979
J Int Acad Phys Ther Res 2016; 7(1): 979-988 ISSN 2092-8475
www.iaptr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.20540/JIAPTR.2016.7.1.979
Repetitive stress on joints and tissues by sports activity, daily life, hard working that may cause loss of function and musculoskeletal disorder resulting in disabled conditions in many patients(1). Taping is a one of the therapeutic maneuver used by many physical therapist to treat musculoskeletal disorders(2).
Generally, the tape is applied around and over the muscles to avoid over contraction(3) and theo- rized to reduce inflammation and pain by increas- ing blood and lymphatic circulation without limit the ROM of the injured area(3-5). This maneuver diminishes irritation and pressure of the neu- rosensory receptors which can produce pain.
Moreover, taping is purported to prevent injury, facilitate and inhibit muscle activity, improve pro- prioception and reposition joints(1,2). Also, there are various taping treatments has been used, such as Mulligan, Kinesio Taping, and McConnell methods.
Recently, this taping is also being increasingly used in medical and physiotherapeutic practice. Despite the success and popularity of this taping, there's a lot of suspicion and academic scepticism on its efficacy. The latest systematic reviews on elastic taping also demonstrate insufficient evi- dence to support the use thereof. Many questions still arise and remain unanswered about how the tape works and its effects. In conclusion, a com- prehensive look at all body parts and taping methods,
Rationales and Evidence of Elastic Taping: A clinician’s per- spective
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of tape application on improving body conditions. The search strategy for this review included a literature search by members of the International Kinematic Academy in 12 countries between January 2014 and February 2015 using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Google Scholar, websites and national journals. The search words included“Kinesiotape, Kinesio tape, kinesiotaping, elastic taping, taping, functional taping, myofascial taping, sensomotor taping”. The review included all articles, even those published in different languages. These searches resulted in 821 publications. There are several effects of tape application were revealed such as improving blood circulation, lymphatic circulation, body range of motion, activation of mechanoreceptor and joint stability, and decreasing pain. No one negative about the positive effects of taping, however the more effort is required to find evidence of effects of tape application.
Key words: Taping; International Kinematic Academy; Kinesiotape; Blood Circulation; lymphatic Circulation
John Langendoena, Caren Fleish- manb, Soon Hee Kimc, Ho Jung And
aPresident International Kinematic Taping Academy, OMT-Instructor, Member SC IFOMPT, Kempten Germany; bMember International Kinematic Taping Academy, OMT-Instructor, Johannesburg South-Africa; cYong-in University, 134, Yongindaehak-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; dDongnam Health University, Jeongja 3-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Received : 27 September 2015 Revised : 29 October 2015 Accepted : 12 November 2015
Address for correspondence Ho Jung An, PT.Ph.D Department of Physical Therapy, Dongnam Health University, Jeongja 3- dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Tel. 82-31-249-6448 Fax. 82-31-249-6440 E-mail. 0628jjang@hanmail.net
980
Rationales and Evidence of Elastic Taping: A clinician’s perspective
and the study is inconclusive about the influence of these methods has not yet been performed(6-8). Thus, this review tried to address those questions unanswered in systematic reviews to date, based on a clinician’s perspective.
The search strategy for this review included a lit- erature search by members of the International Kinematic Academy in 12 countries between January 2014 and February 2015 using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Google Scholar, websites and national journals. The search words included
“Kinesiotape, Kinesio tape, kinesiotaping, elastic taping, taping, functional taping, myofascial tap- ing, sensomotor taping”. The review included all articles, even those published in different lan- guages. These searches resulted in 821 publications. These articles were reviewed. Articles included in
the systematic reviews on patient outcome were excluded as they had been extensively reviewed elsewhere(3-14). Our research was to focus on evidence for rationales, explanations and clinically relevant aspects.
Tapes under investigation: None of the systematic reviews critically
appraised the Kinesiotape applications used in the studies. As there is no convincing evidence for any Kinesiotaping applications, it does not mean that there is no evidence for other elastic taping con- cepts in general. The principles and rationales for Kinesiotaping are not in complete agreement with common paradigms in orthopaedic manual thera- py, western neuromuscular analysis & manage- ment of dysfunctions and pain(15-18).
