The Sino-Japanese Relationship

in the Post 1990s ............................................................................ 134 6.5 Conclusion and Micro Foundation: Dynamics of Political Similarity to

Promote Reconciliation ............................................................................. 136

10 Contents

7 Convergent Narrative of Sensitive Territories and Reconciliation .... 139 7.1 Theoretical Background ............................................................................ 139 7.2 Converging Narrative between Germany and France ............................... 142

7.2.1 Tentative Acknowledgment ........................................................... 142 7.2.2 Initial Acknowledgment ................................................................ 144 7.2.3 Fundamental Acknowledgment and New Identity ........................ 146

7.3 Diverging Narratives between China and Japan ....................................... 147 7.3.1 Non-Acknowledgment of the Other’s Narrative of Nationhood

and Peoplehood in Early Period .................................................... 148 7.3.2 Non-Acknowledgment of the Other’s Narrative of Nationhood

and Peoplehood (Identity Conflict) in Mid-Term .......................... 149 7.3.3 Recent Conflicts ............................................................................ 150

7.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 151 8 Conclusion and Theoretical Contribution ............................................ 155 8.1 Conclusion from Comparative Case Studies:

The Theoretical Framework ...................................................................... 155 8.2 Conclusion from Comparative Case Studies: The Empirical Finding ...... 156 8.3 Rethinking Rationality as the Only Source of Micro-Foundation ............ 161

8.3.1 Rethinking Using Rationalism to Deal with the Micro-Macro Integration Problem ....................................................................... 161

8.3.2 Rethinking Rationality in Terms of IR Discipline ......................... 162 8.3.3 Rethinking Rationality based on the Recent Findings in

Evolutionary Psychology ............................................................... 165 8.3.4 More Tips in Reconciliation Studies: Two Analytic Levels and

Rationality ..................................................................................... 166 8.3.5 Short Summary and Model Modification of the Causality Study .. 170

8.4 The Co-Dynamic of Material and Ideational Factors: Brain and Thoughts ................................................................................... 172

8.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 174 Literature ........................................................................................................ 177

Contents 11

List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 1.1 Catalogues of Independent Variables ............................................. 24 Table 1.2 A Pre-Overview of the Correlations in this Design ........................ 33 Table 2.1 Research Framework: Form of the Basic Four Schools of

Reconciliation Studies. This Form was Summarized and Developed by the Author. ............................................................... 45

Table 2.2 Distribution of the Score of Reconciliation .................................... 57 Table 3.1 Framework of this Chapter ............................................................. 66 Table 4.1 Framework of Revisionist Analysis................................................ 85 Table 4.2 Armed Forces of Germany and France/The raw material is

from the Globalfirepower database. ............................................... 93 Table 5.1 Distribution of Memory Types ..................................................... 103 Table 5.2 Frequencies of Textbook Controversy .......................................... 104 Table 5.3 Frequencies of Yasukuni Shrine Disputes .................................... 104 Table 6.1 Democracy as State Form, 2000 ................................................... 131 Table 7.1 Frequencies of Territorial Dispute as One Indicator of IDV 5 ..... 142 Table 8.1 Output of Comparative Studies .................................................... 157 Figures Fig. 2.1 Coleman’s “Bathtub” Model .......................................................... 43 Fig. 2.2 Emergency Model of Reconciliation .............................................. 53 Fig. 2.3 Routine Model of Reconciliation ................................................... 54 Fig. 3.1 Sums of Export and Import between Germany and France ........... 67 Fig. 3.2 Sums of Export and Import between China and Japan ................... 68 Fig. 3.3 The Level of Economic Interdependence between Germany

and France ...................................................................................... 69 Fig. 3.4 The Level of Economic Interdependence between Japan and

China .............................................................................................. 70 Fig. 3.5 Exports and Imports between Germany and France ....................... 78 Fig. 3.6 Exports and Imports between Japan and China .............................. 78 Fig. 4.1 GDP Growth-Germany/France ....................................................... 87 Fig. 4.2 GDP Growth-Japan/China .............................................................. 87

12 List of Tables and Figures

Fig. 4.3 Military Expenditure (Sum per Capita)-China/Japan ..................... 89 Fig. 4.4 Military Expenditure (Sum per Capita)-France/Germany .............. 90 Fig. 4.5 Military Expenditure-France/Germany .......................................... 91 Fig.4.6 Military Expenditure-China/Japan ................................................. 91

Contents 13

List of Abbreviations CSU Die Christlich-Soziale Union COW Correlation of War CDU Christian Democratic Union CCP Chinese Communist Party ECSC The European Coal and Steel Community EC European Community EU European Union ECSC The European Coal and Steel Community EDC the European Defense Community FRG Federal Republic of Germany FDP Die Freie Demokratische Partei GDR German Democratic Republic GDP gross domestic product IDV Independent Variable IR International Relations IISS International Institute of Strategic Studies IJS the Institute of Japan Studies IR International Relations JETRO Japan External Trade Organization JSP Japan Socialist Party JCP the Japan Communist Party LDP Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) MSSD most similar systems design NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ODA Official Development Assistance PRC People’s Republic of China SPD Die Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands TEU the Treaty on European Unity US the United States