Rapid Detection Techniques for Mechanical Properties Determination on Surface of Dioscorea Hispida Rhizome

Procedia Engineering 68 ( 2013 ) 446 – 452

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

1877-7058 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Selection and peer-review under responsibility of The Malaysian Tribology Society (MYTRIBOS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiadoi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.205

ScienceDirect

The Malaysian International Tribology Conference 2013, (MITC2013)

Rapid Detection Techniques for Mechanical Properties Determination on Surface of Dioscorea Hispida Rhizome

Syazili Roslana, Mohd. Hudzari Haji Razalia*, Kamarul 'Ain Mustafaa , Wan Ishak Wan Ismailb, Zulkifli Abbasc, Mohamad Faiz Zainuddind

aFaculty of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Food Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia bFaculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

cFaculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia dFaculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

This study introduces the potential of microwave and machine vision application as the rapid detection method in determination the amount of alkaloid via contacting the surface of Dioscorea hispida rhizome. The importance to determine the amount of alkaloid because the rhizome only can be consumed after some detoxified process, so the amount of flowing water needed can be calculated and time needed will be decreased. For microwave device, the FieldFox Radio Frequency (RF) Analyzer is used in this study while Chromameter CR-400 by Konica Minolta is used for machine vision device. This microwave device is used to measure the coefficient permittivity of microwave level at rhizome surface using mechanical probe while machine device is used to measure the images of variety for harvested Dioscorea hispida will be captured at rhizome surface and the reading in L*a*b color space were converted. There was a correlation between microwave level and alkaloid content with regression, R2 is >0.8. Mathematical equation, y = 1E-05x6 - 0.0005x5 + 0.0072x4 - 0.0512x3 + 0.1727x2 - 0.204x + 0.382, where x=alkaloid content (%) and y= magnitude of the reflection coefficient (unitless) can be used to find the amount of the alkaloid in the tested rhizome. While correlation between hue color space and alkaloid content in the Dioscorea hispida rhizome samples is R2=0.9999 where the mathematical equation, y = -3E+07x4 + 2E+06x3 - 23045x2 + 106.84x + 48.901 where x=alkaloid content (%) and y= Hue value to find the amount of the alkaloid in the tested rhizome. This result means that this method can be used because the alkaloid level is also depending on the visual color of Dioscorea hispida rhizome. Using microwave device grouped as less destructive method while using machine vision device grouped as destructive method.

© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of The Malaysian Tribology Society (MYTRIBOS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Keywords: Rapid detection device; microwave application; machine vision; measurement monitoring; Dioscorea hispida

1. Introduction Dioscorea hispida (D.hispida) rhizomes is poisonous plants where scientific have shown that its rhizome

contains toxic poison. It can only be consumed after the poison of dioscorine is removed. It is commonly found in ____________ Corresponding author. Tel.+6 09-668 8527 ; fax: +609- 666 0244. E-mail address: [email protected]

© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Selection and peer-review under responsibility of The Malaysian Tribology Society (MYTRIBOS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

447 Syazili Roslan et al. / Procedia Engineering 68 ( 2013 ) 446 – 452

secondary forest and grows under shaded areas or near streams. D.hispida is one of the Dioscorea spp (Yam) species and characterize as a climbing plant. D.hispida is one of the most economically important yam species, which serves as a fasten food for a millions of people in tropical and subtropical countries [7]; [16]. D.hispida had and rural evident that its stem were using for treat sinus. These rhizomes are found to be rich in essential dietary nutrients [13]. It is only species which most of the leaves have only 3 leaflets and have no aerial tubers [9]. It was classified as a wild creeping and climbing plant which can grow up to 20 meters height [3]; [1].

It is known by the local or vernacular names such as Tuba Ubi, Ubi Nasi, Ubi Cerok, Ubi Kendudok and Ubi Kipas [14].Some researchers mentioned that the advancement of technology should be introduced for agriculture research in D.hispida within the area of harvesting process, dioscorine removal and dioscorine detection devices [2]; [3]. The importance of agriculture shown within the righteous book of Al-Quran which is there are about eighty three sentences mentioning about agriculture as indicated as benefit of mankind [12]. Some researchers study on relationship of microwave frequency with fruits moisture content and the methods used is a non-destructive practice which is possible to be use for determination of alkaloid level for this project [5]; [10]. Advantages of using non-destructive method for sensing are that it can be fairly accurate, and yields consistent results thereby reducing costs and making agricultural operations and processing safer for farmers and processing-line workers [15]. It holds great potential and benefits for the agricultural industry because of its simplicity, rapid inspection rate, and broad range of applications [17].

