Rakhi New a Yr Aung Barbaral Bum

7/30/2019 Rakhi New a Yr Aung Barbaral Bum

1/75


2/75

ukd,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;ukd,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;ukd,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;ukd,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;ukd,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;

tz OD;rJarmif? trd a':rjrOD;kdUu 1957-ck? rwfv(24)&uf we*FeDed zGm;jrifyga&/ emr,f&if;at;ekpdef/ ppfawGNrdKU? ukefwef;&GmZmwdyg rGD;csif;(4)a,mufxJrSm tBuD;qkH;orD;/ ukefwef;tru? ppfawGNrdKU

txu(2)kdUrSm pmoifNyD;au wuokdvfpmyD;pm,loifwef;u 1980rSm Oya'bGJY &,Sdcyga&/ t*kxd ppfawGNrdKUukef;wef;&yfuGuf rSm eDxkdif,if; &SdeDvkyfeDyga&/

i,fpOfuyif pmyD0goem,Sd&mu uAsm? aqmif;yg;? 0wKwd &D;jzpfvmyga&/ yHokcif (&ckdifjynf) uavmifemr,feefY yxrqkH;ykHESdyfazmfjya& r*Zif;pmrluawmh &ckdifr*Zif;trSwf (2)1975-yg ]]ck'gEkck'u}}aqmif;yg;jzpfyga&/ &ckdifkd;r r*Zif;trSwf(1)upvkdY pmjyef&D;jzpfvmpGmyg/

yHokcif(&ck dif jynf)yHokcif(&ck dif jynf)yHokcif(&ck dif jynf)yHokcif(&ck dif jynf)yHokcif(&ck dif jynf)

pm&D;olpum;pm&D;olpum;pm&D;olpum;pm&D;olpum;pm&D;olpum;

pm&D;a& twwfynmwpfckukd&m vkHYvjyKc&pGmyg/ Zmwfvrf;? ZmwfuGuf pkdufzGJY? pum;vkH;? [lorQuawmhzkd;? abmif? rd? 1b? qGDrsKd;&if;csm? &if;ESD;uRrf;0if&m vltm;vkH;kdU\ rlykdifygcsifh/ aus;Zl;qyfcGifheefY wkHYvS,farwmkdU\ oauFwtjzpf jzpfxGef;0Dqmvwfaw pmyk'fwdvkdY qkdcsifygaxm/

yHokcif (&ckdifjynf)yHokcif (&ckdifjynf)yHokcif (&ckdifjynf)yHokcif (&ckdifjynf)yHokcif (&ckdifjynf)


3/75

twkd&fjrif;twkd&fjrif;twkd&fjrif;twkd&fjrif;twkd&fjrif;yef;atmiyef;atmiyef;atmiyef;atmiyef;atmif

(u)rdrd[d&m tOearSmfkHukd ppfawGarmifjrwfMuif a&mufvmNyD;au 17? rw?f 2005 rSm oljyefa&/ oleefY

twl ajrmufOD;ukd rdrdavh vkdufygvm;a&/ rdrdu uGrf;oD;awmukd vm;p&m[deDvkdY/ yg;awmf vdvm&D;c&D;/ rMumodcifu yefrDvmkdUtkyfpkeefY wpfacgufa&mufNcD&mod/ 20? Zefe0g&D? 2005 u/

ajrmufOD;a&mufckduf aemifat;u ppfawGu ,lvma& pmtkyfeefY pmwdukd yD;a&/ q&marmifAodef;bufu yD;vkdufaw pmtkyfeefYpm/ vlrI&D;bmomaA'usrf;/ oHwGJa'od,ukd vlrI&D;bmomaA'M[Kaxmifhuwifjya&usrf;/ NyD;au q&mbufupm/ aemufyHokcifbufupm/ q&mu &efukefvm;p&m[dvkdY yHokcifbufrSmtyfxm;cpGm/

yHokcifpmrSm olY0wKwkdaygif;csKyfrSm trSmpm&D;yD;zkdY arwm&yfcHpGmygvma&/ rdrda& yg;awmfc&D;pOfukd20? rwf? 2005 rSmpa&/ q&mawmftoQifpudEeefY aygif;0ajrmufausmif;bkef;BuD;kdUeefY twlwly/ vdvm&D;c&D;vm;eDpOfrSm trSmpmu acgif;xJa&mufeDa&/ tpGmaoQmif&D;&auaumif;zkdYa&mifvkdY/

(c)ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f? wef;ysif;BuD;&Gm pkHvDpmzwftoif; pkHvDpmMunhfwkduf&HykHaiGtwGuf ]]pkHvDuAsm}}wd qkd

NyD;au xkwf0DzkdY rdrdBudK;yrf;cvDa&/ ,if;pOfu uAsm&D;ol? pm&D;olwdbufukd vm;yem uAsmwdvkdufvHawmif;zl;pGmrrdEkdifod/ uAsmpmrlvkdufawmif;a&/ tawmif;cHuAsmq&m pm&if;xJrSm uAsmq&mraoQ wpfa,mufyga&/olu]]ppfawGjrapmckdif}}/ xkduAsmq&maoQbufu uAsmr&[dca&twGuf pkHvDxkwf0Da&cg ,if;uAsmq&mraoQuAsmukd rdrdkdU razmfjyEdkifc/ pkHvDuAsmpmtkyfukd pufwifbm? 1974-rSm xkwf0DjzpfcvDa&/

pkHvDuAsmpmtkyfxJrSm ryg0ifcauavh 1975 ESpf? ekdifiHwumtrsKd;orD;ESpfukd *kPfjyKtxdrf;trSwftjzpfvufurf;pmapmifaoQ wpfapmifxkwf0DpGm wGd&a&/

,if;rSm (1)ppfawGjrapmckdif (2)&u-ESif;jrZH? (3) ppfawG apmat;ckdifvkdY wGd&a&/ uAsmpmtkyfaoQemrnfu]]kd;r&dyfckduAsmrsm;}} vwf/ trSmpmukd q&mr]]ppfawGyGifhvTm}}eefY ]]jroEmek}}kdUu &D;yD;uwfpGm wGd&,ifh/

ppfawGyGifhvTmtrSmpmukd Munhfygcsuf-]]a'ed&ckdifpmyD t&D;tom;onf a0omvDausmufvSDum;acwfu t&D;tom;rsKd; [dreDoihfAsm,f/acwftrsKd;rsKd; bD;vSdrfhvmonfESihftrQ &ckdifpmyDt&D;tom;[efonfvnf; wzkHqef;opf [deDoifhayNyD/tuRef kdUpmyDonf tNrJqef;opfeDatmif tuRefkdUyif wDxGif&ayrnf/ ukd,fhpmyDukd ukd,fhta&miftoDG;wifuwf&rnf/ a'wm0efonf tuRefkdUyckH;xufrSm ydmvD;eefY csdefpufwifeDa& wm0efBuD;jzpfonf/tuRefkdUacgif;aoQmifvkdYr&}}(kd;r&dyfckduAsmrsm; pm 5)

qkdNyD;au &ckdift&D; pum;ajy[efokH;yem &D;om;pGm wGd&yga&/ jroEmEkuavh trSmpm *kykdif&D;om;xm;a&axm/ ]]at...]kd;r&dyfckd} uAsmpmtkyfonf &ckdifpmyDeD&mopfwGifvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHwumtrsKd;orD;ESpf txdrf;trSwftjzpfvnf;aumif; tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifhyrm jznfhpGufEkdifvdrfhrnf xifygaMumif;}}(kd;r&dyfckd pm-5 rS)xkdukefca&ESpfokH;q,favmufuyif &ckdifpmyDM[ifoefvmzkdYtwGuf tdyfrsufopfwdeefY pD;qif;aysmf


4/75

q&mrjroEmEkuavh *kykdif-]]uAsmt&D;tom;ukd Munhf&ygvQifvnf; oHayguf[efwpfrsKd;? omjcif;[efwoG,f? armf'ef[efwzkH?av;vkH;pyf[efwpfenf;? &opkH[if;vD;tkd;BuD;ozG,f....}}(kd;r&dyfckd? pm 3 rS)vkdY rSwfcsufcsxm;pGmukd wGd&yga&/

jrapmckdif &D;a&uAsmwpfyk'fukd jrnf;Munhfyg/ ]]vDonf NidrfoufeD\? opf&Gufpdrf;wd


5/75


6/75

olutem;rSmxkdifajymeDykdifaoQmif,m/ olYtm0Zef;aumif;a&twGuf aumufzwfvkdufpGmeefY olajym&mawemufukdaumufaumufvkdufrygvkdYr[d/ ygvm;pGmcsnf;,m/ pmqkH;rS 0SL;ceJ oufjyif;csvkduf&a&tjzpf/

ola&pm&D;aumif;a&/ aumif;pGmuavhrajymauav/ pmzwfemolwpfa,mufukd;/ zwfawpmwdukdrSwfxm;EkdifpGmavh olYrSm[da& tHhwpfyg; t&nftcsif;yif/ pmzwfemvkdY t&D;aumif;a&/ a,'gavh ola& t&D;enf;a&/ olYrSm &D;p&mtaMumif;t&m roQm;yg;/ &D;zkdYusau oltcsdefwysif;,la& pm&D;olwpfa,muf/ a,eefY

vlcsif;wGdwGd? pmcsif;qufoG,fqufoG,f pm&D;zkdYtbd,mpujyKNrJ/ ,if;oufa&mufrIaMumihf r*Zif;pmrsufESmxufrSm rMumwpfcg wGdeD&pGmvkdY qkdcsif,ifh/ tcsKdUu olYbufu pmrlawmif;uwfaw/ r&uwf/ r&qkdpGm olYrSmpmwpfyk'f&D;zkdYtwGuf ESpfcsDMuma&/ 0wKwkdaoQwpfyk'ftwGuf MumpGm/ ol&D;vmau a,eefYraumif;r[d?aumif;pGmcsnf;/ olYrluenf;enf;eefY aumif;aumif;&D;a&rl/ xkdrltwkdif;vm;eDa&twGuf olYpmrlwda& enf;yg;eDpGm&m/ ,if;enf;enf;ukd t*kwpfpkwpfaygif;wnf;xkwf0DvkdufpGma& &ckdifpmzwfolwdtwGuf aumif;BuD;uHaumif;a&qkd&zkdYvm;rod/ wpfzufrSm &ckdifpmyDM[ifoef wkd;wuf&D;avh wpfwyfwpftm;Asm,f/

(p)yHokcifukd aemufa,mifcHMunhfa&cg q,fausmfoufausmif;olraoQwpfa,mufb0uyif pm&D;zkdYpvmpGm

ukdwGd&a&/ ]]jrapmckdifrSonf yHokcifokdY}} txd ESpfaygif; okH;q,fumvrSm &D;vma&pmu Zmavmufrsm;pGmr[kwfod/ a,'gavh olYpmwda& &ckdifpmyDe,frSm


7/75

yHokcifeefYolr\0wKrsm; rdwfqufyHokcifeefY olr\0wKrsm; rdwfqufyHokcifeefYolr\0wKrsm; rdwfqufyHokcifeefY olr\0wKrsm; rdwfqufyHokcifeefYolr\0wKrsm; rdwfquf

pmzwf0goemygolkdU\ tavhtwkdif;ygAsm,f/ ti,fcgu 0wKwkd? &Snfwdukdzwf,ufyif; 0wK&GD;csifpdwf

aygufvmyga&/ ig&GD;auvnf;jzpfzkdYum;? ,if;ykdifygav/ r*Zif;0wKwdukd &oavmufzwf? vkH;csif;0wKrsKd;pkHukdwGdorQzwf? armifae0if;\ ]]avmuESpfq,fvlESpfq,f}} 0wKwkdaygif;csKyfukd vufpGJjyKyem 0wKacswd&GD;zkdYBudK;pm;tm;xkwfczl;yga&/ [kwdywdqkdvkdY ESpfyk'f-okH;yk'favmufawmhcg &GD;jzpfvDzkdYvm;xifyga&/ aemufawmhcg wqwfqwfeefY ukd,fhzmomukd,f odygvwfyga&/ 0wKwkdtawG;? 0wKwkdOD;aESmuf? 0wKwkdvuf? 0wKwkdtwwfynmudk,fhrSmr,S dum-qkdpGmukdyg/ 0wKwkdyg&rD r,Sdqkd&ygzkd YAsm,f/ olrsm;wd zefwD;&GD;zGJYxm;pGmukd zwf&au]]a,mf-[kwfaw0Suf}} vkdY oabmusESpfNcdKufrdyg,ifh/ udk,fu ,if;ykdifrjrifwwf? ,if;ykdifrawG;wwf? ,if;ykdifrcHpm;wwf?,if;ykdifrzGJYqkdwwfyg/ ,if;twGufeefU ukd,fuzefwD;oljzpfrvmbJeefY olrsm;wdzefwD;xm;pGmukd cHpm;ESpfoufwwfavvl? zefwD;oQifwdukd av;pm;tm;useD&a&vl jzpfvmvwfyga&/

jrefrmpmyDavmu &ckdifpmyDavmu tokdif;t0kdif;rSm [kwdywd xJxJ0if0ifusifvnfzl;olr[kwfvDa&twGuf uRefawmfhrSm pmyDtodtuRrf;r,Sdoavmufyg/ ,if;twGufeefY t,ifu Zmykdif,SdvDcav? r,SdvDcav?rodyg? &ckdifkd;rtrSwf(1)xGufvma&cgrS&m]]yHokcif}}qkda& uavmifukd pvkdYMum;zl;zwfzl;yga&/ q&mr\vuf&m]]rId[if;? rIdcRef;? usufoEkyef;eefY umvma&mifjcnf}} 0wKukd zwfvkduf&pGmeefY ]]tbmav;}}vkdY toHxGufyem&ifzwfowfrda&txd jzpfygvm;cyga&/ q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;ajyma&]]em;0ukd yGifypfvkdufawykdif tvefYwMum;aumif;a&pm}} qkdpGma'rSmrSvm;a'-vkdY csdef;csif;oabmaygufvm;c&yga&/

,if;upvkdY q&mryHokcif\ vuf&mrGef0wKacswdukd xkHYykdif; xkHYykdif;zwfvm&yga&/ t,f'DwmtzGJY\wm0efyD;csuft& &ckdifkd;rr*Zif;rSm]]pmwvif;}} qkda& zwfTef;u@ukd wm0ef,lzkdYusvma&cg? &ckdifkd;r(2)rSmumvma&mifjcnf0wKeefY raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm 0wKwd? &ckdifkd;r(3)rSm wpfenf;qifwpfzkHETJygvkdY 0wKeefY bm;bm

