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RATION FORMULATION
PROCEDURES
RATION FORMULATION
PROCEDURES
Identify nutrient requirements based on physiologal status of animals
What feeds available (locally in particular)Quality status of the feeds
Price
Limitation
Ration Formulation
RATION FORMULATION PROCEDURES
RATION FORMULATION PROCEDURES
There some methods of ration formulation:
a.Trial and error b.Pearson’s squarec.Linear Programming
FeedsFeeds
Corn Rice Bran Cassava meal Wheat meal Sorghum meal Molasses Feather meals Fish meal
Soybean meal Meat Bone Meal Peanut cake meals Coconut cake meal Meat meals
Conventional Feeds
GrainGrain
Rice (Oryza Sativa)Corn (Zea Mays)Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare)Barley (Hordeum vulgare)Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)MilletSoybean Peanut
Grain By ProductsGrain By Products
Rice BranRice PolishingRice PollardWheat PolardWheat GluttenCorn Gluten
ForagesForages
Leucaena leaves Alfalfa leaves Cassava leavesSesbania leaves
Sweet potatoe leaves etc
RootsRoots
Cassava Sweet potato Cassava wastes etc
Industrial By ProductsIndustrial By Products
Coconut cake mealsSoybean mealFull Fat Soyabean
MealCotton Seed mealPeanut Meal
Sunflower MealTofu wastesSesame seed mealKapok seed meal
Industrial By Product
Industrial By Product
Fish mealBlood mealMeat mealMeat Bone mealFeather mealPoultry manure
Mineral Dan Asam Amino sintetik
Mineral Dan Asam Amino sintetik
Calcium sources
Limestone
Rock phosphate
Calcium phosphat
Calcium monophosphat
Phosphate sources
Mono, Di and Tri phosphate
Bone meal
Synthetic Amino Acids
DL-Methionin
L-Lysin
Tryptophan
Feed AdditiveFeed Additive
Microbial : ProbioticVitamins : ADEK dan BMicro-minerals : Zink, Cobalt, Selenium, Enzimes : Protease, Amylase Selulase,
glucanaseAntibiotic:Hormone :Prebiotic Acidifier, etc
Non- ConventionalNon- Conventional
Banana leaves Sweet potatoe leaves Poultry manure Catapillar Manure Cocoa seed meal
Fermented materials Cassava wastes – poultry
manure Hidrolysed materials
Rumen content
Hidrolisis Air Abu Sekam Isi Rumen
Hidrolisis Air Abu Sekam Isi Rumen
Water50 l Burn materials 5 kg
Rumen content 10 kg
Filtrat of Rumen content
Hydrolised Rumen content
Feed
Leave for21 hours
Filtrat
Limitation of Feed Limitation of Feed utilisationutilisation
Limitation of Feed Limitation of Feed utilisationutilisation
Volume/Fibrous diet Anti Nutritive factors Essential amino acid content Digestibility Lipid content Balance Ca:P Palatability Price and availability
Limit use of AALimit use of AA
Feeds Main second others Corn Lys/Tryp Lys/Tryp Met/Threo Sorghum Lys Threo Tryp Wheat Lys Threo Met Soybean meal Met Threo - Cottonseed meal Lys Met Threo Coconut cake meal Lys Met - Fish meal Tryp - - Meat Bone Meal Tryp Threo Isoleu Blood meal Isoleu Lys Met Feather meal Met Lys - Rice bran Lys Isoleu - Wheat Pollard Lys Threo Isoleu
Ad libitum
Method of FeedingMethod of Feeding
Skip a day
Choice of Feeding
2-18
NRC Guidelines: DairyNRC Guidelines: Dairy
Holstein, 1,5000 lb., average body condition 65 mo.age
90 Days in Milk Early Lactation Dry, Pregnant 270 Days in Gestation
BW 1,656 lb
Milk yield, lb/d 55 77 99 120 55 77
Dry matter intake lb/d
44.7 51.9 59.2 66 29.7 34.3 30.1
Net energy, Mcal/lb 0.62 0.67 0.7 0.73 0.94 1.01 .48
Diet % RDP 9.5 9.7 9.8 9.8 10.5 10.5 8.7
Diet % RUP 4.6 5.5 6.2 6.9 7 9 2.1
Crude Proteina % 14.1 15.2 16.0 16.7 17.5 19.5 10.8
Calcium, % 0.62 0.61 0.67 0.60 0.74 0.79 0.45
Phosphorus,% 0.32 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.23
Potassiumb, % 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.19 1.24 0.52
Sodium, % 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.34 0.34 0.10
Copperc, ppm 11 11 11 11 16 16 13
Zinc, ppm 43 48 52 55 65 73 22
2-19
NRC Guidelines: Beef, FinishingNRC Guidelines: Beef, Finishing
Body Weight, lb. 525 650 775 900 1025 1150 Dry Matter Intake, lb/d 14 17 19.5 21.5 23.5 25.5
Crude Protein, lb/d
