Petroleum ProductsSignifi cance of Tests for

8th Edition

Signifi cance of Tests for P

etroleum P

roducts: 8th Edition

Rand

Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D.Editor

Dr. Salvatore J. Rand is an independent consultant to the petroleum industry, and a Fellow of ASTM International. He was awarded the baccalaureate degree in Chemistry and Philosophy from Fordham University and a doctorate in Physical Chemistry and Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He retired from the Texaco Research Center following twenty-seven years of service. During that time he managed the Fuels Test Laboratory, and provided technical information and services to company facilities worldwide regarding fuel distribution, marketing and operations, laboratory inspection and auditing, and training of personnel both in proprietary and commercial laboratories. He also represented Texaco on various ASTM D02 subcommittees. His achievements include developing company-wide quality control programs for the distribution of fuels throughout the entire United States.He has developed and conducts the ASTM training courses

Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D.

www.astm.orgISBN: 978-0-8031-7001-8Stock #: MNL1-8TH

“Gasoline: Specifi cations, Testing and Technology” and “Fuels Technology” and has taught these courses almost one hundred times throughout the world. He previously held the position of Second Vice-Chairman of ASTM Committee D02, Petroleum Products and Lubricants. He was also Chairman of Subcommittee D02.05, Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, Secretary of Subcommittee D02.05.0C, Color and Reactivity, and a member of ASTM’s Committee on Technical Committee Operations (COTCO). He is the author of a number of publications in the scientifi c literature, is a fi ft y year member of the American Chemical Society, and is a past Chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including ASTM’s highest award, the Award of Merit, D02’s highest award, the Scroll of Achievement, the George K. Dyroff Award of Honorary D02 Membership, and the Lowrie B. Sargent Award.

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Significance of Tests for PetroleumProducts8th Edition

Salvatore J. Rand, Editor

ASTM Stock Number MNL1-8TH

Copyright 2009 by ASTM International www.astm.org

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Significance of tests for petroleum products. — 8th ed. / [edited by] Salvatore J. Rand.p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-8031-7001-81. Petroleum—Testing. 2. Petroleum products—Testing. I. Rand, Salvatore J., 1933–

TP691.M36 2009665.5038—dc22 2010003804

Copyright ª 2010 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be repro-duced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storagemedia, without the written consent of the publisher.

Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients is granted byASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO BoxC700. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9634; online: http://www.astm.org/copyright/

ASTM International is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in the publication. ASTMdoes not endorse any products represented in this publication.

Printed in Newburyport, MA,

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ForewordTHIS PUBLICATION, Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 8th Edition, was sponsored by ASTMcommittee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. The editor is Salvatore J. Rand, Consultant, NorthFort Myers, Florida. This is the 8th edition of Manual 1 in the ASTM International manual series.

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DedicationTo Mary, Cathy, Jeanne, Joseph, and John

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AcknowledgmentsThis manual was brought to fruition by the combined efforts of many individuals. I would like to conveymy sincerest appreciation to all of them, particularly the publication staff of ASTM International, espe-cially Kathy Dernoga and Monica Siperko, who have given us much behind-the-scenes guidance and assis-tance from the outset of this venture. I also wish to thank Christine Urso of the American Institute ofPhysics, who was responsible for this logistically challenging project of handling the 24 chapters and 37authors involved in this publication. In addition, I wish to convey my accolades to the authors, who are allexperts in their particular fields and who bring a broad spectrum of topics and interests to this manual.They have devoted considerable time, energy, and resources to support this endeavor. I am also grateful tothe 46 experts who reviewed the various chapters, who through their perusal of the chapters and their sug-gestions permitted good manuscripts to be made better. Finally, I would like to extend my appreciation tothe industrial and governmental employers of all those involved in this publication. They ultimately makeit possible for us to produce manuals such as this for the benefit of those who use petroleum standardsworldwide.