Incorrect nomenclature of “placebo”, “sham” All interventions, taping included, have a placebo
effect but one cannot say that tape felt on the skin (which implies afferent input) is a placebo intervention(19). Use of the words “non specific” intervention may be more appropriately used than
“sham”, compared with a taping application using orthopaedic manual therapy(OMT) principles.
Use of colours Although colour significantly contributes to the
popularity of elastic taping, no study showed evi- dence for the use or non-use of a specific colour for a specific condition and the colour debate was never mentioned in any systematic review. The inventor of the elastic tape material, Kase, revealed that there has not been a specific medical reason for developing different colours(20).
Limitations of the systematic review Some limitations are recognized by the reviewers
e.g. limited to English language or randomized controlled outcome studies, or studies without a control group.
Long term follow up Reviews criticize the lack of long term follow up
but even in the original concept of taping improv- ing lymphatic and blood circulation, it was meant to be an intervention with an immediate and short term effect. On the sports field, time from treat- ment or training session to another session may be a few hours while in the clinical setting, treat- ment time can vary from daily treatments to treatment once a week. Treatment strategies will vary during the course of treatment dependant on the effect and so will taping applications. Therefore it is not appropriate to examine the long term effects of taping, electrotherapy manipula- tion etc., as they will change as the patient pro- gresses.
The original aim of the originator of elastic tape, Kenzo Kase, was to stimulate self healing mecha- nisms of the body by improving lymphatic and blood circulation without restricting range of motion. It has been demonstrated in single case measurements in normal subjects with Doppler sonography that elastic tape, applied to the skin over a major artery, increased the arterial blood supply in the distal course of that artery(21). An improved blood supply promotes self healing mechanisms and confirmed an initial research aim of Kase. Despite this initial evidence, rigorous fol- low up studies to confirm these findings are lack- ing to date. Miller et al. demonstrated that there was there was no difference in blood flow with rigid or elastic tape or conditions(22). It appeared that the application of either tape may change blood flow to the targeted area, but most likely as
Analysis of the systematic reviews
METHODS
RATIONALES
981
J. Langendoen, C. Fleishman, S.H. Kim, et al.
a result of prior exercise.Shim et al. demonstrated that taping the hind leg of a rabbit increased the lymphatic flow, however only in combination with passive movement(23). However, the effect of passive movement alone has not been investigat- ed. Post-partum breast engorgement and mam- mary gland pain were not influenced by breast lymphatic tapes, as there is no option to add pas- sive or active movement(24). Lymphatic tape applications as being used in post-traumatic and post-surgical conditions to reduce swelling do not emphasise that movement needs to be added to the application. But there is weak evidence that secondary lymph oedema, e.g. after breast sur- gery, may benefit from lymph applications, in addition to manual lymphatic therapy (25-33).
Nunes et al. demonstrated that there was no decrease in swelling after kinesiotaping of a swollen ankle after a lateral ankle sprain(34). The principles of increasing arterial blood supply
and lymphatic drainage are not commonly used by manipulative physical therapists in neuromuscu- lar treatment, thus other rationales (mechanical, neurophysiological) should be considered.
In addition to the self healing philosophy, Kase also used a mechanical approach, which, however, does not comply with all OMT principles(35). The McConnell approach, in which rigid taping is one of the management pillars, in contrast, adheres to OMT and neuromusculoskeletal(NMS) rehabilita- tion principles(36).
Kawabata et al. could demonstrate with spiral tapes around the lower and upper leg that the rotatory angle between the femur and tibia sig- nificantly changed under loading, as with one leg squatting or drop landing(37)(S. Fig. 2a-d). These tests are considered relevant in many patients with anterior knee pain (patello-femoral pain syndrome). Kawabata et al. are the only researchers to date to demonstrate a change in osseous movements during functional loading with elastic taping(37).