Daily Gain, lb. 1.0 1.22 1.36 1.49 1.57 1.65 1.72 1.8 1.55 1.69 1.82 1.86 1.91 1.95 2.5 1.87 2.01 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 3.3 2.18 2.32 2.43 2.40 2.38 2.36 4.0 2.49 2.62 2.73 2.66 2.60 2.54
Calcium, lb/d
1.0 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.05 1.8 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 2.5 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 3.3 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 4.0 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 Phosphorus, lb/d 1.0 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.8 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 2.5 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 3.3 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 4.0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
2-20
NRC Guidelines: Beef, Cows
NRC Guidelines: Beef, Cows
Months Since Body DM
CP
Calving Weight Intake Ca P
lb. lb. ------------------ lb/d ------------------ 0 (Calving) 1,340 24.6 2.20 0.06 0.04 1 1,200 26.8 2.71 0.08 0.05
2 (Peak Milk) 1,200 27.8 2.97 0.09 0.06 3 1,205 28.4 2.82 0.08 0.06 4 1,205 27.4 2.54 0.07 0.05 5 1,205 26.5 2.26 0.06 0.04 6 1,210 25.7 2.04 0.06 0.04
7 (Weaning) 1,215 24.2 1.45 0.04 0.03 8 1,225 24.1 1.49 0.04 0.03 9 1,240 24.0 1.57 0.04 0.03 10 1,260 23.9 1.69 0.06 0.04 11 1,290 24.1 1.89 0.06 0.04
Protein, Ca, and P requirements for beef cows
2-21
NRC Guidelines: SwineNRC Guidelines: Swine
Nutrient
Pig Weight 3-5 kg
(7-11 lb)
Pig Weight 5-10 kg
(11-22 lb)
Pig Weight 10-20 kg (22-44 lb
Pig Weight 20-50 kg
(44-110 lb)
Pig Weight 50-80 kg
(110-176 lb)
Pig Weight 80-120 kg
(176-265 lb)
Crude Protein, %
26.0
23.7
20.9
18.0
15.5
13.2
Lysine, % total
1.5
1.35
1.15
0.95
0.75
0.60
Lysine, % appt. ileal dig
1.26
1.11
0.94
0.77
0.61
0.47
Calcium, % 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.45 P, % total
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.50
0.45
0.40
P, % avail.
0.55
0.40
0.32
0.23
0.19
0.15
Potassium, % 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.17 Sodium, % 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 Copper, mg 6 6 5 4 3.5 3 Zinc, mg 100 100 80 60 50 50
2-22
NRC Guidelines: Poultry-ChickensNRC Guidelines: Poultry-ChickensNutrient Layer-
80a,b
Layer-100a,b
Layer-120a,b
Broiler 0-3 wk
Broiler 3-6 wk
Broiler 6-8 wk
Protein, % 18.8 15.0 12.5 23.0 20.0 18.0
Ca, % 4.06 3.25 2.71 1.00 0.90 0.80
Pc, % 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.45 0.35 0.30
Potassium, % 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.30 0.30 0.30
Copper, mg ? ? ? 8 8 8
Zinc, mg 44 35 29 40 40 40
Sodium, % 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.20 0.15 0.12
a Grams feed intake/hen dailyb Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens).c Phosphorus is nPP.1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council.
Certified Nutrient Management
Planning
2-23
NRC Guidelines: Poultry-TurkeysNRC Guidelines: Poultry-TurkeysNutrient Turkey
0-3 wk 3-6 wk 6-9 wk 9-12 wk 12-15 wk 15-18 wk
Protein, % 28.0 26.0 22.0 19.0 16.5 14.0
Ca, % 1.2 1.0 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.55
P, %c 0.6 0.5 0.42 0.38 0.32 0.28
Potassium, % 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
Copper, mg 8 8 6 6 6 6
Zinc, mg 70 65 50 40 40 40
Sodium., % 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
a Grams feed intake/hen dailyb Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens).c Phosphorus is nPP.1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council.
Certified Nutrient Management
Planning
2-24
NRC Guidelines: Poultry-OtherNRC Guidelines: Poultry-OtherNutrient Duck
0-2 wk
Duck
2-7 wk
Duck
Breeding
Turkey Tom
Turkey Hen
Protein, % 22.0 16.0 15 12.0 14.0
Ca,% 0.65 0.60 2.75 0.50 2.25
P,%C 0.40 0.30 ? 0.25 0.35
Potassium, %
? ? ? 0.4 0.6
Copper, mg ? ? ? 6 8
Zinc, mg 60 ? ? 40 65
Sodium, % 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.12a Grams feed intake/hen dailyb Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs/100 hens daily).c Phosphorus is nPP.1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council.