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ContentsChapter 1—Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

by Salvatore J. Rand

Chapter 2—Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3by Lewis M. Gibbs, Ben R. Bonazza, and Robert L. Furey

Chapter 3—Fuel Oxygenates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16by Marilyn J. Herman and Lewis M. Gibbs

Chapter 4—Fuels for Land and Marine Diesel Engines and for Nonaviation Gas Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33by Steven R. Westbrook and Richard T. LeCren

Chapter 5—Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53by Steve Howell

Chapter 6—Burner, Heating, and Lighting Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65by C. J. Martin and Lindsey Hicks

Chapter 7—Aviation Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80by John Rhode

Chapter 8—Crude Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106by Harry N. Giles

Chapter 9—Properties of Petroleum Coke, Pitch, and Manufactured Carbon and Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123by C. O. Mills and F. A. Iannuzzi

Chapter 10—Sampling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136by Peter W. Kosewicz, Del J. Major, and Dan Comstock

Chapter 11—Methods for Assessing Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151by David R. Forester and Harry N. Giles

Chapter 12—Gaseous Fuels and Light Hydrocarbons [Methane through Butanes, Natural Gasoline,and Light Olefins] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164by Andy Pickard

Chapter 13—Petroleum Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173by R. G. Montemayor

Chapter 14—White Mineral Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184by C. Monroe Copeland

Chapter 15—Lubricant Base Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189by Jennifer D. Hall

Chapter 16—Lubricating Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197by Dave Wills

Chapter 17—Passenger Car Engine Oil and Performance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210by Raj Shah and Theodore Selby

Chapter 18—Petroleum Oils for Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224by John M. Long and John H. Bachmann

Chapter 19—Lubricating Greases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229by Raj Shah

Chapter 20—Petroleum Waxes Including Petrolatums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252by Alan R. Case

Chapter 21—Methods for the Environmental Testing of Petroleum Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261by Mark L. Hinman

Chapter 22—Determination of Inorganic Species in Petroleum Products and Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283by R. A. Kishore Nadkarni

Chapter 23—Standard Test Method Data Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299by Alex T. C. Lau

Chapter 24—Synthetic Liquid Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304by Lelani Collier, Carl Viljoen, Mirriam Ajam, Mazwi Ndlovu, Debby Yoell,Paul Gravett, and Nico Esterhuyse

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

vii

Petroleum ProductsSignifi cance of Tests for

8th Edition

Signifi cance of Tests for P

etroleum P

roducts: 8th Edition

Rand

Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D.Editor

Dr. Salvatore J. Rand is an independent consultant to the petroleum industry, and a Fellow of ASTM International. He was awarded the baccalaureate degree in Chemistry and Philosophy from Fordham University and a doctorate in Physical Chemistry and Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He retired from the Texaco Research Center following twenty-seven years of service. During that time he managed the Fuels Test Laboratory, and provided technical information and services to company facilities worldwide regarding fuel distribution, marketing and operations, laboratory inspection and auditing, and training of personnel both in proprietary and commercial laboratories. He also represented Texaco on various ASTM D02 subcommittees. His achievements include developing company-wide quality control programs for the distribution of fuels throughout the entire United States.He has developed and conducts the ASTM training courses

Salvatore J. Rand, Ph.D.

www.astm.orgISBN: 978-0-8031-7001-8Stock #: MNL1-8TH

“Gasoline: Specifi cations, Testing and Technology” and “Fuels Technology” and has taught these courses almost one hundred times throughout the world. He previously held the position of Second Vice-Chairman of ASTM Committee D02, Petroleum Products and Lubricants. He was also Chairman of Subcommittee D02.05, Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material, Secretary of Subcommittee D02.05.0C, Color and Reactivity, and a member of ASTM’s Committee on Technical Committee Operations (COTCO). He is the author of a number of publications in the scientifi c literature, is a fi ft y year member of the American Chemical Society, and is a past Chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including ASTM’s highest award, the Award of Merit, D02’s highest award, the Scroll of Achievement, the George K. Dyroff Award of Honorary D02 Membership, and the Lowrie B. Sargent Award.

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