0wKwd? &ckdifkd;r(4)rSm t0ga&mifawmufawmuf rsOf;xlwpfaMumif; 0wKkdUukd Tef;qkdyD;cvDyga&/ aqmif;yg;xJrSmxnfhvkdY Tef;onfjzpfpD? tajctaet& rTef;rdvkdufonfjzpfpD/ q&mryHokcif\ vuf&mwkdif;udkawmhcg tvD;xm;vkdY apmifhzwfc&pGmygAsm,f/ zwfvDwkdif;rSmvnf; wpffckr[kwfwpfck ESpfoufcHpm;&pGmygAsm,f/ wpfyk'fcsif;pDukdvkdufvkdY 'D*&Dtwkdif;twm&m tenf;eefYtrsm; uGmjcm;zkdYpGmyg&m/

q&mryHokcif\&ifxJrSm 0wK&G D;zG J Yzk d Yaumif;a& okyfrSeftaMumif;t&mwd ZmavmufZmavmuf,SdeDa&vJvkdY wpfcgwpfcg cefYrSef;MunhfeDrdyga&/

q&mryHokcif\0wKwdrSm xif&Sm;a&tcsuf(3)csuf,Sda&vkdY qkdcsifyga&/

1/ okdif;okdif;0kdif;0kdif;eefY 0D0Dqmqm,Sdjcif; 2/oGufoGufvufvuf 'kd;'kd;a'gufa'gufzGJYqkdjcif;eefY 3/ yDoa&&ckdifa0g[m&wdukd tH0if*Gifuspa&G;ukduf tokH;jyKzGJYqkdEkdif jcif;kdUjzpfyga&/1/ q&mryHokcif\0wKwdukd zwf&pGma& uRefawmfkdUtacscgu ,Sdczl;a& tjzLtrJ "mwfykHwpfykHyk difajcmufajcmufoGdoGdr,Sdyg/ t*kacwfay:vuf&maumifaumif;eefY kdufxm;a&a&mifpkHIcif;"mwfykHwpfykHukd Munfh&a&ykdif pkdjynfeDyga&/ pdrf;zkdYeD&mrSmpdrf;? 0gzkdYeD&mrSm0g? jymzkdYeD&mrSmjymvkdY pdwfyom'jynhf0atmif yD;pGrf;yga&/

wqdwfauacsavmuf erlemxkwfjyyg&pD/ rId[if; rIdcRef;...0wKrSmcsufMunhfyg/ 0wK\t"duqkdvkdcsuf?pm&GD;oly"meajymvkd&if;u]]umvma&mifjcnfudpyg/ ,if;umvma&mifjcnfudpukd ajymjyzkdYtwGuf rId[if;kdU?rIdcRef;kdU? usufoEkyef;kdUukd tm;,lyem rif;nm&Gm? &Gmjywf\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIqufqHa&;? ynma&;? a'oE&yx0D0if ponfjzihf wpfckvnf; rusef&atmif okdif;0kdif;zGJYqkdvmNyD;rS 0wK\ypfrSwfukd zGihfjyxm;pGm wGdEdkifyga&/

,if;ykdifygAsm,f/ awmif&if;uRef;t,fbrf 0wKzGJYpnf;ykHrSm qkdau0g/ Munhfyg/ vufyHjym;&Gm\ a'o0ef;usif/ tzD;tzkd;kdU\ *kPftif/ vufyHjym;q&mawmfBuD;\ oDvorm"d*kPf? ukodemkHbk&m;yGJ/ bdef;pm;armifazmfOD;\okyfouef? bdef;\qkd;usKd;kdufcwfrI ponfponfkdUeefY okdif;0dkif;vmNyD;cgrS wGJbufausmif;q&macsb0\


8/75

'ku? okc? yDwdkdUukd yDjyifatmifjyyem? t"duqkdvkd&if;jzpfaw}} pmjyc pyg;awmif;w&mhig;q,f&zkdYdta&;}}qkdpGmukd zGJYqkdjyxm;pGmyg/

a'eD&mrSm 0wKtm;vkH;eefYywfoufvkdY NcD&maumuf? tus,fzGifh? aumufcsufqGJjyzkdY tajctaeuryD;vkdYyg&m/ usef0wKwdrSmvnf; atenf;vnf;aumif;ygAsm,f/ yef;wpfyGifhwnf;\tvSukd cHpm;&pGmeefYrwlbJ yef;wpfcif;vkH;\yom'ukd tjynhft0IjrifcHpm;&a&ykdifvkdY qkdEdkifzkdYxifyga&/ cyfMurf;Murf; OyrmwpfckyD;&zkdYqkdau

q&mr&GD;jyxm;a& rif;nm&Gmom; ig;&Sma&ykdif (vlokH;av;a,mufpk? urf;ykdifa'gifhukd opfcufwdeefYNidrfhcsxm;?t&mwpfbufu &Dukef;cwf,ufyif;opfcufwpfckeefY&Dukd ]]abmif;abmif;}} owf,lvm;vD? Nidrfhem;ukda&mufauazmfzd)qkda& &GD;om;zGJYqkdenf;vkdY ac:&ygzkdY[ef/2/ ]]u&m;u&DoGefa&ykdif}} qkda& Oyrmpum;pGm q&mryHokcif\ pum;ajyt&GD;tom;ukd tyDjyifqkH;azmfjyEkdifyga&/ Zm0wKwpfyk'frSmyifrqkdyg/ pvkdYzwffvkdufpGmeefY pmzwfol\OD;aESmufeefYESvkH;om;? ESpfckpvkH;pGm 0wK&DtvsOfrSm woGifoGifpD;rsKd;ygvm;vD&pGmygAsm,f/ q&mr\ 0wKwdpGm(1)vrf;oG,frSm(2)&ckdif0,fa&mif; (3)oabFmpD;olrsm; okH;yk'fuvGJau tm;vkH;aus;vufvleDrIokyfazmfjzpfawvkdY ajymvkdY&yga&/ ,if;ykdifokyfazmf&mrSmrdef;rukd rdef;rtavsmuf? a,musfm;ukd a,mufsm;tavsmuf? rdef;r-a,mufsm;qkd&mrSmvnf;oGifh [if;&Smolukd[if;&Sma&ykdif? ig;zrf;olukd ig;zrf;olykdif? v,fxGefolukd v,fxGefolykdif olYtvTmeefYolYtvTm? bkef;BuD;ukd bkef;BuD;tavsmuf? bdef;pm;ukd bdef;pm;tavsmuf? umvom;ukd umvom;tavsmuf "avhpkduf? pum;tajymtqkd?vD,lvDodrf;? a0g[m&tokH;tEIef;vkH;0kyfpGyfjzpfatmif okyfazmfEdkifyga&/ atykdif okyfazmf ,ufyif;vkH;0txpftaighr,Sd (wpfvkH;wpfyg'vnf;rtifhbJ) acsmrGdajyjypfaw pum;ajyt&GD;tom;eefY pmzwfolukd ygrSef;rodygvm;atmifqGJ,l (trSefu-o,faqmif,l)vm;EkdifpGm tHhwpfyg;vkdYajymau vGefzkdYrxifyg/

Ekdif0if;aqG\0wKwdukd zwfawtcg olYpum;ajyt&GD;tom;rSm yifv,fvIdif;pD;&a&ykdif wNidrfhNidrfh?wtdrfhtdrfh? wvl;vl;? wpfvGefYvGefY? edrfhwkHjrifhwkHygvm;yem ESpfoufcHpm;czl;yga&/ t*k q&mryHokcif\ pum;ajyt&GD;tom;uawmhcg tNyD;aumif;a& NydKifjrif;ysKdacsukd pD;vm;&a&ykdifvkdY qkd&zkdYvm;rodygAsm,f/

atykdifoGufvufajyjypfaaw pum;ajyrsKd;ukd ZmykdifyifzGJYwwfvDa&ESef;-vkdY tm;usrEkdif zwfMunhf,ufyif;

wpfcgwpfvDrSm um&efacswdyfvkdY &GD;om;xm;pGmwdukd t*kykdifwGdcDyga&/- csif;,if;jcKwd&myspfaweefY? awmifvrkEG,fwd&pfygvwfpGmuwpfrsKd;? ]]>crf;}}qkdauwef;vkdY pl;ygvm;cawmifruod? q&pfNcHKEG,frSm NidauuyfeDAsm,f/ pl;jcpf&mw&mpyf? wpfzufujzKwf wpfzufuyf? ESif;pGwfvkdYvrf;acsmcgNcDrukdukwfvkdYwufvD&pGm? tqpfjyKwfygvm;zkdY? usOfvma&emvma&b0rSm? wefYeDvkdY&pGmvnf;r[kwfeefYav/(bm;bm)

- ewfawmfjymokdvrSm? rkd;xapmapmESif;0D0DeefY? pkefvDjzufpyfjzufpyf? &GefUvIdif;acsabmifbifowfeDwkef;?&if;wGef;xkd; ,ufyif;(raemfoD&d)

- jyemqkdpGmu &GmorQrkd; udk,fhacgif;xkd;cHvkdYvJ jzpfzkdYpGmu r[kwf? wpfEG,fiifwpfpifygvm;au raumif;,m?rD;ckd;


9/75

BudK;yrf;rIjzpfawvkdYjrifyga&/q&mrtokH;jyKxm;a& a0g[m&trsm;BuD;xJu (tl? *sd*sD*sd*Rwf? '&J'&if;? pyfpyf&Sm;&Sm;? xufyuf?

tavSmuf? tifh? tjcif;aohaoh? pOf;jywf? Aef;&? eoef;e0g? tvef;vef;? uHeefYuH? yspfwuf? pkwfyJhcwf? 0'ef;us??zkHzkHypf? tckdifukdif? tuyf? abmufuwwf? upOfupOf? tjcif;BuD;? rsdwf? 'kwfodjrKwfoD? IIyifyif? yl& jynhf? vSL;?Asm&vGef)kdUukd uRefawmfwwfpGrf;oavmufcsuf jrefrma0g[m&wdeefY tpm;xkd;Munhfyga&/ r&ygaxm? at

a0g[m&wdpGm &ckdif&opmyDtwGuf awmufvufaw &wemcJacswdygAsm,fa,/xnfhrajymcau jynhfpkHzkdYr[kwfpGmwpfck usefygoda&/ 0wKokH;yk'f-wpfyk'fpDrSm t*Fvdyfa0g[m&wdu

toHvS,fxm;a&pum;vkH; (tefuGm&D? uref;yD;? tkd'g)kdUukd eD&mwusokH;xm;pGm oabmuszkdYaumif;a&qkdpGmyg/

Nidrf;ausmf\0wKwdukd zwfawtcgrSm ywf0ef;usifobm0tzGJYwdrSm tyifBuD;tyifacswd? jrufawmxJrSmaygufeDa&yef;kdif;yifacswpfyifutp emr,feefY wdwdusus&GD;zGJYxm;pGmukd oabmusrdyga&/ ti,fta*gifacswpfckutp ayghayghacsoabmrxm;? *kwpkduf,Sda&axmvkdYyg/

t*kq&mryHokcif\0wKwdrSmcg tyifacswpfyifavmuf ZmupDygzkdYvJ? &DNrDawmawmif? ZmwfaqmifkdUtrlt,m? ajymykHqkdykHvD,lvDodrf;? toHyvH? ta&miftqif; ,Sd,SdorQukd tao;pdwfqefcgus &GD;zGJYxm;pGmwdukdtHhMoBuD; usatmifwGd&yga&/ jrifwwf? wGdwwf? rSwfom;wwf? &GD;zGJJYwwfpGmuyifu Zmykdifajym&rSef;awmifrodatmifygAsm,f/

a'o0ef;usifobm0ukd a'ykdif okyfazmfyga&/- zuf&Hawmaomaom? [if;ca&mfNcHKykwfacswdMum;rSm zsmokH;0ef;pmavmufrSm EGm;w&GDuRJwpftkyf? jzm;&DjyufpDjyufpyfeefY vIyfvIyfvIyfvIyfjrufEkikwfpdaoQ wNrKHUNrKHU.../ armfxkwfpGef;ra&mufcifrSmyif aAm'gacsmif;&D;eefYukvm;wefjrpf&DkdU aygif;qkHa&m,Suf? vufckyfcyf vIdif;abmufbufoyf? &&GefU&&GefYNidrfhNidrfhtdrfhtdrfh.../ BudrfacGarmfbufu &Dus? iNyDuRef;u &Daxmif;? aAm'gacsmif;0u &DwGuf? okH;yGifhqkdifusvkdufvkdYuawmh 'kH;uvm;zkdUrSmvIdif;ay:vkdY yaysmuf qmvl;Asm,frSwf/ (awmif&if;uRef;t,fbrf)

&Gmom;kdU\ eDxkdifykH"avhacswpfckukd t*kykdifjyyga&/- jrpfem;us&GmjzpfvkdY Z&yfav;ig;ckpvkH;? tm;vkH;jrpfurf;em;rSm wpdacspDjcm;vkdY wef;Asm,faqmufxm;a&/ukd&dyfwduvnf; aumif;a&eefY? ta&mif;om;tcsom;? c&D;vm;tm*EK{nhfonfwd? csufjyKwfpm;aomufwnf;ckdvkdYwrsKd;? ykdufxkd;ykdufzm? ESD;jzmpmzwf? 'g;aqmufwyf,ufyif; vmeDa&&Gmom;wdrjywf..../ 'a,mwpfykdif;pDcif;vkdY Muaomif;0g;ykdif; acgif;tkH;Asm,fwef;vkdY tdyfeDuyfpGm? ukd,fhtdrfrSm tdyfaw a,musfm;yifr,Sdvm;vkdYxif&zkdY/

nZmzuf jzm;uscsdefqkdau tnmwufvm;ca& vifom;wdukd r,m;wdarQmfuwfysm,f? yef;wlzGif;zGif;zGmvkdYtacswpfa,mufpD cg;awmif;wifAsm,fukdjrpfwdrSm xkdifeDuwfysm,f/ (raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm)(raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm)(raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm)(raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm)(raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm)

&SufpGmwpfrsKd;? ,lusKH;r&jzpfpGmwpfrsKd;eefY a'gotkd;uGJeDa& vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfa,muf\ cHpm;csufukdt*kykdifjyyga&/