Further research could reveal that elastic tapes applied according omt principles instead of kine- siotapes could change positional faults of the lat- eral malleolus or fibular head after an ankle sprain or the clavicle after an acromioclavicular joint sprain.
Neurophysiological processes:
It is the skin that is being taped. The skin is the biggest human organ with countless nerve end- ings at its layers. Tape on the skin is perceptible. So, there is afferent input in the somatic nervous system. Most patients report that the tactile per- ception is hardly felt. Possibly the unmyelinated c tactile(social) afferents are being stimulat- ed(38,39).The placebo concept is therefore mis- leading. Tape can be applied in a general or spe- cific area but whatever the application, there is always an input. In studies, one could compare(so called) specific with non specific(and not placebo) tape applications. It is self evident that, as in any therapy, there is a placebo effect with any tape application. Any placebo effect can be used con- sciously, as well as simultaneously be minimized with increasing specificity of the treatment. The more precise the examination and treatment is, the more specific a dysfunction is treated and, subsequently taped, the less the placebo effect could be. Studies providing the evidence for this are lacking to date. Probably the most important explanation for the
effect of taping the skin is offered by current fas- cial research. Taping the skin, with some stretch in a certain direction, aims to change the shearing of the skin and fascial layers. Dynamic mechanoreceptors, such as Ruffini and interstitial receptors, are localized to the border zones of these soft tissue layers(40-49). Altered mechanoreceptive afference could alter processing in the dorsal horn and (inter-)segmental interne- urons, explaining immediate pain inhibitory effects, increased pain-free range of motion and increased muscle power. Such observable immedi- ate changes can be explained neurophysiologically rather than physiologically by increased arterial blood supply or increased lymphatic drainage. Investigations with somato-evoked potentials (SEP) could support the proposed mechanisms. Yamamato could demonstrate a change in spinal cord excitability with SEP after taping the skin(50). As 50% of interstitial dynamic mechanoreceptors
have a high threshold, a sufficient amount of stretch is required to activate them. To avoid rapid adaptation tape has to be applied over the joints and movement of the joint ensures repeated stretch and activation of the receptors. Tape stretch can vary between 0% (traditionally
with lymphatic, but also in facial and anterior neck applications) to 100%(only additionally in some osseous or articular conditions with a mechan-
Mechanical correction
Rationales and Evidence of Elastic Taping: A clinician’s perspective
ical rationale). The most commonly used amount of stretch for mechanoreceptor activation is up to 33%. A helpful clinical guideline is: the softer and more flexible the skin is, the less stretch is to be applied. The beginning and ending of the tape, are always applied without stretch to avoid skin irri- tation or damage, as well as to stabilize the appli- cation. Due to the stretch and the starting posi- tion, convolutions of tape and skin are avoided. Despite convolutions being advocated in the liter- ature, they are not desirable if the shearing behaviour of skin and fascial layers is to be changed and the dynamic mechanoreceptor
rationale is adopted. Parreira et al demonstrated that tape applica-
tions with convolutions are not more effective than sham (unspecific) tapes in the treatment of chronic low back pain(51). Convolutions may only be desirable in lymphatic applications for swelling. However, there is no evidence that these convolu- tions increase the space between the skin & underlying interstitial space as is assumed. In addition, there is no evidence that this decreases pain by reducing pressure on the nociceptors as assumed by Kase(35). Investigating standardised interventions, including
Kase & Hashimoto 1998 Miller et al. 2011
Increase of Arterial Blood Supply Single case examples in normal subjects. No further research or objective confirmation to date
Kawabata et al. 2007Change osseous positions Further investigations needed, e.g. for the clavicle after acromio-clavicular joint sprains, for the fibula after ankle sprain
Selkowitz et al. 2007 (non-elastic tape)
Hsu et al. 2009 Berkmiller 2013
Changing muscle function Further evidence for changing action of overactive or underactive muscles is needed. The kinesiotaping approach in changing the direction of application to tonify and detonify is not in agreement with actual paradigms.
