RAS Technologies for eels in Europe - Ecological …ecologicalaquaculture.org/EdingRASforeelspresent.pdf · RAS Technologies for eels in Europe Ep Eding Aquaculture and Fisheries

RAS Technologies for eels in Europe

Ep Eding

Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, WU, WUR, The Netherlands

Global European eel production 1950-2012

http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Anguilla_anguilla/en (accessed 24-9-2014)

http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Anguilla_anguilla/en

Germany

Farms 3

Production 750-1200MT

Poland

Farms 1

Production ̴ 2-3 MT

UK

Glass eel fishing

Estonia

Farms 3

Production ̴̴ 55 MT

Greece (FEAP, 2013)

Farms 3

Production 100 MT

Netherlands

Farms 13

Production 2900 MT

France

Glasseel fishing

Italy

Glass eel fishing

Sweden (FEAP, 2013)

Farms 1

Production ̴ 93 MT

Portugal

Glass eel fishing

Eel farming in Europe Estimates

Denmark

Farms 5-6

Production ̴̴ 800 MT

Italy (FEAP, 2013)

Farms 3

Production ̴ 1000 MT

Eel farming

After VIA AQUA for France AGRIMER Eel market chain study-2014.

Spain

Glass eel fishing

Glaseel fishing

Spain (FEAP, 2013)

Farms 1

Production 315 MT

Eel farming in Europe per country Estimates

Why RAS for eel farming?

Why recirculation systems for eel farming

Eel culture temperature: 23 - 26°C

‘Control’ over energy and ground water consumption (heating)

Reduction waste discharge (permits, fees)

Complete control environment (temperature, pH, conductivity, oxygen,…..)

Control disease control (pH, drumfilter screensize)

Stock management (predictability, marketing)

RAS design Steps

Step:

1. Production plan (maximum carrying capacity)

2. Waste production calculations (in g/kg feed)

3. Diurnal variation in waste production

4. Water quality limits (Climit)

5. Suspended Solids control systems

6. Biofiltration (principles and design)

7. Gas control

8. Denitrification

9. RAS design concept (Qrec., Qe etc.)

10. Heat (energy) balance model

11. Economic evaluation

1. Production plan

Glasseel intake

Glass eel system : Production of fingerling (5-10g) from glass eels

Ongrowing or fattening of eels

Depuration

1. Production plan Glasseel intake

Glasseel intake (in yearly running process)

Desinfection system with caustic soda

2-3 days.

Empty, dry for a few days

Glass eel can be taken in without biofilter start up but with high refreshment.

Time is used to start the biofilter

Otherwise minimum 3 - 4 weeks for biofilter startup.

Pers. Information M. Spekenbrink, Mondiaal, Veendendal The Netherlands

1. Production plan Glasseel intake

Glasseel intake (in yearly running process)

France, transported in tanks, oxygenated

Sometimes glass eels already pretreated with salt

Transport temperature ± 6 - 7°C (March, sometimes glass eels are already pretreated)

One time 400 kg glass eel for 140 MT (intake time March)

Adaptation within one day to 24-25°C ( ˜ 0,5°C / hour)

Stocking 80 kg/tank of 3 m (thus five tanks filled).


1. Production plan Glass eel system

Glass eel system (for 140 MT/year)

one insulated building

two RAS/building

fingerling production capacity 20-25 tons/y; potential 30 MT/y in the building

Overall FCR: 1.5 -1.6

Performance depends strongly on water quality and parasites.


1. Production plan Glasseel system

Glass eel RAS design values (per RAS):

Tanks: 9 or 10 tanks/RAS, 3m diameter, water depth 0.7 m, central drain

Qtanks = 150 m3/hour; 2 pumps; 4,5KW each

Qtrickling filter = 100 m3/hour; 2 pumps; 3 KW each.

Oxygenation reactor: O2 concentration 20 mg/L, full flow.