-tbmav; tbmav;? uRJom;wkH; 'l;a*gif;avmufukd ig;zJhawmifpm;uwfyga&vlkdU...tabmifr oDcg awmifaomufzl;uwfzkdYr[kwf? vufzuf&nftcsKd&nfokH;cGufyl;aomuf0HhuwfpGmwdav? tHhyg,ifha0;tHhyg,ifh? ...tbmav; oGD;wkH;tHwdav? tpOfrSmawmif jrifzl;uwfzkdYr[kwf? udwfrkefYwd? oHcGDrkefYwd? ysmvmjywfpDESufuwfpGmav?umvem&dwfemeefY csufygvDuwfauaumif;zkdY (wpfenf;qif)(wpfenf;qif)(wpfenf;qif)(wpfenf;qif)(wpfenf;qif)aus;vufobm0tacswd "avhwpfuGufukdawmhcg atykdifyg/-o&ufoD;? awm0csKdifoD;? cscsm;oD;? ZD;jzLoD;kdUu oumcJ&a& a,Smif&mrSwfaw rif;*GwfoD;? zefcg;oD;avhrcsefaumufpm;cl;pm;? roumau anmif


10/75

bm;bm0wKrSm &rf;NAJom; vloGefYwpfa,muf\ eufa,mifum;vDoH? rId[if; rIdcRef;0wKrSm usufoEkyef;eefYrId[if;kdU\ yumoeDponfjzihf ponfjzihf tEkpdwf&GD;zGJYxm;pGmwdukd toD;oD;wGd&yga&/

q&mryHokcif\0wKacswdukd zwfIcHpm;yem &ifxJrSm ay:vma&ykdif pOf;pm;qifjcifrda&ykdif &GD;awmhcg

&GD;csvkdufygAsm,f/ trSmpm tkyfaygufvD,ifhvm;? raygufvDvm rqkdEkdifygAsm,f/

rSefaompum;wpfcGef;ukd qkdygar/q&mryefokcif\0wKwdpGm ukd,fh*kPfeefYukd,f? ukd,fhj'yfeefYudk,f? udk,fhpwkdifeefYukd,f? ukd,fhtvSeefYudk,f?

ukd,f&eHYeefYudk,f tqkH;pGefxd 0if;vufawmufy rTD;jrNyD;om;jzpfyga&/ aemifat;\ trSmpmaMumihf t&mxyfvkdYwpfzJhwpf,GJY*kPf wufvmp&mr,Sdyg/

attrSmpmukd azmfjyyD;vkdufjcif;jzihf 0wKwkd q&mryHokcifu&m 0wKr&GD;wwfaw aemifat;ukd *kPfjyK&ma&mufawqkdpGmyg/

q&mryHokcif atxufq,fqwkd;vkdY 0wKacswd &GD;zGJUEkdifygpD/&ckdif&opmyDtmumjyifrSm 0if;vufawmufya& Mu,fyGifhacswd xGef;vif;cGifhyD;EkdifygpDvkdY qEjyKvkdufyga&/

tm;vkH;r*Fvmyg/aemifat;

2005? {NyDv


11/75

yifwkdif;ukd &SifpDcsifNyD;yifwkdif;ukd &SifpDcsifNyD;yifwkdif;ukd &SifpDcsifNyD;yifwkdif;ukd &SifpDcsifNyD;yifwkdif;ukd &SifpDcsifNyD;yHokcif

(1)emr,fwyfavmufatmifxd pl;,Say:vGif a[mifwufeDpGmuawmh oaygufa&eHY[m[mwdAs,f/ dpkdYpkdY

csOfpkyfpkyf ykyfokd;okd; teHYrsKd;pkHwduawmh b,favvkdYr[kwf/ toufatmifhcsifykdif atmifhxm; Iyf-IyfeefYyifolYxufig wkd;As,fwkdufAs,f 0ifvm;rvDuwfzkdY oDcsma&/rsufpdus&mw0kdufrSmyif tacswdqkdpGm t&G,fpkH qkd'fpkH ykHo@meftrsKd;rsKd; wNydKifwnf;jrifeD&yg,ifh/

rsm;umawmh c&rf;&ifha&mifqifwl0wfpkHacswdeefY/wGm;wwfacsav;ig;a,muf ausmif;aMumufrSm NrDBuD;jyifrSm ]cRrf;} ]cRrf;} ESifhyif zifwGm;wGm;olwGm;/

'l;wGm;wGm;olwGm;/ armifoQifaoQwcsKd U Mum;usD Mum;usyf vl;vmacgufwkefYeDuwf/ vlwdvm&m vm;&mukdjyufoDjyufpyf armAsm,fMunhfvkdYwwkdif/ xkdem;a'em;rSm tNyJNyJikdeDpGmvJh jrif&Mum;&yg,if h/ av;ig;a,mufw&GDuawmh upyfeDuwfaw/

zifucsD;,kd,if;wef;vef; tacswpfa,mufukd armifoQifaoQESpfyg; [,m;A,m;qGJ,lvkdY aemufzufukd

,lvm;ca&od/ ]]vSDum;pifxufrSm csD;pkdufcsxm;Asm,f}} tacswusKdif a&mif;a&mif;owfvkdY a0SmeDvkdufuwfpGm/tBuD;rdef;racsESpfa,muf NyD;wufvm;cuwf,ifh/ ,if;olkdUtqif;rSm a,musfm;0wkwfacswpfaumif NcDum;&m;vufum;&m; wjAKef;jAKef;cgvkdY ygvwf,ifhaxm/

oeyfcg;yg;uGufusm;acs tusteESdrf;vkdY tus? abmif;bDpwkdifususacseefY okH;a,mufu oem;urm;eefY&Sm;eDuwfpGm cspfaumif;xrIef;acs/

ausmif;,Sd&mxuf wqifhjrifhwufeDa&jyifrSm zsmokH;av;csyf zkdz&Jcif;vkdY ,SdeD,ifh/ zsmxufrSm rdef;rBuD;wpfa,muf wifyvifacGvkdY xkdifeDa&/ olY&ifcGifrSm vom;&G,f tacsESpfa,mufukd b,fwpfa,muf nmwpfa,muf zvmowf yufvufvufxm;As,f EkdYykvif;wkdufxm;pGmNidrfvkdY

0rf;csylacsukd [mvm[if;vif;vSef,ifhyif; NrDBuD;xufrSm xvef;um;vSefvkdYwpfa,muf ikdeDpGmrqkH;/toHjymeDAs,f/ xGufeDwjcrf;xkd;vmeDauvJh vkH;0eD&mr&Gd/ NrDacgif;,if;ikd,if;/ &ifcGifrSm rxkdif&vkdY tufqkd;jyeDpGmvwf/ tem;u rdef;r Zmykdifyifacsmhacsmh vkH;0rwdwf/

okH;ESpf&G,faumifracswa,mufuvJh rdef;rBuD;aemufukef;ukdrTDvkdY ]]tef? tef}}ESifhyif tikdulNyD;au tqmus,feDa&,SdzkdY/ t&nf,kd,kd? tzwf,kd,kdeefY eDxkdifaumif;ykHr&/

t0wfzGwfvSrf;eDa& rdef;rBuD;aemufukdvJh tacsESpfa,muf acgufwkefYacgufjyef vkdufeDuwf,ihf/vkH;0t0wfryg Avmusif;vkdY wkH;uvkH; zifuvifa,musfm;acs ckESpfa,mufavmufuawmh 'kH;oD;acswdykdif

As,f awmufawmufusef;acswdav/ 'l;qpfeefYwifom;wdrSm usKyf0wfwifeDpGm e*kdtom;jzpfa,mifhar/ausmif;0if;wckvkH;rSm

apwDem;rSm----"rmkHem;rSmausmif;aMumufrSm----vSDum;xpfwdrSm0&efwmwavQmufrSm----tacstacswd---bkpkck uvefYykpGef--- okH;av;q,f uygzkdYvm;/]tacsrGD;pyfawausmif;}....trsm;olwum ac:ajymeDuwfpGm..../ 0Sufuma,/

(2)]]vlacswdvm;csifh}}abmf'gBuD; t0D;aw;oH uavmifykdifoQifu tacswdukd pdpdeHeH wem;MunhfNyD;au rdef;cGef;xkwfvkdufaw/

tajzvkdcsifvkdYrdef;pGm ZmjzpfekdifygzkdYvJ/ ypKyefwnfhwnfhu kwfw&ufckefxGufNyD;zkdY awmifyHjzefYvkdufawcg yJh


12/75

zdum;/ {uE ]]ajzzkdYumvwck t0D;BuD;xm;yD;ygtoQif}} vkdY kdkdaoao awmif;awmif;yefyefeefY &ufcsdef;wpfckawmif;xm;zkdY usuwfygzkdYa,/ ,yD;au rduGefaqmifxm;yvkduf &zkdYpGmrsKd;yg&m,Sifh/

jrifjyif;0eDa& rsufESm&dyfrsKd;ay:rvm;atmif pdwfukdcsKd;ESdrfy,fazsmuf? wriftm;pkdufvkyfxnfhxm;NyD;om;t"dym,fygyg rsufvkH;wpfpkHwnf;eefY pkdufMunhfypfvkdufawcg...]t0D;aw;oH} q&mBuD;wa,muf vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmaygufvm;ykH&yga&/ vSDum;wpfxpfcsif;eif;vkdY ausmif;xufukd wufvm;cygaxm/

(3)t&Sdzufudk rsufESmrlwnf,Sda& bk&m;aqmif&SdrSm q&mawmfxkdifeDyga&/ &Sdckd;OD;csrIudpNyD;pGmeefY oifh&meD&m

wckrSm tjcm;{nfhonfwcsKdUeefYtwl a&mxkdifeDckduf ausmif;xufrSm,SdeDa& tacswcsKdUukd trSwfxifxif tem;uyfvkdY tuJcyfcGifh&eDygaxm/

abmif;wif&G,faumifracsESpfa,mufu q&mawmfTefMum;orQ a0,sm0pwdukd ydyd&d&dvkyfyD;zkdYwwfeDuwfAs,f/ Al;acs? wkHacs? tkyfacs? t&GufacswdeefY ,Iwf,Sufcyf upyfcsifeDuwfaw tacswdukdvJh xdef;yD;eDazmf&yg,ifh/ q&mawmfu wcGef;ESpfcGef;avmufpD&m 0ifxdef;yD;kHyg/

tacstm;vkH;vlwdukd vkH;0pdrf;ykHr&/ tvSL,SdvkdY ykdaysmfeDuwfykHay:yga&/ BuD;BuD;i,fi,f zmodzmodajymvkdYa[mvkdY/

vif;BuJwkH;vkH;tzGJYu tyift&SnfqkH; tacswa,mufwnf; NcDokwfESpfckeefY pum;ajymeDpGm ryDuvmyDuvm wwfyifvJhwwfaw0ga,/ ]]atrQifhu rdef;rokwfpGmr[kwfvm;}} ]]teDa&mifu a,musFm;wdokwfpGm}}xyfcgxyfcgajym,if; NcDokwfESpfckukd &Gdvkdufcif;vkduf/ useftacswdu olajymorQvkyforQukd rsufvkH;0kdif;0kdif;acseefY armfMunfheDuwf,ifh/

[def;...tusdwufvkdY ikdoHwck vSDum;xpfu wufvmaxm/ aemufuvJh usDa&mifwa&mif tacswtkyfvkdufvmoHMum;a&/ Murf;jyifukd vSrf;wufzkdY ysifeDa&tacsukd rdef;racswpfa,muf qGJAs,f&Guf,lzkdY vkH;0rvkdufvkd/

vdefvkdY wGefYvkdY avsmqif;vm;ca&csnf;As,f/]]csxm;vkduf? csxm;vkduf}}q&mawmfu vSrf;ajymvkdufaw toHyga,/vufESpfzuf? 'l;ESpfacsmif;tm;ukd;eefY ikd,ifhyif; wGm;ygvm;cpGm q&mawmf&ifcGifwkdYxd acgif;wvkH;xkd;wif

NyD;au ikdrqkH;od/tacsa*gif;ukd q&mawmfu tomacswcsufESpfcsufyGwfyD;NyD;au ]wdwf}]wdwf}vkdY ESpfcGef;&majymvkdufaw

csufcsif; ikdoHwdwfNyD;au q&mawmfukd armfMunhfeDvDh,ifh/&GufzkdY? acsmhzdkYvl uomig;&mavmuf,SDeDMum;u wGm;wwfacswa,muf q&mawmf,Sd&m ausmif;wufukd

ta&mufvmzkdY/ wwfvDpGm Zmtmom? Zmvkdb ,SdvkdYvJ/

tcgyifrvnfEkdifoda&t&G,feefY &SnfvkdY&wwforQ tm;xkwfqGJqefYxm;vm&a& ikdaMumZGJ....puefYykdif;rQyg&m]wdwf}? ]wdwf} acgfif;rSm vufwifvkdY t,macsESpfcsufavmufyGwfyD;...q&mawmfharwm? ukPm rD*g0yf ta&twGuf ZmrQavmuf? tacsbufukd aysmf0ifpD;qif;0ifa&mufvm;

cavhqkdpGm---/ rsuf&nfodrf;/ NidrfoufNidrf;csrf;/ bDpudwfrkefYajcmufacsESpf,Suf pm;As,f xkdifeDvD,ifh/]tacswdukd &GufzkdYvkH;0tusifhrvkyfedkif/ vl&Gufau rqif;yJuyfeDvDuwfAs,f/ tm;vkH;ukd yg;pyfeefY

acsmhxdef;xm;&a&}} q&mawmfu a'tjzpfeefYpyfvkdY ajymjyjzpfawpum;yg/&ufom;? vom;? yufvufacsuyif q,fESpfatmuf tacsokH;av;q,fukd weD&mwnf;? wNydKifwnf;rSm

apwemh0efxrf; txdef;ESpfa,mufavmufeefY q&mawmfauR;rGD;? jyKpk? apmihfa&Smufxm;vD&zkdYpGm ykHoDrlwpfckr,SdbJ

vkH;0jzpfEkdifzkdkdYpGmu r[kwfyg/]tacsqkdpGm vlrGD&rS,OfpGm}qkdNyD;au ajymvJajym/ rkd;xav;csufwD;uyif tdyf&muxvkdY av;&uforD;