2. Materials and Method

2.1 Measurement of microwave of D.hispida

The experimental set up for measuring the magnitude of reflection coefficient, (|S11|) of a monopole antenna includes a monopole antenna as a mechanical sensor probe and an Agilent FieldFox network analyzer as shown in Figure 1. The operating frequency to measure the reflection coefficient was set from 2MHz to 4GHz. The antenna was inserted into the flesh of the D.hispida rhizome and the measurement was made for each rhizome sample. Post- processing of the measured data was completed at the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

2.2 Measurement of color of D.hispida

The experimental set up to measure the color of D.hispida was easier using the Chroma Meter CR-400 made by Konica Minolta as shown in Figure 2. CR-400 has 2 standard illuminant (C & D65) and standard colorimetric observer (2o) inside. The output is tristimulus value, whether XYZ, L*a*b or other color space value. So, using this equipment we can measure the ‘color’ of an object easily. Simply put it on the object, press the button and we get numerical value that represents that color. This measurement is independent of illumination around the object since CR-400 is pressed against the object which blocks other light to interfere.

(a) Fig.1. FieldFox RF Analyzer used in this study. (b) Fig.2. Hand held Chroma Meter CR-400


2.3 Chemical Experiment for Alkaloid Determination

The experimental method was adopted from the chemical analysis method [13]. After the rhizomes were peeled, they were weighed (40 grams) and sliced. Each sample was blended with 200 mL of 0.5426 M hydrogen chloride (HCl) (specific molarity of Hcl obtained from Titrant/Acid Standardisation) using an electric blender. For Hcl preparation, 42 mL of Hcl was dissolved with distill water. The mixtures of sample were transferred into conical flask covered with parafilm and stand at room temperature for 2 days. After that, the samples were filtered using muslin cloth followed by filter paper; (Whatman Cat No 1001 150). The pH of the samples was checked using pH meter. The mixtures were made alkaline (pH 10-11) by adding K2CO3 and extracted with 3 portions (600-200 mL x 3) of ether using the separating funnel. All of the extracts were combined and dried overnight with Na2SO4. Dried extract was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure using rotor evaporator. [11]. Figure 3 shows overall process flow and pictures taken during experiment at ECER-KPT UniSZA laboratory.

2.4 Determination of relationship between magnitude of the reflection coefficient, |S11| and percentage of alkaloid

content and between color space, RGB and percentage of alkaloid content

The rhizomes from D.hispida plants were harvested and each layer of the rhizomes was sliced for this experiment. A graph is plotted in order to obtain the mathematical correlation between equation analyses.

3. Result and Discussion

With an assumption that the alkaloid content in the whole rhizome is homogeneous, results in table 1 were used to calculate weight percentage of alkaloid content. The sample I and b indicated 2 plants of D.hispida. The symbols of ‘a,b,c’ indicated the different side of rhizomes while ‘1,2,3’ indicated the level of rhizome from stem, 1 is the nearest with stem.

a

b

c

d

e

f

Fig.3. The process flow for determination of alkaloid D. hispida; (a) cutting roots of rhizomes, (b) slicing rhizomes, (c) blending with 200 mL

of 0.5M Hcl, (d) filtering, (e) made alkaline of pH 10-11, (f) concentrating under pressure by rotor evaporator.


A large number of data was measured in 2 MHz to 4 GHz frequency range. A statistical approach was used to determine the optimal frequency which has the best correlation between percentage alkaloid content and magnitude of the reflection coefficient, |S11|. The optimal frequency was found to be 0.9076 at frequency 561.7 MHz.

Figure 4 show the relationship between the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the sensor antenna probe and alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples. From the graph, the correlation square, R2 indicated 0.9927 which mean that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient had strongly linear correlate with the alkaloid level of D.hispida.