Bioreactor (trickling) : plastic media; a = 200 m2/m3; total biofilter volume 45m3;

filter height 4m

Drumfilter: Hydrotech 804; 8 plates/drum; mesh size screen 40µm


1. Production plan Side view RAS

Sump

Trickling filter

Filter

O2

UV

Sewer Septic tank

Eel culture basin

Emergency oxygen

Fan

Mondiaal, Veenendaal, The Netherlands

1. Production plan Stocking Glasseel system

Stocking glass eel system (for 140 MT/year)

400 kg glass eel /140 MT; 1 kg glass eel / 350 kg production

80 kg / tank; 5 tanks will be stocked

From 6 - 7°C (transport) to 24 - 25°C in one day (1 versus 7 days fish faster on feed)

Cod eggs available in jan - febr. (have to be bought in this period)

After two days start feeding Cod eggs (400- 600 kg frozen cod eggs needed)

Cod eggs are fed during 10 days adaptation to dry feed

.


1. Production plan Stocking Glasseel system

Stocking glasseel system (for 140 MT/year)

Start: 400 kg glasseel/140 MT; 1 kg glass eel / 350 kg production

Start: 80 kg / tank; 5 tanks will be stocked

5-6 wks: BWavg. 2-3 g; grading in two size classes (< and > 3g); SGSavg: 5% BW/day

5-6 wks: restocking density ˜450 kg / tank; 8 tanks

13-14 wks: BWavg. 10 g; grading in two size classes (< and > 10 g), tot. biomass ˜ 5.7-7MT)

13-14 wks: restocking density 500-600 kg/tank

13-14 wks: 9 tanks restocked; 500-600 kg/tank

13-14 wks: fast growers (1200kg to ongrowing section; 1 tank of 5m; water depth 0.7 m).

…………………….


1. Production plan Treatments

Glasseel intake (treatments contact a veterinarian)

Intake ….

Oxytetracycline or Salt 10 ppt (against fungus)

Formaline 40 ppm + 2ppt (once and than washed from the system).

Parasites: Mebenvet (5 ppm, active substance 90%)

Active immunization: after first grading (wk. 5-6) a few eels are introduced in the

system

Effect after 10 days (roodkop virus)

20 days after infection disappearance

Magnification effect when done in combination severe gill parasite presence


1. Production plan Ongrowing phase

Two buildings 140 MT (120 MT/year)

Building 1

14 tanks, diameter 5 m; water depth 0.7 m


2 biolfters, total volume 240 m3 ; height 3,5m

3 pumps fish tanks; 600 m3/hour

2 pumps biofilter; 400 m3/hour

1 Hydrotech 1605 drum filter, 1.60m diameter, 5 x 3 plates; mesh size 70 µm

max applied feed load 250 kg/day



Two buildings 140 MT (120 MT/year)

Building 2



18 biofilters, total volume 240 m3; height 3,5m

4 pumps fish tanks; 600 m3/hour

O2 inlet fish tank 20 mg/L

4 pumps biofilter; 400 m3/hour

1 Hydrotech 205 drum filter, 2.0 m diameter, 5 x 4 plates; mesh size 70 µm

max applied feed load 350 kg feed/day


Tanks with a typical water outlet for eel.


Tanks for ongrowing

Grading of eels

Drumfilter, biofilters and oxygenation reactor

Weighing of fish after depuration and before transport


Grading and restocking

Grading every 2.5 - 3 months

After sorting 2000 kg/tank of 5m diameter

Maximum stocking density 7500 kg/tank of 5 m

Feeding level standing stock 0,6 - 0.7%

1. Production plan. Guidelines densities in eel farms

Size class Start density

(kg/m3)