Corey et al. 2001 Stecco et al. 2011 Yamamoto 2011
Activation of(Ruffini and high- threshold interstitial) dynamic
Mechanoreceptors
Yoshida & Kahanov 2007 Berkmiller 2013 Sazegar 2013
Reciprocal Inhibition Finger to Floor distance decreased after lumbar tape. Decrease of protective muscle action at a neurodynamic test with movement against tape resistance(EMG). Further studies needed
Yamamoto 2011Placebo Any treatment has a placebo effect. Taping is an inter- vention with mechanoreceptive input. The wording place- bo tape is not correct by definition. It is to be differentiat- ed between sham, unspecific and specific tape.
Shim et al. 2003 (animal trial: rabbit hind foot)
Tsai et al. 2009 Brown & Langdon 2014
Parreira et al. 2014 Nunes et al. 2015
Increased Lymphatic Drainage Increase of lymphatic vessel contraction frequency only in combination with passive movement. Weak evidence for post-traumatic & post-surgical condi- tions. Convolutions do not seem to be required.
Björnsdotter et al. 2009 Löken et al. 2009
Activation of C-tactile(social) afferents
ReferenceRationales Remark
983
J. Langendoen, C. Fleishman, S.H. Kim, et al.
tape applications, in a heterogenous group of patients is unlikely to present convincing evidence for that intervention. Identifying a homogenous subgroup of patients is necessary before investi- gating the effect of a standardised intervention (e.g. a tape application) on selected outcome tools such as relevant physical tests or muscle activity (with EMG). Systematic reviews to date therefore could not reveal the benefits of taping as seen in daily practice. In contrast, in homogenous sub- groups, the effect of a standardized application on selected, relevant variables can be investigated.
Randomized controlled trials should therefore investigate the short term effect of treatments without, as well as with specific and with sham taping on pain, range of dysfunctional movement patterns and even muscle activity during test movements(EMG) in homogenous subgroup of patients(52). A subgroup of patients with the same of pool of relevant positive tests can be considered as homogenous, and can be used for immediate and short term(24 to 72 hrs) outcome measure- ment.
Lack of evidence should motivate clinicians to become more precise, to consider further ratio- nales, to apply current principles and guidelines of modern neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation, as
well as to experiment and innovate. Relevant variables to consider when applying tape may include: the starting position of the dysfunctional structure, the range of the dysfunctional move- ment, the length, the course and the direction of the tape(s) as well as the amount of tape stretch. This example gives one explanation for the con-
clusion of many randomised clinical trials and systematic reviews that standardised interven- tions for a diagnosis(e.g. non specific low back pain) do not lead to significant improvements.
For some elastic tape applications there is evi- dence that relevant variables, such as positive tests, may change(37)(55-60). All these studies can easily be criticized from a clinical point of view or a theoretical neuro-physiological perspec- tive. Nevertheless, they confirm regular observa- tions of clinicians. Two EMG studies demonstrated improved scapular motion(59,61) and are of importance when considering tape applications in shoulder pain. Single case reports in paediatrics and central nervous
Fig. 1. 2a-d. Tape application to promote internal rotation of the tibia in relation to the femur(modified from Kawabata et al.(37)).
EVIDENCE
984
Rationales and Evidence of Elastic Taping: A clinician’s perspective
Fig. 2. 3a-c. A patient with low back pain and a flexion pattern(no limitation of lumbar flexion). A basic lumbar application(Yoshida & Kahanov(53)) did not reduce pain or improve finger to floor distance at lumbar flexion. With sound clinical reasoning and differential testing, such a tape application would nei- ther be considered for a clinical intervention nor for a scientific investigation.
Fig. 3. 3d-f. After taping for relaxation of the lateral hamstrings in the above patient: immediate increase in range and decrease of pain on lumbar flexion(Sazegar(54)).
system disorders with spasticity, have suggested that elastic taping can support rehabilitation(62- 66). As management in these patient groups is generally very individualized, any study requires investigation of a very limited number of parame- ters in a relatively homogenous subgroup.