13/75

NrdD;cspfrukd &ifcGifrSmwifvkdY ykqkd;txyfxyfxkyfAs,f rGD;pyfwwfaw tzkd;wpfa,mufukd owd&jzpfyg,ihfaxm/]]tusihfaumif;a&vkdYAs,f? EkdYwcsufwkdufkHuvGJvkdY tacsukd w&ufvkH; ,kdif;xufwifAs,f ]Budwf}? ]Budwf}

vTJxm;pGmav bDvl;rtrdwda,?wd&pmefawmif vleefYvufyGef;wwD;eDzefrsm;au ,OfvmpGmrjrifvm} qkda&Mo0g'xl;vJh tcsyfykd

ygygod,ihf/

rlaumif;auvJh tokH;rwnfhpGmawmh xif&Sm;NyD;om;yg&m wOD;wnf;aom om;orD;NrD;jrpfwdudk oufvkH;ykHESif;pkNyD ;au rdbbkd;bGm;kdU0kdif;tkHrGD;pyf&pGmeefY q&mawmftvkyfukd EIdif;tyfygzkdYvm;a,/

(4)a'gepdrf;kda&mif vdyfjymacswaumif ausmif;NcH0if;w0kduf vl;vmacgufwkefY 0JysHeDyga&/ awmifyHacs

odrfhodrfhvIyf arwm0wf&nfpkyf,leDvkdufpGmav...yef;wumyifwkdif;rSm tvkdvkd0wf&nfjynfh ,kdzdwfoG,fvsHvdkY.../

usDusDusmusm vdyfjymoHpOfaw;oGm;&TihfysHjrL;


14/75

'&mod/ &&mrSm cRwfcsypfcAs,f/ acsmhvkdY&au&/ aemufqkH;cg wkefeefYajcmuf? wifom;ukdaph? aemufukef;ukdAkH;&pGmwdygav....t*k a'acswd qkdpGmvJ vlom;tacswdjzpfvkdY obm0rSmpD;arsm/ t0wfukdjiif;/0wfyD;vkdufau cRwfvkdYMuif;xm;c/rpkHztkyf? tdrfrSm&mrSm tacswpfa,mufwnf;? rsm;auESpfa,mufyl; rGD;pyfawykdifawmh..../ ,auvJh

,if;wkH;vkH;usif;usif; 'kH;oD;acswd ZmykdifcspfzkdY aumif;avrod/ vlwdukd &,fvkdYarmvkdY ajymvkdYa[mvkdY{nfhcHzkdY wwfeDuwfAs,faxm/]]at tacswd tcsif;csif; &efrjzpfuwfygvm}} xl;jcm;ykdifwGdeDvkdY pyfpkvdkufaw/]]jzpfcsifa&? rjzpf&atmif oifxm;a&}} q&mawmfu tajzyD;,ihfyif;-]]a0tkdY? atem;ukd vmvwfuwfprf; qkdNyD;au tacswdukd ac:vkdufawcg av;ig;a,muf tem;ukda&mufvmuwfyga&/]]&efjzpfawvl ZmoleefYwla&mif}} q&mawmfrdef;MunfhpGmyg/]]cGD;eefYwlyga&}} tacstm;vkH; a0Smajzuwfyga&/]]cGD;Zmpm;av}}]]csDd;pm;yga&}}]]vlZmpm;av}}]]xrif;pm;ygzkdY}}]]vljzpfrS xrif;pm;&zkdY/ &efjzpfau cGD;jzpfzkdY/ &efrjzpfuwfauhESif;}}q&mawmfu vufwGdokyfjy tajzyD;ykH wcg;wnf;,Sif;vm;cyg,ifhaxm/ ADADtcsKd&nfESpfAl;azmufAs,fZGef;acswacsmif;eefY tBuD;rdef;racswpfa,mufukd vSrf;yD;NyD ;au]]0DvkdaomufcDuwf? rwfkdUu npmxrif;pm;&zkdYr[kwfvm;/ ukd,ifwdaomufzkdYvkda&/ ukd,ifwdunpmrpm; r[kwfvm;}}

tacswdtm;vkH; vrf;cem;zufukd &Gdvm;cuwfyga&/,if;edu q&mawmfajymjyorQ a'tacswdeefYq&mawmf jzwfoef;vm&a&c&D;ukd em;axmif&pGm okH;csufwGufenf;ykpmavhusifhcef;vkyfeD&a&ykdifcsnf; wGdygvwfyga&/vlYb0jzpfwnfrIorkdif;rSm...wOD;wa,mufwnf;upvkdY vifr,m;? om;orD;? rdom;pk? aqGrsKd;om;csif;?

&if;ESD;rdwfaqG ponfav;yg;kdU pm;? 0wf? eDxkdifa&;? tjcm;usef;rma&;? ynma&;? vlrIa&;...ta&;aygif;rsm;pGmavmuDbkH"vdrSm &SmzGDauR;rGD;axmufyHhyD;urf; wm0efxrf;uwfvD&pGm jznfhjynfha&vkdYr&Sd/ acgif;vIyf? vufvIyf?yg;pyfvIyf? ,IyfxGD;ayGvDkef;uefvkduf&pGm ....uHukd,kd;r,fzGJY qif;&Jcsrf;omqlBuHKedrfhjrifh tm;vkH;vkdpGmcsnf;,Sdykda&r,Sd a'avmuBuD;rSm..../

q&mawmfeefY a'tacsrsm;pGmkdU

w&ufw&ufrSm pm;zkdYcsnf;oufouf---/ wGuf/ ocsFmykpykdifwGuf/ trsm;vkd tenf;eefYpm;? trsm;eefYajrmuf/ OaPSmufajcmufcHEkdifzkdYvl tolav? ukd,fvm;? rif;vm;/ eifvm;/ igvm/ avm*&rf;orfpmtkyfeefYcswGufvkdY wdusa&udef;*Pef;&zkdYykdifwGdvm/ uGefysLwmeefYqkdau0g/ ESpfq,fhav;em&D tvpfx&pfrD;r&pGmukd taMumif;jyvkdY uGefygAl;xJrSm acgufkd;BuDatmif xkd;xnfhxm;vkduf&zkdY ykpmrsKd;jzpfvm;ygzkdY[ef/

]]qefeefUyJa&mcsufvkdY auR;c&a&/ a'em;w0kduf pm;vkdY&a& tyiftESH[lorQcsufpm;uwf&pGmAs,f/atavmufaygatmifxGufwwfaw rIdcRef;[if;qkdpGmav ausmif;em;w0kdufrSm jyKef;vm;cawmifruod/ tjcm;ausmif;em;wdrSmyg wkH;ygvm;a&}}

]]wcgu rxl;,mqkdNyD;au aygufyGifhwdukdcl; jyKwf? vufokyfokyfNyD;pmuwfpGm/ xrif;awmh0ifyg,ifh/vkdifusdyspf&ifwif;vkdY 'kuusuwfawrem;a,/ aemufrpm;vD,m}}

wdwfcGDtaumif;jzpfauvJh "mwfcJukefcgeD;xnfhzGihfcg xGufawtoHrsKd;ykdif em;xJukd jcyfjcyfxpfxpfaqmifh0ifvm;ca& q&mawmfhjyefajymif;ajympum;yg/


15/75

]]t*kawmh tvSLoQifwdaMumihf xrif;ESyfxyfukdawmh auR;EkdifatmifpDpOfEkdif,m EkdifiHjcm;tzGJYtpnf;wckuvJ AGD;pacswdtwGuf zkcGufwdvSLxm;a&/ tom;auR;zkdYvJh &uftuefYtowfeefY vmvSLpGm,Sda&/ EkdYpkdYacswdtwGufu ESpf&ufwxkwfus EkdYrIefYxkwfBuD; 0,fxm;&pGm tacswd usef;rma&;udpeefY ynma&;udptwGufvJh twwfEkdifqkH;pDpOf&pGmAs,f}} &HykHaiGukdaxmufvkdY ryDjyifEkdifoD;}}

]]tacswdrSm twef;r,SdayhpD tNcDcH &D;? zwf? wGufwwfatmif t*Fvdyfpm? jrefrmpm? ocsFmjyzkdYq&m

q&mrESpfa,muf tultnDawmif;xm;vkdY jyeDuwfaw/ twef;ausmif;xm;zkdY tacswdvkHNcHKa&; pdwfrcs&vkdYrvkyfekdifod/}}

rGD;xm;vsufeefY wm0efr,lEdkifa&vlwdu udk,fhom;orD;ukd rsKd;jcm;wdbufrSm az;omeefY a&mif;pm;uwf&mu trsKd;bmom qkH;,IH;vD&zkdYudpukd q&mawmfu &ifxkremjzpfNyD;au a'tacsrGD;pyfawtrI jyKvmvwfpGmvkdYvlwkdif;Mum;uwfNyD;om;yg&m/ pdwf,Sdwkdif; ukd,fygvkyfEkdifatmif q&mawmfpavQmuf? pxGifc&a&vrf; ZmrQMurf;vDygzkdYvJ avQmufqJvrf;yg0g..../

usKyfzkdYvrf;vm;tkwfcJcif;vrf;vm;'kHemjzef;EkdifAs,fvm---yef;wkdifukd OD;wnfvm;eDpGmawmh oDcsmyga&/

(6)

okH;av;ig;cg a&mufzl;jrifzl;BuHKzl;kHrQeefY tacswdeefY ywfoufauq&mawmf tuJqyfrcHEkdifykHtm;vkH;ukdrSwfwrf;jyKEkdifzkdY r[kwfyg/

]]uRefawmfkdU acsmufom;r[kwfygvkdY pmwrf;wck &D;&zkdY wumrBuD; / ]]rdbrJh}}qkda&pum;ukdvJh igb0ifruscsif/ tacswdukd tiSg;om;tiSg;orykdif ckdif;zkdYtwGuf vmawmif;a&vlwdukdvJh igvkH;0yD;zkdYr[kwf/ AGD;a&om;orD;ukdaz;om;eefY a&mif;pm;ypfaw rdbwdukd ta&;,lzkdY Oya'r,Sdvm;oQifh/ &ckdifom;rdzu rGD;vma& tpdwfauwd

&ckdifom;ykdif vlvm;ajrmufpDcsifa&/ t,ifcgawmh a,musfm;acswdBuD;vmau ukd,if0wfyD;xm;vkdufaw/ *kawmholkdUqE,SdrS oQifoGif;zkdYvkdY pdwful;xm;a&/ wqyfqyft&G,fa&mufvmzkdY rdef;racswdukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufzkdYwm0efpau us,fvmzkdYa'/ xkdua'uajymuwfpGm&m [kwdywd0ifvkyfzkdYvl,Sm;a&/ t*k rdef;rESpfa,mufapwemh0efxrf; uleDuwfvkdY atavmuftqifoifheDpGm....}}

&Dwef;&SiftjrifhBuD;u wa0ga0g &D[kefxkd;qif;vma&ykdif---jzLzGD;,Sif;oefYa& &DvkH;yef;zGm;wd oG,fqif;tkdifxGef;eDvD,ifh/trsKd;bmomtwGuf q&mawmfh0ef? q&mhawmftm;rmefwdkd;rawmifb,HrSm tufwkdufjynfh0SefNzdK;armufeDvDa,mifar/rkd;wGif;u 0rf;a&m*gaMumifh tacsokH;av;a,muf qD;kHwufuko,if; qkH;,IH;ysufpD;vm;ca&owif;

vlwdMum;rSm jyefYMuif;vDca&/rGD;pyfpGm pepfrusrEkdif0efxrf;a&tyl&SmpGm&mbkef;BuD;wefrJh---uJh&JUjypfwif? [dEykwfcyfuwfaw toHkdU pDpDnH&Tifhygvmvwfaw/tedp? 'ku? tewvkdY &GwfzkdYwwfuwf/ rNrJjcif;? qif;&Jjcif;? tpkd;r&jcif;vkdY teufjyef/ oDjcif;uif;&m

edAmefaoTsjynfjrwfukd awmifhw/ uHukefoD&jcif;? toufukefoD&jcif;? toufESihf uHESpfyg;ukef oD&jcif;/xkdoHa0*wdeefY rpdrf;/ ,if;ykdifvlcyfodrf;kdUonfyif olwpfyg;ukd tjypfjrifwwf? tjypfwifrIrSm uRrf;usifvG,fuluwfpGmvJh &dqGD;eDa& acgufkd;usKd; avmu"Hw&m;&mvkdY q&mawmfcHpm;&vDzkdY oDcsmyga&/

&u0HoO,smOfawmfBuD;xJrSm rsKd;pdus aygufyGm;vmNyD;a& yifaygufacs [l&m&mkdUukd ,if;O,smOfBuD;xJrSmyif &SifoefBuD;jrifh zGHYNzdK;oD;yGifhvSy0DqmpDcsifa& q&mawmf\ tmoDoukd ysm;&nfcsKdjr[kwfr[kwf wpfwkdYacsavmuf


16/75

jrnf;prf;/ MunhfvkdYajymuwfarqkdau0g.../jrifhrkd&fawmifOD;u pkdifusygvwfaw &ufom;? vom;? ESpfom; ysKd;yifaygufacsrsKd;pkHkdUu &wwforQ

aumuf,lodrf;qnf;xm;/ ]]r[mrked Ak'0d[m&}} O,sOfacsxJrSm qufvufpkdufysKd;? jyKpkysKd;axmif q&mawmfBudK;yrf;&Gufaqmifxm;vDorQ tdrfrufr[kwf/ ykH0wKr[kwf/ ESpfem&Dpm MunhfzkdY kdufjyxm;a& kyf&Sif? AD'D,kdwpfum;r[kwfrSef;odvG,fuwfzkdYpGmyg&m

vlom;urm vlkdU&GmrSm vlom;acswpfa,muf vlvm;ajrmufzkdY rGD;zGm;onfrS pwifNyD;oumv ZmykdifrGD;pyfvm&av----

ukd,fhukdukd,fhom;orD;ukdudk,fhnDtpfukdarmifESrwdukdwl? wlr wdukd----NrD;? jrpfwdukd----/ rsufvkH;zGifhvkdY &J&JBuD;Munhfcsvkdufuwfygwcsuf/av;acsmif;axmuft0wfykcufrsm;pGmxJu yufvefacseDwm&JacswdEkdYykvif;? ekdYDeHY? a[mifpyf[mqmqm teHYaygif;pkHMum;u q&mawmfeefY apwemh0efxrf; txdef;awmfESpf

a,muf tNydKif;tkdif;tacs-tacsrsm;pGmkdU\ edpkdif&ufquf yuwdb0ouf&Sif&yfwnfrIc&D;vrf;rSm tprf;cefYyg&rDoQifwa,mufavmuf pdwful;eefY &Smxnfhuwfygr,f/ oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlom;xJrSm &SmMunfhuwfygr,f

yifwkdif;ukd &SifpDzkdY q&mawmf vufvSrf;eDyg,ifhaxm/ /yHokcif

&ckdifjynf


17/75

&ckdif 0,fa&mif; qD;&D;wGJ&ckdif0,fa&mif; qD;&D;wGJ&ckdif 0,fa&mif; qD;&D;wGJ&ckdif0,fa&mif; qD;&D;wGJ&ckdif 0,fa&mif; qD;&D;wGJyHokcif-&ckdifjynfyHokcif-&ckdifjynfyHokcif-&ckdifjynfyHokcif-&ckdifjynfyHokcif-&ckdifjynf