Glasseel 10

1-5 40-50

5-25 50-75

25-75 75-100

75-125 125

125- 200 150

Source: BioMar A/S, Brande, Denmark www.biomar.dk

1. Production plan Depuration

Conditions

1 tank, 14 m3

recirculation flow 50m3/hour

often used for 2.5-3 ton fish /week, max. 7 ton fish

water exchange 1 m3 /hour

from 24°C to 12°C

depuration time 3 days


1. Production plan Feeding & growth

Source: BioMar A/S, Brande, Denmark www.biomar.dk

Effect of feed composition on growth, cumumulative feedi ntake and body weigth

Heinsbroek et al., 2007. Aquaculture, Volume 267, Issues 1–4, 2007, 175 - 187

1. Production plan Feeding & growth (Exp. Conditions)

EL L M EL L M EL L M EL L M EL L M

S ize classes per treatment group

0

20

40

60

80

100

Fema

les (%

)

Treatment group0 (Ctrl .) 1 2 3 4

1. Production plan Effect of sexual growth dimorphism.

Percentage females at a fresh water age of 607 days (Culture temperature 25°C).

Eding, unpublished results.

Eding, unpublished results.

Body weigth versus specific growth rate versus (Culture temperature 25°C)

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0

Geometric mean bodyweight (g)

0 .0 0

0 .4 0

0 .8 0

1 .2 0

1 .6 0

2 .0 0

Spe

cific

gro

wth

rate

(%/d

)

1

4

2

3

0

4

3

21

0

4

23

0

4

1

0

2

3

1

4

2

3 0

4

1

0

2

3

1

Sp

ecific

gro

wth

ra

te (

%/d

)

Bodyweigth (g)

1. Production plan Effect of sexual growth dimorphism.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 50 100 150 200

Body content (%)

Body weigth (g)

After Heinsbroek et al., 2007. Aquaculture, 267, 175-187.

1. Production plan Change in body compposition

Protein

Fat

A review on broodstock nutrition of marine pelagic spawners: the curious case of the freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.)

Heinsboek et al. 2014. Aquaculture Nutrition pages 1-24, 2 SEP 2013 DOI: 10.1111/anu.12091

(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anu.12091/full#anu12091-fig-0002)

Farmed eels

Wild eels

Wild versus farmed

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anu.12091/full








1. Production plan Change in feed composition

Pelletsize (mm) (mm) 0.5 0.8 1,1 1,3 1,5 2 3 3

Body weight (g) 0.1-1 1-3 3-6 6-15 15-35 35-90 90-120 120-200

Feeding level (%) 3,79 1,93 1,69 1,5 1,4 1,11 0,93 0,74

Crude protein (%) 56 52 50 50 48 48 48 48

Crude lipid (%) 18 23 26 26 26 28 28 28

Carbohydrates (NFE) (%) 12 13 12 12 13 11 11 11

Fibre (%) 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3

Ash (%) 8,5 7,5 7,4 7,4 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3

Total phosphorus (P) (%) 1,5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3

Gross energy (GE) (MJ/kg) 22,5 23,5 24 24 24 24,2 24,2 24,2

Digestible energy (DE) (MJ/kg) 20,2 21,1 21,6 21,6 21,7 21,9 21,9 21,9

European eel

Source: BioMar A/S, Brande, Denmark see www.biomar.dk

4. Water quality Ongrowing

Water quality

TAN: ˜ 80 mg/L

pH: 4 - 5

NO2: 5

NO3: 250 – 300

Oxygen near saturation

No salt

4. Water quality Ongrowing

Parameter Unit Optimal/

Acceptable

Range

observed

Temperature (°C) 22-26 22-26

pH (-) 6,8-7,5 5-9

Oxygen (mg/L) 6-8 6-8

Alkalinity (HCO3-) (mg/L) 30-60 30-120

SS (mg/L) 20 20-150

Carbondioxide (mg/L) 25 <70

TAN (mg/L) <81) <90

NH3-N (mg/L) <0,05 <0,05

Nitrite-N (mg/L) 15 <20

Nitrate-N (mg/L) <100 <150

Phosphate (mg/L) <45 <30

Conductivity (µS) ? ? 11) Depend on pH

Oxygen consumption European eel.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 10 20 30

g O

2 /

kg

Feed

Feeding level (g / BW0.8/d)