Further possible applications include facial and abdominal taping. For example, it has been shown that taping the lower abdomen with horizontal and vertical tapes decreased primary dysmenor- rhoea pain as effectively as the best possible con-
traceptive pill(67-69). Participating in a study comparing a tape intervention with a non-tape intervention control group may have included a significant placebo and/or Hawthorne effect. Taping has no effect on healthy, normal muscles
and joints(70-73). Nevertheless, taping can be applied preventatively during or after heavy physical loading, e.g. at sports to prevent injuries such as ankle sprains, to prevent or limit fatigue and muscle soreness (74-79).
985
J. Langendoen, C. Fleishman, S.H. Kim, et al.
The evidence in controlled clinical trials in patient groups is generally weak, as concluded by reviews and systematic reviews. The methodology, as well as the original applications of Kase being used in the studies can be critically reviewed. As outlined, applying the actual principles and evi- dence of neuro-musculoskeletal therapy to devel- op tape applications is likely to improve the evi- dence for a positive short-term effect of elastic taping in homogenous subgroups or selected vari- ables. Elastic taping with coloured tape cannot be con-
sidered evidence-based to date. Therefore it demands a critical clinician’s mind using sound clinical reasoning, current principles of orthopedic manual therapy, (including appropriate re- assessments) and acceptable rationales, for apply- ing tape to enhance treatment. Further research is needed to justify the rationales. Evidence for the explanations could lead to the further develop- ment of elastic taping applications.
Clinical success in reflective practice(practice based evidence-PBE) and growing scientific back- up(scientific evidence SE) will both contribute to establishing elastic tape as a beneficial adjunct in the comprehensive management of patients with movement disorders, beyond the initial hype among consumers and in sports physiotherapy.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sahrmann S. Movement System Impairment Syndromes of the Extremities, Cervical and Thoracic Spines: Considerations for Acute and Long-Term Management. Mosby; 2010. Michael JC. James S, Pam JB, Jacqueline AO. The Effects of Patellar Taping on Knee Joint Proprioception. J Athl Train 2002;37(1):19–24. Bronner S. KinesioTM Tape. APTA, Orthopaedic Section, Performing Arts, Special Interest Group. 2008. Comploi G. Annual K-Active Taping International Symposium. Frammersbach, Germany 2009. Krausse C. In Elastisches Tapen bei Schmerzen und funktionellen Störungen des Bewegungsa- pparates aus der Sicht eines Physiotherapeuten. Ein naratives Review zum heutigen Forschun- gsstand der evidenzbasierten Physiotherapie beim
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
elastischen Tapen. Bachelor Abschluss-arbeit Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen 2010. Optum Health Care Solutions Physical Health. Utilization Management Policy: Kinesiology (Kinesio) Taping. 2011;1-6. Schlosser W. Kinesiologische Tapes als Therapieergänzung. Aktueller Forschungsstand Physiotherapie 2011. Wilbacher I, Maringer B. Kinesio-Taping(K- Taping), EBM Bericht. Hauptverband der Öster- reichischen Sozialversicherungsträger Wien 2011;1-18. Moore R. Is there a place for kinesiotape in mod- ern osteopathic practice? Online 07004959. 2012. Morris D, Jones D, Ryan H, Ryan CG. The clinical effects of Kinesio Tex Taping: A systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract 2012;1532-1540. Mostafavifar M, Wertz J, Borchers J. A system- atic review of the effectiveness of Kinesio taping for musculoskeletal injury. Physic and Sports Med 2012;40(4):33-40. Vercelli S, Ferriero G, Bravini E, Sartorio F. 2012/2013 How much is Kinesio taping a psycho- logical crutch?. Man Ther 2012. Willliams S, Whatman C, Hume P, Sheerin K. Kinesio Taping in Treatment and Prevention of Sports Injuries: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence for its Effectiveness. Sports Med 2012; 42(2):153- 164. Carmo Silva Perreira P, Cunha Menezes Costa Lucíola, Hespanhol Jr LC, Lopes AD, Pena Costa LO. Current evidence does not support the use of Kinesio taping in clinical practice: a systematic review. J Phys 2014;60:31-39. Sahrman S. Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes. Elsevier, Oxford 2001. Elvey RL. Treatment of arm pain associated with abnormal brachial plexus tension. Aus J Phys Monography 1998;3:13-17. Hengeveld E, Banks K. Maitland's Vertebral Manipulation, 8th Ed and Volume 2 Maitland's Peripheral Manipulation 5th Ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2013. Comerford M, Mottram S. Kinetic Control: The Management of Uncontrolled Movement, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2012. Yamamoto H. A change of the spinal cord excitability by the pasting of the elastic tape to skin. Advances in Exercise and Sports Physiology 2011;17:67. Dr Kenzo Kase. My magic tape can aid injured muscles. 2011.