(atqkd'f)(atqkd'f)(atqkd'f)(atqkd'f)(atqkd'f)]]om;acsukd ra&mif;vm;}}

]]Nidrf;csrf;atmifukd a&mif;zkdYvm;}}Mum;eDruscg at y#doEm&pum;u cg;oufoufeefY em;0ifrajzmifhcpGmawmh trSefyg/ wqwfqwfeDom;wus jzpfvmcgawmh em;Mum;rqef;vkdufAs,f/

OD;bckdif? a':romjzLkdU\ pwkwajrmufom; Nidrf;csrf;atmifwa,muf q,fwef;ukd ig;bmom*kPfxl;

eefYatmifa&vwf/ &ckdifwjynfvkH;rSmrS ESpfa,mufwnf;ygpGmvwfav/ NrdKUacswvuf0g;rSm awmrD;ykdifowif;jyefYvm;c,ifh/

atmifpm&if;xGufawedu rdom;wpkvkH; woufrSm raysmfzl;a&taysmfrsKd;eefY aysmfjzpfcuwfaw/ trfpD

awmh 'gkduf0ifvDzkdYAs,f/ rdom;pkxJrSm q&m0efwa,muf aocsmaygufjzpfAs,frem;a,qkdNyD;au yDwdwvIdifvIdif/&yfausmf&Gmausmf acgif;azmf&ifaumh *kPf,lrqkH;Ekdif/

om;orD;ajcmufa,muf vlvm;ajrmufzkdYtwGuf rdb0w&m;wyg;vJh rysufuGufcsif/ 0efxrf;b0eefYkef;uefvmuwf&a& rdbwdjzpfeDvkdY&mwck]]twwfoifpD}} qkda& rdb0wfukd ]]yD;0DESD;&if;}}xJrSm wcgwnf;a&maygif;xm;yvkdufNyD;au ]]ynmtrGDyD;Ekdifcau}}---vkdYpcef;owfxm;&pGmrsKd;yg&m/ ,SdvkdYuawmh rdbOpmom;orD;wdtwGuf csnf;ESihf&mr[kwfygvm/

ylylavmifavmifbGJY&NyD;p om;BuD;twGuf atmufqkdufaumif;a&XmerSm tvkyfacsweD&m&ygzkdYt&D;?wodef;atmuft&if;tESD;acseefY [kdNyD;a'NyD; cpyfeD&pGmukd&m wcsufMunhfuwfygzd/ orD;BuD;u olemjyK 'kwd,ESpf&mod/ pD;yGm;a&;wuokdvfrSm wef;vef;vef;u om;vwf/ NyD;rS Nidrf;csrf;atmif? atmufrSm q,fwef;wa,muf?,Spfwef;wa,muf/ wvwvrSm pmoifp&dwfcsnf; ESpfaomif;ausmf atmufxpfukefa&/

rdbrSm0efxrf;ESpfvpmtjyif ykHrSefqkdvkdY tdrfiSm;c rjzpfpavmufacs wckawmh,Sdyg,ifh/ [kdykdifa'ykdif&SmAs,fzGDAs,f&Ekdifpm;ekdifeDpGmu ykHoDrSwfvkdYr&ygav/ rsufpd pdpdESdyfvkdY &Smpm;&uwfpGmyg&m/

,auvJhwrdayguf wa,mufxGef;jzpfvkdYu vmvwfAs,f/ 'kwfodjrKwfxdcHvkd Y? Nidrf;csrf;atmifukdqD;wuokdvfykdYukdykdY&zkdYpGmu rdbwm0efygAs,fuma'/ ESpfzufqGDrsKd;wduvJh tm;awmhyD;xm;uwfyg,ifhav;/

tzonf OD;bckdifuawmh xkH;pHtwkdif; tjzLtrJ b,faob,f0gvkdYr,Sd/ a':romjzLu om;orD;wdt&D;ukdtxGufcHvkdY ylyifaomupum;ajymzefrsm;vmAs,f0g;qkdau]]ylrdauhtrdonf? tcsdefwefau olYtvkdvkdjzpfvmvdr,f}}---vwf/

Zmt&D;t&myifusus &SdueDvkdY awmifqD;qD;a,Smif rm;rm;rwfrwftm;ukd;pavmuf &yfwnfyD;wwfawudk,fhtdrfOD;ewfBuD;taMumif; tESpfESpfq,fausmfaygif;vmAs,f ,kHNyD;om;&mav? a,'gyifvJh yJhxdef;&a& trdjzpfolrSmawmh b0jrpfyifv,frSm tNrJwef;jzpfysufajymif;vJeDa& &DpD;aMumif;EIef;tvkduf &yf&yfpkdufpkduf c&D;qufEdkifzkdYcsdefcGifvQmd&pGm rvG,fESrf;/ &Sd? aemuf? 0J? ,m tm;vkH;rsufpdcsxm;EkdifvkdY wefumuseDpGmvkdYrSwf/

qD;? pufrI? Akdvfavmif;? pD;yGm;a&;wuodkvfuyif 0dZmodyHbGJYwdtvkduf a&mif;psD;0,fpsD;owif;wdu

t,ifht,ifESpfwdrSm Mum;umruoabmrsKd;yg&m/ atESpfcgrS a':romjzL ukd,fwkdifudk,fus psD;uGufxJukd0ifygvm;c ygAsm,faxm/ rajymvkdYrjzpf/ rodqkdvkdYr&/ tvkduftxkdufr,kwfrvGef? rwkwfwuGef acsvkdvkdjynfjzpfpsD;owif;tpkH? tajymif;tvJtwuftuswdukd em;pGifhxm;zkdYusygAs,fuma,/

a&m*gtonf;qkH;uawmh tm0g[ 0d0g[r*FvmyGJpm;tvkyfukd vkdifpif&xm;a&ykdif vkyfpm;eDuwfawyGJpm;r wdygAs,f/ &ufcsKyf? Zmwm? "mwfykHtrsKd;rsKd;? qGDpOfrsKd;qufckepfqufruukd pDumywfukH;pyf[yf jyuwfpGmuwrsKd;? orD;oQif udk,f&D;&mZ0iftjynfhtpkHukd omomxkd;xkd;ajymkHu ZmvkdYvJ/ Oom? pdefyef;? 'ef;vS? ukd&Sm?


18/75


19/75

]]avmb\ylavmifrIw&m;wd}}---vkdY tzonfu ceJYjyefau vkH;0rcHcsif a'gowdpDxGufygvwfaw/]]tuRefeefYZmqkdifygvkdYvJ? om;orD;aumif;pm;zkdYtwGufrSwfxm;}} ]]ukd,fhrSmrylwkdif; vlukdw&m;jyEkdifa&0Suf? az;cs&mcsuf csrf;omMunhf romjzLkdUu atykdifudpukd&Gd&mrSmyifrxnhf? t*ku---}}qkdNyD;au Zmqufajym&rSef; rwwfjzpfvm;cvkdY cufawav;/

nZuod/ av;bmomeefY qD;rSwfrGDa& a&TOD;armif? 0kdif;tkdifwDrGDa& xGef;ausmfkdUukd psD;wnfhuwfawMum;0g/ rdbpum;ry,foSm;/ wef;vef;vef; &Jpm;ukd csufcsif;jzKwf? 0,fa&aumifracseefY um;wGJpD;vm;eDuwfpGmjrif,ihfav/ Zmavmufrdbukd odwwfaw tacswdvJMunhfprf;-ESrf;/

rdbukdtwif ESpfodef;? bGJYw&pmoifp&dwf? tvkyf&atmifxd orD;oQifzufu wm0efxm;/ orufwufNyD;pGm eefYtdrfcef;ygvufzGJYzkdYod--qkda&tcGifhtvrf;wckpGm om;oQifrdwa,muf&ifukd rvIyf,Sm;auhqkdvkdY&ygzkdYvm;/t&SnfrSm uHMurmqkdpGmwckukd rydkifwufvkdY OaPSmufpm;pGmvJh rajymcDygauhwcsuf/

om;orDvlvm;ajrmufzkdY rdbwm0ef&m rem;vkdY tajymcgvG,fpGmESrf; vufwGdrSm cg;odvkrwwf jzpfeduwfaw rdbwdukd,fykdifvnf; aumif;terwuyg/

orufvsm0,fa& rdbufrSmvJh orD;acswpfa,muf xkdufxkdufwefweff vifaumif;om;aumif;&ygzkdYt&D;&if;ESD;xm;&pGm {&mrpGefYpm;cef;ykdif&mwGdYyga&um/ aiGaMu;u@ukdawmh wwfEkdifNyD; om;wdjzpfvkdYxm;vkdufygzd/q&m0eftif*sifeD,mjzpfNyD;om;ukd oruf0,f&pGmrsKd; r[kwfygav/

ydydacsppOD;ysKd;yifacsb0 q&m0efavmif; tif*sifeD,mavmif;wdukd pkdifukdifxm;&pGm? tyifwBuD;toD;wjzpf wqwfqwfvkH; csKHwm0ef,lysKd;axmif&zkdYpGmygav/ jzpfjyefysufjyefavmu"HrSm uHMurmaumif;u ukd,fhzufukd ulygrS/ b0ifESvkH;'kH;'kH;csEkdifzkdYpGm&m r[kwfygvm;*k/

xkdolYrSm a'olYrSmeefYyif Mum;jrif& tysufoabm tysufw&m;rsKd;pkHkdUrSmvJh wHwm;atmufu pD;qif;vm;ca&acsmif;&Du r[kwfygav/ ,auvJhuHukd OD;acgif;xufrSm aqmif;vkdYorufvsm0,fa&mif;qD;&D;ukd uwfqwfrsKd;pkHrSm xnfhzGifhem;qifcHpm;aumif;uwfwkef; oHo&mqkH;a&vkdY r,Sdodygum;a,/

ajympcg Zmykdifyifpum;vkH;a0g[m&ukd vSnhfvkdYokH;okH;? ajym,ufyif; teuf0ifvmuwfauawmh a&mif;psD;0,fpsD;ukd wnfhwnfhpdduwfzkdYuspGmygAs,f/ w&ufw&Dtzonf tdrfrSm,SdqkdufeefY xufyg;usAs,fqkdauvmpyfawvlwduvJh &if;ESD;NyD;om;qkdzd/ tzonf tupyfw0ufeefYajymeDpGmav tenf;rsufESmylzkdYaumif;pGmr[kwf/

]]trdonfrSm psD;pum;csnf;ajymoHMum;a&/ tpGmpsD;eefY tbkd;jzwfzkdYa&mif? rvmOpsD;vm;? c&rf;oD;psD;vm;?,yD;au om;acsudk umwmeefYcsdefzkdYvm;? zvDrSmxnfhjcifzkdYvm;*k---}}vwf/ ajymzkdYyifvJh wwfaw0Suf/

om;acs*kPfxl;yga&taMumif; taumif;owif;rD;a&vlwdukdvJhtpcgawmh twnfajymzkd Ycsif h/a':romjzLudk cRwfcsifvmAs,fqkdau aemufqufwGJxnfhAs,fav/

]]eifkdUt&D;ua[-om;atmifpm&if;xGufaweduyif zvDwvkH;ukdifvkdYvm;eDa&jrif0g---}}qkdpGmrsKd;av/

tzonfpum;rSmtrSefw&m; w0ufxufygeDa&cg rmefygzkdYvJhcuf,ihf ]]tm attzonfawmhcgav}}vkdY ypdudkufjyAs,f rsufpdESpfvkH;arSmufygatmif MuKwf? e*g;rsufapmif;ypfvTwfkHuvGJvkdY---/

(bDqkd'f)

vlwa,muf\odpdwfeefY rodpdwfxJu rIH0g;0g;tpuftajymufacswcka& ESpfy&dap' tifwefMumcsdefrSmtdyfrufaMu;rkHwGif; ua&mufuaxmuf ykH&dyfxifvmpGmukd Nidrf;csrf;atmif tHhMoeDrdyga&/ tdyfrufruf&jcif;taMumif;&if; trsKd;rsKd;udkawmh pmtkyfwdrSm zwfzl;yga&0g/ ,auvJh qifwltdyfrufukdcsnf; rMumrMumxyfumwvJvJ rufrdvsufom;jzpfzl;pGmawmh atwcg yxrqkH;ygAs,f/ tdyfrufuvJh pif;a&vm;rrD;auh/ tdrfrufwdwHKusrf;wd ikdygvm;zkdY/

teDeufeefY tkef;cGHa&mifpyf vkdifom;wuf N*dKum;EGm;xD;waumif/vkdifzif;rSm acguf&rf;yef;teDeefY q,fhESpf&moD;yef;0g a&mukH;xm;a& yef;ukH;BuD;pGyfvkdY/ yef;puLEG,fvdrf


20/75

wef;a&mifpkHwdu wukd,fvkH;rSm &pfywfqif,ifxm;/vrf;wavQmufBudK;wef;vef;eefY ukvm;acsESpfaumifqGJ,lvm-----Nidrf;csrf;atmifkdU tdrf&Sdta&mufpkHuefNyD;----/ BudK;jywfxGuf/ NcHukdwkd;0if/ tdrfvSDum;ukd vTm;ueJckef/

cGD;uwufa&mufpGmeefY EGm;uNidrf ;csrf;atmif jzpfvm;c/vkdifzif;u yef;ukH;ukd cRwfyvkdufzkdY iif,lvkdufpGmeefY vkdifusdyspf/ 0l;0l;0g;0g;

jrnfoHxGuf---/ rkd;cgawmifawmif yufyufysKdvkdY acR;wdjyefAs,f Ekd;vwfyg,ihf/ rwfpcgawmh ZmvkdYvJr[kwf/ &,fzkdYyif aumif;,ihf/