European eel

African catfish

Eel RAS configurations DAI, Horsholm, Denmark

O2

Sump O2

Pump

Tap water

Swirl separator

Waste water In series placed submerged biofilters

Eel culture basin

First systems in the eighties

Emergency

oxygenation

O2

Sewer or surface water

Trickling

filter

Upflow

filter

Blower

Eel RAS configurations InterAquaAdvance, Denmark

InterAquaAdvance, Helmond The Netherlands First systems in the eighties

Sump

Trickling filter

Filter

O2

UV

Sewer Septic tank

Eel culture basin

Emergency oxygen

Fan

Eel RAS configurations Mondiaal, Veenendaal


Eel RAS configurations Blue label, Hesy

Emergency

oxygenation

Drum

filter

Sump

Trickling

filter

O2

Up-

flow

filter

Flocculation

Belt filter

Sludge storage

Sewer or surface water

UV

Denitrification and dephosphatation

3. Sewer

Sludge flow

Denitrification Dephosphatation unit

Sludge storage

Belt filter

Drum filter

2.

1.

Optimal acceptable design criteria

Optimal/acceptable design criteria

Culture surface m2/kg feed/d 1-1,5

Fish density (kg/m2) 30-150

System water volume (m3/kg feed/day) 0,5-0,7

Biofilter specific surface area (m2/day) 100-150

Water flow fish (m3/kg feed/d) 30-60

Water flow biofilter (m3/kg feed/d) 30-50

Water exchange flow (m3/kg feed/d) 0,1-0,3

Air ventilation flow (m3/kg feed/day) 300-500

After Kamstra and Heinsbroek, 1993.

Length: 21 m

Width: 12 m

Surface area: 252 m2

Building volume 1031 m3

Roof insulation 100 mm pu foam

Wall insulation 80 mm pu in sandwich panels

Installed power 34 kW (equipment)

Permanent 17 kW

Uninsulated floor 20 cm

U-value building 0.23 W/m2 K

Energy balance simulation Eel farm

Building characteristics

Standing stock: 20 MT

Growth rate: 0.6 % per day

Feed conversion: 1.58 kg feed/kg growth

Feed losses: 10 %

8 basins (round): 106,4 m3

Water depth 0.8 m


Fish culture characteristics

Processes which require energy

1. Temperature control

2. Oxygen supply water

3. Carbon dioxide removal

4. Solids removal

5. Nitrification / org. matter breakdown/ de-nitrification

6. Lighting

7. UV/Ozone treatment

Energy balance simulation Winter, T out -6°C

Heating requirement: 17 KW basin temperature 24°C

Ed van Ouwerkerk

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

water supply (m3/kg feed)

ground water temp. 10 °C





Effect groundwater temperature (MJ/year)


0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

month

Airflow rate 1055-3590 m3/h

Water supply 0.10 m3/kg feed

simulated tank temperature (°C)

The Netherlands

Tank

Outside


0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

month

simulated tank temperature (°C)

Spain

Airflow rate 1055-3590 m3/h

Water supply 0.10 m3/kg feed

outside

tank


Tank

Outside

Energy balance validation eel

Measured:

temperature, relative humidity

air speed over tanks

standing stock

feed intake

outdoor climate

carbon dioxide in outlet air

airflow rate (difficult)


fish farms simulated - measured

Eel farm: - tank temperature difference <1 °C

- based on heat production model 1

- and airflow measurement


Heat balance simulations indicate:

the effect of building characteristics (Insulation)

the effect geographical regions (Heating/cooling)

the effect of ventilation rate (Cooling)

the effect of water use

by water exchange from 250 to 100 l/kg feed

or by denitrification

application of advanced cooling and heating technologies?

help to control room temperature and room humidity

to control carbon dioxide concentrations in the building

to reduce building costs

Take home message

Thank you for your attention!

Documents

RAS Technologies for eels in Europe - Ecological …ecologicalaquaculture.org/EdingRASforeelspresent.pdf · RAS Technologies for eels in Europe Ep Eding Aquaculture and Fisheries