CONCLUSION
986
Rationales and Evidence of Elastic Taping: A clinician’s perspective
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Kase K, Hashimoto T. Changes in the volume of the peripheral blood flow by using kinesio taping. 1998. Miller MG, Klawon R, Lininger M, Cheatham C, Michael T. A preliminary investigation into the effect of kinesio and athletic tape on skin blood flow changes. J Strength Cond Res 2011. Shim JY, Lee HR, Lee DC. The use of elastic adhesive tape to promote lymphatic flow in the rabbit hind leg. Yonsei Med J 2003;44(6):1045- 1052. Brown D, Langdon C. Does Kinesio Elastic Therapeutic taping Decrease Breast engorgement in Postpartum Women. United States Lactation Consultant Association 2014;5(2):67-74. Stockheimer KR. Kinesio Taping & Lymphoe- dema. Applied Kinesio taping for Lymphoe- dema/Chronic Swelling of the Arm and/or Breat after a Mastectomy and Axilla Lymph Node Removal. Advanced Healing, 2006; 23. Heim C. Kinesiotaping zur Unterstützung des lymphatischen Transports anhand einer Fallstudie. Philipps-Universität Marburg 31. Jahreskongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Lymphologie 2007. Heim C. Kinesio Taping LYMPHödem Zeitung der Österreichischen Lymph-Liga 02/08: 8 2008. Heim C. Ist durch die Anwendung des Kinesio- Tape eine Steigerung des Lymphtransports möglich? Hautnah Mitgliedermagazin der Gesellschaft für manuelle Lymphdrainage nach Dr. Vodder und lymphologische Therapien 1/08:4 2008. Tsai HJ, Hung HC, Yang JL, Huang CS, Tsauo JY. Could the Kinesio Taping replace the band- age in the decongestive lymphatic therapy for breast cancer related lymphedema? A pilot study. Supportive Care for Cancer 2009;17(11):1353-60. Biaoszewski D, Woniak W, Zarek S. Clinical efficacy of Kinesiology Taping in Reducing Edema of the Lower Limbs in Patients Treated with the Ilizarov Method. Preliminary Report. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2009;11(1):50-9 Bosman J, Piller N. Lymph taping and seroma formation post breast cancer. J Lymphoedema 2010;10(2):45-52. Finnerty S, Thomason S, Woods M. Audit of the use of kinesiology tape for breast oedema. J Lymphoedema 2010;10(1):38-44. Pyszora A, Krajnik M. Is Kinesio Taping useful for advanced cancer lymphoedema treatment? A case report. Adv Pall Med 2010;9(4):141–144.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Nunes GS, Zimmermann Vargas V, Wageck B, dos Santos Hauphental DP, da Luz CL, de Noronha M. Kinesio taping does not decrease swelling in acute. Lateral ankle sprain of athletes : a randomised trial. J Phys 2015;61:28-33. Kase K, Hashimoto T, Tomoki O. Kinesio taping Perfect Manual: amazing taping therapy to elim- inate pain and muscle disorders. KTA, Tokyo 1998. Bennell K, Duncan M, Cowan S. The effects of patellar tape on the onset of electromyographic (EMG) activity of vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) relative to vastus lateralis (VL), knee kinematics, and kinetics J Orthop Res 2006;24(9): 1854-1860. Kawabata M, Kagaya Y, Shiba Y, Nishizono H. Effect of taping on Knee Rotational Kinematics during Single Leg Squat and Drop landing. J Phys 2007;93:46. Björnsdotter M, Löken L, Olausson H, Vallbo A, Wessberg J. Somatotopic organization of gentle touch processing in the posterior insular cortex. J Neurosci. 2009;29(29):9314-9320. Löken LS, Wessberg J, Morrison I, McGlone F, Olausson H. Coding of pleasant touch by unmyelinated afferents in humans. Nat Neurosci 2009;12(5):547-548. Garcia D. Kinesio taping for the sense of balance on knee [in Japanese]. 