ESpfwkdif;ukvm;u&yif (tpfyGJawmf)tcsdefqkdau EGm;BuD;EGm;i,ftoG,foG,fkdU a&mifpkHyef;ukH;? yef;puLEG,fvdrf&pfAs,f ukvm;BuD; ukvm;acstkyfvkduftkyfvkdufpD vrf;wavQmufqGJ,lvmwwfaw jrifuGif;u kd;tDeDNyD;om;yg&m/

Nidrf;csrf;atmif ckepfwef;ESpfavmufu aqmif;wGif;w&ufed rkd;xzufrSm ygygeefY NrdKUjyifukd vrf;avQmufxGufcgygav/ ,if;edefYa, rSwfrSwf&& u&yiftBudKedefYygcsihf/ rD;pufBuD;aemufu wvif;jyifrSm EGm;psD;useDpGmukdygygeefY watmifhacs&yfvkdY Munfhzl;cygod,ihf/ cg&Hwxl; tdyfrufrjrifzl;ygum/ t*krS tdyfrufqifwlqufwkdufrufeD&a&vkdYwck/ uwkdufukduf&mrem;/ tdyfrufruf&jcif;taMumif;&if;ukd a*gif;rSmxnfhvkdY pOf;pm;zkdYjzpfvmpGmukdu uRefawmfhukd uRefawmfaMumifpGmvm acsmifpGmvmvkdY rD;&zkdYuspGm&mrem;/

Mo-,dygAs,f/ tdyfrufpeuftp ausmfckdifkdUtkyfpku jzpfygzkdYcsifh/ b,faovkdYvJr[kwf/ vrf;ab;tkwfaygifrSmxkdifzkdY/ vmvmyu a,musfm;? rddef;racswdukd eyfzkdYcRwfzkdY ,if;0kdifwtkyfpk/

pmrD;yGJatmifpm&if;xGufvkdY ZmavmufrMum/ uRefawmfvrf;xGufAs,fqkdau]]igkdU&GmrSm EGm;wpfaumifa&mif;zkdYezg;xkd;vm;As,fa0/ yef;ukH;pGyfvkdYqGJzkdYysifxm;}} qkdNyD;au rMum;wMum;pD ajymuwfavh,Sdygav/ t,ifhuvJh pum;pyfrajymzl;vkdY uRefawmfu rMum;uGefaqmifeDpGmcsnf;ygAs,f/

a,musfm;csif;wefrJh a,mif;cyfapmif;cyfajymuwfpGm/ pum;kdif;pGmwdtwGuf atmifhoufoufjzpfrdauvJha'oxGufatmifxd rcHpm;&pGmawmh trSefyg/ ,if;olkdU ajymp&mtaMumif;cHu uRefawmfhrSm zefvmeDpGmygukd;/

vlwa,mufukd tremyykwfcwfpGyfpGJpum;qkdpGm ajymoltzkdY aumif;vG,fulpNrJ "rwmyg/ yuwdtrSefw&m;ukd z,fcGmvkdY txifeefYwGufcsufa0zefrIqkdcguyif &v'frSmtrSm;jzpfzkdY usdef;oDNyD;om;jzpfvm;cygAs,f/ykpmwyk'frSm wGufenf;trsKd;rsKd;uGJEkdifauvJh wckwnf;aom tajzrSef&m,Sd&zkdYvkdY uRefawmf ,kHMunfxm;yga&/

oefY&Sif;a&vdyfjymwaumifukd &ifbwfrSmxnhfvkdY b0c&D;avQmufzkdY oEdXmefcsxm;a&taMumif; vlwkdif;ukdaMujimarmif;cyfeDzkdYurvkdyg/ vlYorkdif;wefbkd; tESpfom&qkdpGm 0g'jzefYaMumfjimpm&GufwdeefY EIdif;tyfygzkdYvm;a,/jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf;yg&mESrf;/

ausmif;rSmoifaysmfa& bmom&yfxJrSm abm*aA' vJhwcktygt0ifyg/ pmoif,ifhyif; udk,fudk,fwdkif

bmom&yfxJudk wdk;0ifpD;arsm a&maESmvm;ca&ydkif/ cHpm;zl;yg,ifh? pmeefYvleefYrpdrf;qdka& oabmygav/

t*kawmh uRefawmfh&ifxJukd wpif;NyD;wpif;xkd;pkdufpl;0ifeDa& jrm;wdrSm wHqdyfemr,ftrsKd;rsKd;uyfxm;a&ykdifjrifeD&yga&axm/ ]]&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI}} ]]psD;uGuf}}]]vJvS,fjcif;}}]]aiGaMu;wefbkd;}} ]]ukefpnftrsKd; tpm;}}]] 0,f,lEkdifpGrf;tif}}---trsKd;pkHygum/

uRefawmfhuG,f&mrSm psD;xkdifuwfpGmu taMumif;r[kwfyg/ wcgwcg uRefawmfhukd t&Sifvwfvwf?ZDwnfhxm;vkdY okH;q,fESpfaumXmoukd 0dyemuifIa,Smif cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmokH;oyftrGef;wif a&mif;yef;xkwfuwfAs,fvm;qkdau vlwukd,fvkH;tiGdYysH aysmufvm;cauaumif;,ihfvkdY pdwfulwdaygufrdygha&axm/

om;tzcsif;jzpfvkdY ygygukd pD&ifzGifhjzpfyga&/]]at vif0,fpepf ZmacwfupvkdY &ckdifrSm pwifxGef;um;jyefYyGm;BuD;xGm;vmavqkdpGmuk d okawoejyKMunfhcsifa&}}vkdY---

aocsmpGmwckrSm usrf;jyKpm&Gufu tpGwftpkdcHEkdifrS&mjzpfygzkdY? rsuf&nf? t&uf&nf? rkefwkdif;kdU\pkdxkdif;

q[dukd BudKwifwGufcsufNyD;au tcsKd;usrSwfwrf;wifzkdYvJh pDpOfxm;&ygvdr,f/ x&H? wHwkdif;? oHuefYvefYum?uwdyg? zJarGY&mwdtMum; xkd;aygufppfwrf;,lEkdifatmif uavmifoGm;tjzpf csdwfygatmif xGD;vm;a& 'g;ajrmifOD;


21/75

cRef;acswacsmif;qkdau ykdvkdY obm0uszkdYxifyg,ifh/rsufESmzkH;rSmawmh armf'efyef;csDxuf tvkdufzufqkH;t&m vkH;0r,SdEkdifygAs,f/ usLypfZifvm;? tduf(pf)y&uf

&Sifvm;awmh uRefawmftwwfrod/zvD&GJUapmif;wck-rsuf&nftkdifxGef;-oGD;pufyef;yGifhtcsKdU zkdz&JMuif;BuJxm;-av;eefYjrm; AvmcsmjzpfeDa&

jrm;ewfarmifykwkdacs 'l;axmufacgif;ikdufpkdufcs-tHBudwfrsufESm-ponfkdUukd qD;a&mif&ifhrIdif;ylavmifpl;&Sawmuf


22/75

rId[if;? rIdcRef;? usufoEkyef;eefYumvma&mifjcnfrId[if;? rIdcRef;? usufoEkyef;eefY umvma&mifjcnfrId[if;? rIdcRef;? usufoEkyef;eefYumvma&mifjcnfrId[if;? rIdcRef;? usufoEkyef;eefY umvma&mifjcnfrId[if;? rIdcRef;? usufoEkyef;eefY umvma&mifjcnf(1)

cGD;aygufpaoQwd tkyftkyf tkyftkyfeefY vIyfpdvIyfpdwGm;edefuwfpGmudk jrif&Asm,fqdkau trd&GmudkpDxl;xl;jcm;jcm; owd&wwfaw/ aygifpdyfxydefudk 'l;ay:atmif0wfvdkY cg;BudK;rsKd;pHk ywfxm;uwfaw yufcHk;wzuf

az: oifwdkif;tuseefY crGD;rtysKd ttdkwd? wcsKdUcrGD;rwdu rsufESmpmxdk;vdkYavhyg,ifh? bJOawmif;udk,fpDxrf;wufvm uwfNyD;au tbdk;oQifdkU ukefpHkqdkif&Sdu wvif;jyifrSm xdkifAsm,f ]]qefrIefYeefY bJOza&? cGD;aoQeefYbJOza&? *efY*g[if;eefYvJza&? zuwfzdkYvm; a&mufrdkU}} qdkNyD;au &cdkifoHtuftufeefY a0SmedefuwfpGmudkygMum;a,mif jrifa,mifrd,ifh/

,if;tcsdefu tku (9)wef;ajzNyD;vdkY EGDausmif;ydwf&ufrSm tbdk;oQifdkUyg;udk vnfzdkUa&mufedefpGmyg/ysif;ysif;&d&deefY wa,mufwnf; ,dkif;wdk;Asm,f aw;jcif;qdkedefwkef;rSm crGD;rwd a0SmedefoHudk Mum;vdkuf&a&cgtHhvJtHh em;vJrvnf armAsm,fMunfhedefpGm.../ ZmMumvdkYvJ xydef&ifuefYxm;a& rdefYrBuD;i,fdkU qefrIefYawmif;udk,fpD wHk;wHk;usif;usif; taoQwtkyfu ]]uGdefY}} ]]uGdefY}} jrnfedefa& cGD;aygufpaoQ a&mifpHkudk zufvdkY uavGajymifaoQwcsKdUuawmh cGD;BuD;waumifudk t0DcsAsm,f? *efY*g[if; tpdrf;? tajcmufudkifxm;a& 0gBuD;rwduavh ruef/

uRwfuRwfnHedefuwfpGm wcsufaoQrSmyif bJOoHk;av;awmif; wufwufajymif? vm;pGm&m r[kwfvm;/ qefrIefYeefYcGD;aoQwdudk awmif;eefYxnfh/ cGD;BuD;wdudkawmh vufESpfbuf NcDESpfbuf BudK;eefY yl;csKdifvdkY avmif;rSm csAsm,fcrGD;rwd wufwa,mufwacsmif;pD pGufpGufavSmfNyD;au jzm;useefY&Gmacsmif;u xGufvm;cuwfpGmudkarmfxkyfpGef;rSm avmif;aysmufvm;atmifxd &yfMunfhrqHk;Edkif t*kaou em;rvnfEdkifa&udp tbdk;oQifudktefuGm&D vkyfzdkYawmif aemufrS owd&a&/

aemufESpf EGD&moDa&mufcgawmh tkudk,fwdkif bJOvdkcsifaZmeefY rId[if;awmrSm *efY*g[if;&SmzdkY wwfeDAsm,f?crGD;&Gm r[kwfaw ysm;wJydkif &cdkif&GmrSm Zmwfucgawmif cGD;om;csufa&mif;a& crGD;xrif;qdkifwdrSm &cdkif? crGD;xGD;Asm,f wkef;kef;pnfum;edefpGmudkavh rtHhMoEdkifavmufatmif ,Ofvm;c,ifh? cGD;aoQeefY bJOzpGmudpudkvJt"dyg,f rikwfAsm,f/ ,auvJh cGD;aygufpaoQ tkyftkyf vIyfvIyf okyfxifvmcsdefwdkif; trd&Gmu pOD;jrifuGif;udkpD vwfvwfqwfqwfydkif wGdedefwkef;yg/

trddkU&Gmu ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,ftwGif;u &cdkif&GmaoQwckyg/ ]]Zmrif;udk nmava0;}}vdkY ewfa,mifum;Asm,f trdef;cH&a& &Gmemr,f[dyga&? &mZ0ifeefYcsDNyD;au a*smifusa&&Gmavh jzpfyga&/ 'kwd,urmppftwGif;u e,fyHk (ajryHk)qGJ&mrSm rygvdkY q,fwdkufe,f b@mwdkufudk at&GmrSmxm;vdkY vHkNcHKca&vdkY tqdk[dyga&/ppfumvwavQmufvHk; rif;nm&Gmom;wd t*Fvdyfudk vHk;0rjrifzl;qdkpGm Zmqef;ygzdkYvJ? zrf;&a& *syefwaumifudkawmh jrifzl;vdkufuwfawqdkyg,ifh/ &GmwdudkywfvdkY a&mif;cspm;aomufuwfaw avmif;wdqdkau &Gmudk rwGdvdkY&Gmr[dxifAsm,f jyefxGufvmuwfpGmu wrsK d;? ukvm;wefjrpfurf;uyif &Gmacsmif;a&mufatmifxdwbufwpfcsufrSm &GufrQifxdk;xdk;axmifaxmifeefY pdrf;jrndKarSmif ydef;ydwfatmif abmifuGyfxm;a& &tkef;

awmwd? usufoEkawm? awmif>yef;awm? oif;aygif;awm? yifv,fZD;yif? vrkyif? jymyif? bifa*smf? opfuvdrf?rvdefpGyf? uvefYZ&Gufqdka& NcHKwdu &Gmudk rjrif&atmif 0Sufxm;pGmeefYwlyga&/ acsmif;ESpfaygufrSm Zmtaygufu 0if0if tv,faumifrSm &GmudkwGd/ wckudkavh qufvm;zdkYvrf;r[d 'dwHk;&GmjzpfvdkYwzHk? vufjcif;odavmufwdrS 0ifa&mif;wwfyga&U/

1970 ckESpfywf0ef;usifxd &GmrSmtdrfNcDig;q,fawmif rjynfhodyg/ &Gmv,fu acsmif;jcm;pD;xm;vdkY&GmBuD;buf &GmaoQbufvdkY ac:edefuwfauvJ &GmBuD;bufrSm tdrfoHk;q,fausmf &GmaoQbufrSm wpfq,fausmfa0SmvdkYac:au wzufwurf;Mum;&yga&/ jAufwawmifus,fvdkY q,fawmifavmuf&Snfa& opfwacsmif;wnf;eefY wef;xm;xdk;ul;edefuwfpGmyg/ vufudkifryg Avmwef;xm;rsKd;? acsmif;rSm jzm;ppfqdkau teufBuD;jrif&vdkY'l;wkefa&? toJ&Syfaw jzm;aAmif;aAmif;jynfhvdkY wef;xm;rSm &Dwdkufedefauawmh vHk;0raMumuf awmufavQmuf

ul;0HhpGmudk aemufcg &,fyGJawmifus jzpfuwfod,ifh/obm0rdcifa& rif;nm&Gmudk arwmapwemrsm;pGmeefY vHkavmufatmif vufaqmifyD;xm;yga&/

awmudk0if xif;&a&? [if;&a&/ acsmif;udkqif; ig;&a&/ v,fvkyfau pyg;&a&? &GmrSm taxGtxl; pdkufpm;