Fig.4. The relationship between the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and percentage of alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples.

Figure 5, 6 and 7 shows the relationship between the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the sensor antenna probe, optical properties of color space and weight of alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples. From the graph, the correlation square, R2 indicated 0.9927 which mean that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient had strongly linear correlate with the alkaloid level of D.hispida.

Fig.5. The relationship between the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and weight of alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples.

y = 1E 05x6 0.0005x5 + 0.0072x4 0.0512x3 + 0.1727x2 0.204x + 0.382R² = 0.9927

|S11

|

alkaloid %

|S11| vs alkaloid %

s11 vs alkaloid %Poly. (s11 vs alkaloid %)

y = 1E 05x6 0.0005x5 + 0.0072x4 0.0512x3 + 0.1727x2 0.204x + 0.382R² = 0.9927

|S11

|

Weight alkaloid

|S11| vs Weight alkaloid

|S11| vs Weight alkaloidPoly. (|S11| vs Weight alkaloid )


Commercialized software is used to convert color from RGB to Hue color space. [4]

Fig.6. The relationship between Hue and percentage of alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples.

Fig.7. The relationship between Hue and weight of alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples.

Based on Figure 4 and 5, the correlation between the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the sensor antenna probe and alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples is high, with R2=0.9927. This result means we can use this method and proceed to determine the relation between dioscorine content and the magnitude of the microwave sensor. This work is a less destructive method, where the users only need to insert the sensor antenna probe to the rhizome. We can use the mathematical equation, y = 1E-05x6 - 0.0005x5 + 0.0072x4 - 0.0512x3 + 0.1727x2 - 0.204x

y = 3E+07x4 + 2E+06x3 23045x2 + 106.84x + 48.901R² = 0.9999

Huecolorspa

ce

Percentage of alkaloid, %

Hue color space vs % alkaloid

hue color space vs % of alkaloidPoly. (hue color space vs % of alkaloid)

y = 4E+08x5 9E+07x4 + 7E+06x3 266250x2 + 4541.7x + 24R² = 1

Huecolorspa

ce

Weight of alkaloid, gram

Hue color space vs Weight alkaloid

Hue color space vs Weight alkaloidPoly. (Hue color space vs Weight alkaloid )


+ 0.382, where x=alkaloid content (%) and y= magnitude of the reflection coefficient (unitless) to find the amount of the alkaloid in the tested rhizome.

Based on Figure 6, the correlation between hue color space and percentage of alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples is R2=0.9999 where the mathematical equation, y = -3E+07x4 + 2E+06x3 - 23045x2 + 106.84x + 48.901, where x=alkaloid content (%) and y= Hue value to find the amount of the alkaloid in the tested rhizome. This result means we can use this method because the alkaloid level is also depending on the visual color of D.hispida rhizome.

Based on Figure 7, the correlation between hue color space and weight of alkaloid content in the D.hispida rhizome samples is R2=1 where the mathematical equation, y = 4E+08x5 - 9E+07x4 + 7E+06x3 - 266250x2 + 4541.7x + 24, where x=alkaloid content (%) and y= Hue value to find the amount of the alkaloid in the tested rhizome. This result means we can use this method because the alkaloid level is also depending on the mechanical properties of visual color skin of D.hispida rhizome.

4. Conclusion

This work considered as a less destructive method and destructive method. The model using the mathematical equation developed to predict the level of alkaloid of the D.hispida rhizome. Therefore, the amount of water needed to remove the toxic compound and the time needed in the process can be determined. The importance to predict the level of alkaloid of the D.hispida rhizome is each rhizome has different level of alkaloid content. We can gather the rhizome with same level of alkaloid content and detoxified them at the same time with same amount of flowing water. In addition, the livestock such as cow, goat and chicken can survive certain level of alkaloid in D.hispida rhizome. The sensory device for determine the alkaloid level for D.hispida will realized.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the Unit Perancangan Ekonomi Negeri (UPEN) Terengganu, who provided fund for this project. Also to those who are directly and indirectly gave their support and help for the success of this project.

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Rapid Detection Techniques for Mechanical Properties Determination on Surface of Dioscorea Hispida Rhizome