16thAnnual Kinesio Taping International Symposium Review, 2001;20–23. Stecco C, Gagey O, Belloni A, Pozzuoli A, Porzionato A, Macchi V, Aldegheri R, De Caro R, Delmas V. Anatomy of the deep fascia of the upper limb. Second part: study of innervation. Morphology 2007;91:38-43. Stecco C, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Morra A, Parenti A, Stecco A, Gagey O, Delmas V, De Caro R. The ankle retinaculum: morphological evi- dence of the proprioceptive role of the fascial system. Cells Tissues Organs 2010;192:200-210. Schleip R. Fascial plasticity–a new neurobiologi- cal explanation: Part 1&2. J Bodywork Movement Therapies 2003; 7(1):11-9 & 7(2):104-16. Melnyk M, Faist M, Gothner M, Claes L, Friemert B. Changes in stretch reflex excitability are related to“giving way”symptoms in patients with anterior cruciate ligament rupture. J Neurophysiol 2007;97:474–480. Schleip R, Klingler W, Lehmann-Horn. Fascia is able to contract in a smooth muscle-like manner and thereby influence musculoskeletal mechanics. In: Fascia Research, Basic Science and Implications
987
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
for Conventional and Comple-mentary Health Care. München: Elsevier 2007;77. Benetazzo L, Bizzego A, De Caro R, Frigo G, Guidolin D, Stecco C. 3D reconstruction of the crural and thoracolumbar fasciae. Surg Radiol Anat 2011. Corey S, Vizzard MA, Badger G, Langevin HM. Sensory innervation of the nonspecialized con- nective tissues in the low back of the rat. Cells Tissues Organs 2011. Stecco C, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Duparc F, De Caro R. The fascia: the forgotten structure. Ital J Anat Embryol 2011;116(3):127-138. Schleip R, Duerselen L, Vleeming A, Naylor IL, Lehmann-Horn F, Zorn A, Jaeger H, Klingler W. Strain hardening of fascia: static stretching of dense fibrous connective tissues can induce a temporary stiffness increase accompanied by enhanced matrix hydration. J Bodywork Movement Ther 2012;16:94-100. Yamamoto H. A change of the spinal cord excitability by the pasting of the elastic tape to skin. Advances in Exercise and Sports Physiology 2011;17:67. Parreira P, Carmo Silva, Costa L, Cunha Menezes, Takahashi R, Hespanhol Jr LC, da Luz Jr MA, da Silva TM, Costa LOP. Kinesio taping to generate skin convolutions is not better than sham taping for people with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized trial. J Phys 2014;60:90-96. Berkmiller J. Effekt von zervikalem Seitengleiten mit und ohne elastische Tapeanlagen auf Schmerz, muskuläre Aktivität und Beweglichkeit des ULNT 1 Testes. Eine randomisierte kontrol- lierte Studie mit Follow-up Untersuchung. Master Thesis Donau Uni Krems 2013. Yoshida A, Kahanov L .The effect of kinesio tap- ing on lower trunk range of motions. Res Sports Med. 2007;15(2):103-112. Sazegar E. Einfluss der ischiocruralen Strukturen auf die Becken-und Rumpfbewe-gung während Vorwärtsbeugen bei asymptomatischen Probanden. Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Kohortenstudie mit elastischem Tape und spezifischer Übung. Master Thesis Donau Uni Krems 2013. Murray H, Kinesio Taping, Muscle Strength and ROM after ACL Repair. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000;30:1-2. Itoh Y, Hayashi T, Hoshi T, Hojo T, Hirasawa Y, Miyamoto M, Kubota T. Localized short elastic tape affects the hamstring reflex on anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Bulletin Osaka Medical College 2004;50:7-11.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