23/75

ysKd;pm;a& "avhawmif r[dyg/ tkef;yifpdaoQpdkufuwfaw/ pm;vdkY&pGmqdkau yJHkwHkESpfHk? uif;pGef;cif; oHk;av;cif;? ,if;csifhxuf rydkyg/ ESif;qD? py,f? cs&m;? a&Twl? aiGwl eJeJyg;yg;uawmh cRif;csufxm;yg/ yef;yefcsifauawmyef;? awmifyef; yefcsif&mudkyef/ usufoEkyef;qdkau tyGifh&mi,fpGm? teHYu cs&m;yef;xuf pl;vdkYrTD;od,ifh/tyGifhudkyef tyifuavh xif;aumif;vdkY tbdk;wefa& usufoEkom;wdu rif;nmwcGifrSm ZmcgyGJzdkYvJ? oHk;&moDvHk;rSm ryGJa&/ [if;uawmh rId[if;Asm,f/ jyKef;ywDu rdk;cgwcgvD? EGDcgqdkau rIdcRef;? ajruyf[if; t&if;uqdyf

vdkYcl;&pGm vufxdyfawmifemod,ifh/ tvG,fqHk;u rId[if;Asm,f? obm0twdkif; [dedefa& rId[if;awmwduoabFmeefYwifvdkY &atmifxGufaw/ tkef;ESHt&nfaomufcsuf? vufpGyfuGif; qvdrf? &Gufjyif;toD; jyKwfwdkY?tnGefUzm;zm;udkavSmf qDeefYausmfp&mrvdk/ rId[if;csufenf; pmtkyfawmif xkwfEdkif,ifh/ ,auavh [if;xufig;aygyga&/

,ufoJh,dk;zdkY? uGefypfzdkY? rQm;zdkY? vrkydwfzdkYu t&if;vdk oda&/ wckvufeuf u&d,mavhrvdkyJ obm0udk obm0twdkif; ig;&SmvdkY &a&&Gmyg/ acsmif;udkqif; vufudk t&if;jyK i,uf? a'gif;ajymuf watmifhacsrESduf&? wxyfuawmh tvG,facs/ trsm;BuD;vdkcsifvm;? vloHk;av;a,mufpk urf;ydkifa'gifhudk opfcufwdeefYNidrfhcsxm;? t&mwbufu &Dukef;cwf,if;yif; opfcufwckeefY &Dudk ]abmif;}? ]abmif;} owf,lvm;vD Nidrfhem;udk a&mufau azmfzd/ jcLjcmowf opfcufwdMum;rSm i&HU? icl? iNyD? ip&pf xdkig;a'ig; jzKwfxatmif ,lygzd/rif;nmom;rSefau ip&pfatmfus,f 15 aumifavmufawmh taysmh/ iwef0rf;ysKdif;om; &SpfzJhudk xrif;wcgpm;rSm ukefa&qdkau r,Hkr[dauh vufwGd/ &Gm0ef;usifwcdkrSm urf;ydkif? tif;? acsmif;wdk? acsmif;&Snfwd uefuruef/&DcsKd &DiefpyfjzpfvdkY ajrMoZmuavh aumif;a&/

qm;iefwufvdkY pyg;ysufawvdkY r[d/ rdk;aumif;au pyg;aumif;pGmAsm,f/ jym;orm;wdqdkau oHk;av;ESpfxGefzdkYyif rvdk/ rD;wdkuf? jym;vHk;? jrufcsD;eif;? BuJHkeefY pyg;&pGmrsKd;/ ysKd;pdkufzdkY ysKd;EIwfzdkY rvdkuwf/ v,fxGefpyg;BuJ? &dwfaw? odrf;a&? pyg;xdk;a&? usDrSmxnfha&/ tm;vHk;a,musfm;tvkyf/ ]]udk,fhv,fjyif ZmrSm [drSSef;rod}}qdkpGma& &cdkiforppfaMumif; ,if;cgu *kPf,la&pum;/ wcsKdUwvD qif;qif;&J&J rqrwd&m jym;vHk;? jrufcsD;eif;tiSm;vdkufvdkY? aumufESH aumufpm;vdkY v,fjyifudk a&mufzl;uwfpGmyg/ usefrrwdu vHk;wD;qefudk zGwf&Hk &m

v,fudprSmqdkifpGm/tJ-v,fyGJvdkY a,musfm;wd tkef;ESufcGyfcsdefa&mufcgawmh rdef;rwdkif; tkef;ESufxdk;uwf&a&/ vyvrdkufrdk;xuyif eD0ifxdcsufjyKwfpm;,if; tNydKiftqdkif tkef;ESufxkd;uwfaw/ oHk;awmifhwxGm&Snfa& 0g;pdyfjcrf; udktwdkif;vkyfAsm,f olUtdk;eefY olUt&Gufudk xkd;vdkY tkef;ESufyspf xdk;a&twwfrSm odrfrGda& tEkynm wrsKd; yg/tpdyftBuJ txltyg; ynmom;ygyga&/ yHkrSefxdk;au oHk;av;&mxuf rydkwwfyg/ ,auavh 'g;ydkifBuD;r,m;rpdefomdkU uRrf;yHku pHjyKavmufyg,ifh/ rdk;xMuufwGefa&avmufuyif xdk;pGm vyauy? vrdkufqdkau a&eHqD q,fjym;zdk; xnfhxm;a& qDrD;cGufvufvufaoQeefY ]]cRef;}} ]]cRef;}}iifAsm,f wyspfNyD; wyspfxdk;yvdkufpGmrqr acgif;csMuufwGefau waxmifNyD;Asm,f/ t*kacwfqdkau tkef;ESufxdk;plygpwm;bGJU&vm;zdkY/ tkef;ESufxdk;zdkYrwwfawvlvdkYawmh &GmrSmr[d? zJhomwjym;avh r[djywfpD? tkef;ESuf&m[d tm;vHk;0,fvdkY&a&/ ,if;cgu

tkef;ESufoHk;yspfqdkau 10 jym;wef aq;vdyfwvdyf? ESrf;yspfESpfck? yJpdwqkyf? ig;ydwcyfpm&a& q,fyspf/tyspfw&mwaxmifeefY 'a,mxydef0,fcsifpGm0,f/ tkef;yspf? qef? pyg;&SdpGmcsNyD;au vdkcsifpGm0,fuwfpGmurif;nm&Gm"avh/

wcsKdUu zJhomwjym; xkwf&zdkYqdkau toufxGufzdkYydkif aMumufauvJh pyg;? qef? tkef;ESufeefYqdkau]]cRef;}} ]]cRef;}} jcifyD;? &GDyD;zdkY vHk;0 0efrvD;uwf? &Gmem;rSm ta&mif;om;avmif;wpif;qdkufvdkY xdk;0g;yif rpdkuf&od/&ifuefYxm;a& xydefudk 'l;qpfay:atmifyifhysm,f rif;nmorwd qefawmif; pyg;awmif;udk,fpDxrf;vdkY acsmif;xJqif;vm;cuwfAsm,f/ qefpyg;udk &GmurxGufpDcsifa& 0gBuD;wdqdkau Z&yfxufuedefvdkY ]]trdvif tbmvm...vmvdkYum? cjymorD;wd}}qdkNyD;au NydKygatmifqJauavh emzdkYudkxm;vdkuf NyHKUodNyHKUoGif xkefYyif rxkefY/,if;wGufeefYvJ vufjcif;od avmif;wdqdkau qvGDNcHKudkwdkufwdkuf? Zudkif;rSmyif NidNid? jzm;ppfrSmyif qGJqGJ rif;nm

udk tm;yguwfpGmyg/ a&mif;csNyD;vdkY vcGJq,f&uf&GmrSmedefzdkYvm; tdrfaygufpd Muufom;eefYxrif;ac:auR;uwfod,ifh/ 0if;x&Hr&Sd wef;cg;ydwfp&mrvdk? olcdk; ol0Suf ryl&? t&ufcsufra&mif;/


24/75

&GmrSm&tkef;awm Zavmufyif aygayg? tkef;&nf? oum&nf rxGef;um;? tkef;yspfudk&m tm;xm; uwfaw/tkef;vufcGwfpGmrSm ydkif&Sifu nmcGyfvdkY csefxm;au cdk;cGyfaw vlwdyg;rSm rusef/ tkef;jrmwdkifawmifrS tjAif;usefatmif apmifh&a&/ t0uRef;om;wdu tkef;jrm&GufajcmufeefYvdyfaw qvdyfqdkau onf;NcDBudKuf/ tkef;awmrpnfau tkef;cdkifrus? tkef;cdkifuszdkYuvJh tkef;zl;u t"du? attkef;zl;uvJh jyem/ [if;&nfaomuf pm;pm;?jyKwfvdkYokyfpm;pm;aumif;a&/ &Sm;yg; [if;jzpfedefcg tvSrf;rrSDau tcdk;cH&pGmAsm,f/ ,if;wGufeefY tkef;oD;cdkifjzpfzdkY

b0uavh 'kvbvdkY qdkEdkifyga&/ a,eefY &GmeefYyg;a& tkef;awmrSm tkef;oD;cdkifusrS usKyfyHkAsm,f tkef;nmudkw&ufrSm q,fcsuf q,fhig;csufpD NcDaxmufeefY ausmufyD;xm;vdkufwwfaw/ idkufAsm,fqdkcg tk;efoD;cdkifudkjzKwf?tkef;nmudk Nrdwfedefa& tkef;vSD;"m;eefY yg;yg;acsvSD;Asm,f rD;zkwfxm;a& 0g;usnfawmufudk pGyfvdkufau tkef;&nftcsKd&nfudk &a&/ tcsKd&nfudkrS oumcsufvdkY&pGm/ tcsOf&nfqdkauawmh usnfawmufudk rD;zkwfp&mrvdk/wcsKdUr rwdu tcsKd&nfudk eDa&mifjyvdkY ]]t[rf;}}&nfqdkNyD;au aomufuwf,ifh/ rD;,yfem aumif;a&vdkYnTef;ygoda&/ em;0yg;&Sdef;vdkY &ifacsmifpm;0ifqdkum/ a,musfm;wduawmh ]]io&GJajcmufzkwfeefY tkef;&nfqdkauavmuedAmefudk 'gdkufAsm,fa0;}} qdkNyD;au av;zuf,dkifvdkYavh jrif&,ifh/

,auavh ,if;toHudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;em;rSmawmh vHk;0ajym0HhuwfpGmr[kwf/ ,pfa&rl;a& vlavmufudk xm;/ rrwd xydef&ifuefYeefYausmif;uefrSm &Drcyf&vdkY ynwfcsuf[da& &Gmyg/ EGDrdk;aqmif;oHk;&moDrmvHk;0 tusruyfaw pdefjromdkUawmif aomuf&DcyfzdkYqdkau xydef&ifuefY txufu tuswvHk;awmh uref;uwef; zHk;vm;&pGmAsm,f/ rif;nm&GmrSm xydef&ifruefYyJ vrf;xGufaw rrudk &GD;au vSomjzL yxruszdkYvdkYajymprSwfwGifavmufatmifxd tusaMumufaw&Gm&m rvm;/ w&GmvHk;rSm jzLvdkY0if;vdkY wa,mufvJh rjrif&/jzLaueDa&? rJauusDa&/ vSpGm ypGm yumoe wckavh rvdk/ obm0twdkif; b,faohol[dkif; b,f0gol[dkif;vdkY ac:uwfawydkif aqGrawmf rsKd;rawmf oGD;rpyfyJeefY t&D;aoQ? arsmufom;? ctdk? a&mufraoQ? arBuD;-atydkifac:uwfpGmuawmh rif;nm&GmrSm arwmvHkpGmudk jrif&pDa&/

qifNcH? bk&m;rsm;? ukvm;acsmif;? ajymif;jy? anmifyifv,f? cawmufacsmif;? t0jyifqdka& &cdkif&Gm?crGD;&Gmtm;vHk;a& &Gmem;yg;csif;wd/ &efcJylqm t&Suftwif vHk;0uif;a&/ pyg;? qef? tkef;vufcsD;a&? a&mif;a&?

tquftqHrysuf? orufwuf &SifjyK tul;tvl;rysuf rif;nm&Gmom;wdrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pD;yGm;a&; qufqHrIvdkYvJ r[dyg/ pyg;? qef? tkef;ESufNrdKUwufvdkY a&mif;a&vl NrdKUudkvm;a& ormefrSm ul&D,m tiSm;vdkufawvl?xif;wacgufESpfacguf wdkufawvl wcsKdUawmh[da&/ ppfawG? &aohawmif? ajrmufOD;? bl;oD;awmifavmufvm;a&mif;uwfpGmAsm,f/ wa,mufeefYwa,muf uGm[rIu rqdkpavmuf&m/ tJ-nDpGm wckuawmh&Sda&?rif;nmom;xJrSm pHvSjzLuvGJau wa,mufvJhtwef;pm rwwf/ twef;ausmif; redefzl;uwf/ rif;nm&GmaygufzGm; a':tndKjzLwa,muf touf&Spfq,fausmfatmiftxd olUwouf rif;nm&GmrSm tpdk;& rlvwef;ausmif;rjrifzl;od/ pHvSjzLu NrdKUrSmedefzl;vdkY 7 wef;atmifcpGm/ rdbu rif;nmrSmedefNyD;au om;udk NrdKUrSmxm;vdkYpmoifa&qdkvdkY ESpfig;q,ftwGif;rSm olNyD;au wa,muf&may:zl;a&/

ywf0ef;usif&GmwdrSmawmh rlvwef;ausmif;[duwfaw? avmif;aoQwpif;eefY q,frdepf? q,fhig;rdepf

avSmfau a&mufEdkifa&&Gmwd&m? ,auavh twef;ausmif;oifzdkY vHk;0tavhr[duwf/ oifykef;BuD;? earm Ak'g,?r*Fvokwfuyif pyg;wGuf? 0g;wGuf? a&TwGufwdudk tm;vHk; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm oifvdkYwwfuwfpGmAsm,f/ &GD;wwfwGufwwfau uRJausmif;zdkYwGuf EGDausmif;? rdk;ausmif; pyg;oHk;av;q,f &a&b0uyif tqifhqifh v,fxGef?v,fvkyf? tkef;cGyf? r,m;&? om;&eefY rif;nm&GmoHo&mrSm wdk;0ifvnfywfvm;cuwfpGmAsm,f/ ]]ZmrQ,SOf;xGefvJ}}]]pyg;&,ifhvm;}} ]]psD;jzpfzdkYvm;*k}} ]]om;orD;wd jyif;uwfAsm,fvm;}}qdka& y#doEm& pum;wd &m ,if;&GmrSmacwfpm;pGm/ ]]q,fwef;atmifvm;}} ]]aumvdyfwufzdk Yvm;}} ]]tvkyf&Asm,fvm;}}vdk Y rdef;edefzd k YpGm r[d/]]pmwwfauavh xrif;ESpfxyf? rwwfauavh ESpfxyf&m}}qdka& auseyfrItbd"rmeefY Nidrf;csrf;uwfNyD; om;/,if;tbd"rmudk Mum;pcgawmh [kwfwkwfwkwf/ r[kwfrSef;oda&cgavh acgif;IyfpGm&m tzwfwif/Zmydkifvkyf&zdkYrSef;prf; wGdzdkYudp r[kwfpGm&m rem;/