Osterhues D. The use of Kinesio taping in the management of traumatic patella dislocation. A case study. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2004;20(4):267-270. Liu YH, Chen SM, Lin CY, Huang CI, Sun YN 2007 Motion tracking on elbow tissue from ultrasonic image sequence for patients with lat- eral epicondylitis. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007;95-98. Hsu YH, Chen WY, Lin HC, Wang WTJ, Shih YF. The effects of taping on scapular kinematics and muscle performance in baseball players with shoulder impingement syndrome. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009;19:1092-1099. Chen PL. Hong WH. Biomechanics Effects of Kinesio Taping for Persons with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome During Stair Climbing in N.A. Biomed Proceedings 2008;21:395–397. Selkowitz DM, Chaney C, Stuckey SJ, Vlad G J.The effects of scapular taping on the surface electromyographic signal amplitude of shoulder girdle muscles during upper extremity elevation in individuals with suspected shoulder impinge- ment syndrome. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(11):694-702. Martin T, Yasukawa A. Use of Kinesio Tape in Pediatrics to Improve Oral Motor Control 2003. Yasukawa A, Patel P, Sisung C. Pilot study: investigating the effects of Kinesio Taping in an acute pediatric rehabilitation setting. Am J Occup Ther 2006;60(1):104-110. Michalak B, Halat B, Kufel W, Kopa m, Luniewski J, Bogacz K, Wilk M, Krajczy M, Lipinska A, Szczegielniak J, Sliwinski Z. Assessment of gait pattern following kinesiology taping application in patients after cerebral stroke. FP 2009;9(2):133-142. Cortesi M, Cattaneo D, Jonsdottir J. Effect of kinesio taping on standing balance in subjects with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation 2011;28(4):365-372. Simek TT, Türkücüolu B, Cokal N, UstünbaG, Simek IE. The effects of Kinesio taping on sit- ting posture, functional independence and gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 2011;33(21-22):2058-2063. Pinsker E. Die Auswirkung einer Kinesio- Tapebehandlung auf Menstruationsbeschwerden. Bachelor Physiotherapie Abschlußarbeit Eurak, Hall/Tirol 2009. Wefers C, Pijnappel HFJ, Stolwijk NM. Het effect van CureTape op pijn tijdens de menstruatie bij patienten met primaire dysmenorrhoe Ned
988
Rationales and Evidence of Elastic Taping: A clinician’s perspective
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
Tijdschr Fysiother 2009;19(6):193-197. Schlosser W. Kinesiotaping bei Menstrua-tions- beschwerden. Master Thesis Philipps Uni Marburg 2011. Halseth T, McChesney JW, DeBeliso M, Vaughn R, Lien J. The effects of KinesioTMtaping on proprioception at theankle. J Sports Science Med 2004;3:1-7. Fu TC, Wong AM, Pei YC, Wu KP, Chou SW, Lin YC. Effect of Kinesio taping on muscle strength in athletes-A pilot study. J Sci Med Sport 2007;11(2):198-201. Beck L, Hagenbrock J, Hoyer B, Koss J, Munz J, Plunger M. Is there an effect on decreasing mus- cle tone with medical tape applied to the M. rec- tus femoris in students with a positive Thomas Test. A pilot study. Bach Degree Thesis ESP Amsterdam 2010. Chang HY, Chou KY, Lin JJ, Lin CF, Wang CH. Immediate effect of forearm Kinesio taping on maximal grip strength and force sense in healthy collegiate athletes, Physical Therapy in Sports 2010; 11:122-127.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.