(3)ajrBuD;udk uvdwdkufau toD;tESHom;ig;ykpGefwdeefY &,fjya& a'oudk ydkifcGifh&uwfaw rif;nm&Gmom;


25/75

dkU pyg;awmif;w&mudk aiGwaomif;psD;&a&acwfrSm edcsif;&ufcsif;ydkif ajymif;ygvwfuwfaw/ &Gmacsmif;u]]bkwf}} ]]bkwf}}eefY pufavSwd? armfawmfwd wif;wif;jynfhAsm,f nHvdkY? uefabmifwdrSm b*Fvm;a'h&Sf oGyf&cGufwdjzLvdkYnD;vdkY zGJMurf;eefYwdk;zdkYrvdka& pwD;*sKdifhwdu &GmOD;ausmif;rSm cefYvdkY? ]]*srfrm}} ]]wmum}}eefY rif;nmom;dkUuRrf;edefAsm,f/ azmh&Seftus? ygwdwfxydef tvSJtvS,feefY rif;nmorwd NrdKUudk &ufcsif;jyef qefukeful;eDuwfpGmqyfqyf


26/75

oabFmpD;olrsm;oabFmpD;olrsm;oabFmpD;olrsm;oabFmpD;olrsm;oabFmpD;olrsm;]]rJvSatmif}}vdk Y ighudkemrnfxm;cpGm igdkUrdbaumif;awmfpGm&m r[kwfvm;ESrf;/ tom;rJpGm&m

igom;acstvSy/ ,if;ydkif&mod? kyfudkvJhMunfhyv t0D;uyif jrifEdkifygonf/ vleefYemrnfeefY pdom;udkuf,m/,if;avmufemrnfudkrS &efukefrSm tvkyfuscDcg emrnfrvSqdkyD;au jrefrmemrnftvSyacswd ajymif;vdkuf

uwfaw vlwdu tazmfnduwfaw/ tpcgawmh igu tifwifwif? csvl;atmifwpfa,muf oefYpifqdkNyD;auemrnfajymif;vdkY &Sm;edefcgrS iguvnf; tm;usrcH ]]bwifh}}vdkY ajymif;vdkufaw/ ,if;tcsdefu rJvSatmifdkUatmufor w&GDMum;rSm udkbwifh udkbwifheefYyif pef;yGifhedefcpGmav/ tl; ..ajymau,HkzdkYr[kwf? xm;zd?t*kawmh rJvSatmifuawmh rJvSatmif 'Hk&if;,mav;/

oabFmrSmedef? oabFmrSmpm;? oabFmudkpD; ]]oabFmom;BuD;}}&mxl;qdkpGm eJa&rSwfvm;/ t,ifcg]]oabFmom;}}qdkau ZmydkifyifrSwfrSwf? t*ku ]]oabFmom;}}vdkY ajym&pGm tm;&Sdcsifydkif jzpfvm,maxm/tdrf&SifrdkUom;wd orD;wddkUu [da&0g/ udk,fuRef;rSm EGm;w&GD? v,fwjyifeefY vkyfudkifeDuwfpGm&mav? az;omaoQ'*Fg;aoQydkYxm; rwGdcg rwGdatydkifcsnf;? ukvm;wefwdk; tpkeftqefvm;? em;&a&vdkYr[d/ em;vdkY vnf;rjzpf?pm;zdk Yuvnf;vdka&/ udk,fh&Gmudk ra&mufEdkifpGmyif Mum,m/ tdrf&SifrvmwGdauawmif rSwfrdzdk Y odvm;*k/

rrSwfrdauvnf; udpr[d/wpf&uf wpf&ufrSm rrwdqdkpGm uefuruef/ rdk;xuyif eD0if? tdktcif? tdk tzdk;? tdk;armif;armif?

wcsKdUwvD tpfudkvdkYawmif ac:vdkufuwfod,ifh/ oabFmqdyfrSmvnf; rr? oabFmrSmvnf; rr? [if;onfr?yvmwl;onfr? pma&;r? q&mr? ukefonfr? q&m0efr? a&SUaer? rr r[dpGmeD&m rusef,m? [if;awmif;rSm*ifZmygvdkY trTDcH&auvnf; rr/ zefqD'dkif;ygvdkY tzrf;cH&auvnf; rr/ wpfckypnf;vnf; a&mif;zdkYcszdkYygydkifvnf; rjrif&/ xdk0if a'0if? xdkem; a'em;? xdkvl a'vlwdeefY wdk;wdk; wdk;wdk; rsufprsufe r[kwfwuGefaoQeefYqDaqmufua&muf oabFmuvdkufcs&/ ,if;ydkif vkyfpm;pGmvJh rr/ jcif;BuD;? jcif;acs? &dumrsKd;pHk a,m*DwlnD0wfpHkeefY t&GDjywf? tusKdifjywfvm;edefuwfpGmvJh rr/ ,if;avmufxd rrwd A&AGDowfedefpGmrSm rrudkawmufawmufu 0,ifh/ tdrf&Sifr ZmvkyfzdkYodav; (vm;vdkYawmh rajymauhESr f;) u&ifeD tmus,fajympGmpum;wpfck&Sda&/ rra& rr,m *dk;*dk qdkpGmav/

oabFmrSmvkyfpGmvm;/ tESpf ESpfq,fawmh ausmfavmuf,mxifa&/ vm;edefa& oabFmwdrSmcsnf;uspGmu r[kwf/ wGJysufwd? pDbDwd? a'gufwifxm;a& oabFmwdtm;vHk;rSm uszl;,m/ vm;p&mvJhr[d/vkyfp&mvJhr[d? wpf&ufwpf&ufpDvmau oabFmudkvm yqpfypf? t&ufacsenf;enf; yg;yg;aomuf? tcsdefwefvpmxkwfpm;/ ,if;ydkif zHkzHkypfvdkYvnf; edefc,m/ wcsKdUqdkau t&ufpGJvm;vdkY rjrifvm/ vufdk;yef;'l? NcDdk;yef;'l?0rf;yluspfeefY vvdkY? aumhvef aumhvef ysifedefuwfawtaumifwd? tvkyfrSm oHk;zdkYr&/ zmvdkYxD;vdkY xm;edef&pGmwdav/ BudK;csKdif BudK;urf;? ukef;abmifcszdkYpGmutp eifhrd ....ukd BudK;Asm,fcdkif;edef&pGmwd rMum;vm;?yvD ]]yDh yDh}} rIwfcsifyifrSwf BudK;jzKwfvdkY r&od/

vuf&ef;tjyifbufu ukef;ywfrSm pD;a&vlwduvJh warSmifh/ twGif;rSm Zmavmufyif eD&m[d[d?,if;ydkifpD;zdkY 0goem/ jyKwfusvdkY? nyfygvm;vdkY ,if;oldkU romay:zdkYpGmu aemuf/ igdkU oabFmrSm vkyfawvlwdjyKzkdYut,if/ vuf&ef;rSm xdkifa& Zwfvdkufwdu apmif;ief;apmif;ief; MunfhpGmudk&m toJ,m;zdkYvm;? wHcg;ydwfzdkYr&? 0efwdudkxm;ydkifxm;uwfpGmu wpfrsKd;/ 0rf;acgif;xJcs&zdkYypnf;wd *kxdtxufrSm [dedefvdkY ur&maygufudk jyefzGifhcs/ xdkif&mr&a&vlwdu a&mif;a&mif;owf/ ZwfuvdkY&atmif oaygufwdcif;vdkY? vJvdkY? avsmif;vdkYu wpfrsKd;/ yNzJeNzJ um;&D;um;&m; tdrfrSwfedefuwfvmurod/ ]]pduwf? pduwf? um;rxm;uwfauh}}vdkY igeD&m&Sif;yD;jyefau rsufapmif;xdk;csifuwfod,ifh/

oabFmpD;pGmrSm awmifydkif;eefY ajrmufydkif;u aumif;uGma&/ awmifydkif;u wdkifom;wdu eD&mZavmufyifusyfusyf udk,fhpGmeefYudk,f? rdk;&Gm&Gm? vDwdkufwdkuf? vIdif;BuD;BuD; vHk;0r&Gd? wpfzufauwpfzuf wdkif;vdkYxdkif

vdkufuwfaw/ igdkUajrmufydkif;u pGmwdrSm&m rdk;wpdacsjcLau a'zufajymif;? vIdif;&mpdacsBuD;zdkYqdkau bk&m;udk;r&? w&m;udk;r& oabFmwpfpD;vHk; abmufbufowfygatmif &GefYedefuwfpGm? vIdif;eefY&mvl;zdkYvm;? vleefY&mapmif;zdkYvm;/ 'kuruszl;uwfvdkY/ aemufawmfdkU? rmefatmifwHcg;dkUrSm ,if;ydkifysifedefvdkYuawmh toufxGuf


27/75

rSef;awmif odvdkufzdkYr[kwf/t*k oabFmudkpD;pGm awmufavQmuf (10)ESpfavmuf[d,mxifa&/ EGDcgyvuf0zufudk wufvdkY&atmif

&Dpl;teJaoQeefY vkyfxm;pGm/ pufu pufopf/ ta[mif;udk jyefvkyfpGmqdkauvJh csvmpuqdkau atbufydkif;rSm tvm;qHk;oabFm,m? ESpfxyfjzpfvdkYvl;a&/ vIdif;vDpdwfrcs&/ tuyftcGmawmh aumif;,ifh/ bmnmuGduGa0zefuwf,if;eefY/ pD;edefuwfpGm t*kxd rqdkaumif;o&Gd wpfckaoQvJh rjzpfzl;odqdkpGm tm;vHk;Mum;a&twdkif;

,mav;/ wpfcgwpf&D rdk;cgdkU? jzm;BuD;? vDBuD;? vIdif;BuD; qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;jzpfcgvJh jzpfaweefY&m? rdk;vDqdkpGm wpfa,mufvJhtpdk;&pGmur[kwf/ ,if;ydkifcgrSmvm; rrwd,ma, tefoltef? idkolidk? uRD;oluRD;? rsuf&nfwpfpuf vJh rxGufbJBudKif;olBudKif;? oabFmwpfpD;vHk; apmif;pGmudk EIef;csif;wnf; wnfhcHolucHxm;/ a,musfm;wduawmh *gvefyHk;wd?'&if;pnfwdudk rsufapmif;wxdk;xdk;? zufvdkYul;zdkYpGm wpfckckudk &Smol&Sm/ wpfyGm? wpfydkif;? wpfykvif; eefYyifoabFmxGufuwnf;u aomufvma&vlwduawmh Zmrl;vdkYrl;rSef;rod? NidrfhedefuwfpGm,m/ igdkUuawmhZmtD;zdkYodvJ? owdtaetxm;eefY wyfvSefYxm;&pGm,m/ umxm;pGmwdudk jzKwfcs? ypnf;wdjyKwfus? vGifhusrvm;atmif *kpdkuf/ pufoDrvm;ygpDauh qkawmif;/ OD;aMumif;yJhaMumif; avQmufedef&pGm,m/ ]]ukwdkYcrHkzdkY rwfcyf,luwfzdkYvm;}} vdkY vm;edefus 0gusD;rwdudk igeyf,mqdkau 0gusD;rwd tidkwefY? tuRD;wefYvdkY ]]&dwfem? umvem}}eefYyif ighudk usdefvdkufuwfpGm rajymauhzd/ attcsdefrSm igdkUu aMumufjyefedefau oD,mr[kwfvm;a,/

ajymvdkYajympGmr[kwf/ igdkUbufu ]]qvif}}wdu aumif;aumif;awmfa&ESrf;/ Zmecg ydk;pdk;yufpufMum;zl;uwfav/ &Dvrf;wpfck&m&Sda& ata'orSm BuHKawmifhBuHKcJrS jzpfzl;zdkY/ atjrpf? atyifv,f? atacsmif;?atvIdif;? atvDMum;rSm atydkifoabFmrsKd;pHkpD;vdkY vm;edefuwfpGm,mrem;/ pufq&m yifpifpm;wpfa,mufajymzl;a& ]]tavmif;bk&m;}} ]]taqGawmf}} ]]tvif;a&mif}} atoabFmwdudk 1957 ckESpfuyif ay:wl*Du,lvmpGm/ tmz&duwdkuf *l;[kwf (goodhope)tiludk ywfvdkYarmif;,lvmuwfpGmvwf/ oabFmwd Zmydkifyifa[mif;a[mif;? opfopf a'&DaMumif; c&D;rSm zD;b,m0D;uGmvdkY tD;csrf;pGm oabFmpD;EdkifpGm ]]qvif}}wd rawmfqdkvdkY&zdk Yvm;a, ...ESrf;/ aemifawmfudkvJh ausmfpGm,m? rmefatmifwHcg;udkvJh jzwfpGm,m/ arSmifauvJhausmufaqmifudkrwdkuf/ qvdkufrD;ysufedef auvJh Mu,fa&mifva&mif&Sdau&,m/ c&D;&Snf&Snf? vIdif;vmvm?

vDvmvm? 0wKwajymajymeefY armif;vm; cuwfaw ]]qvif}} wd [dc [dqJ [dedefrdkYpGm,mav;/]]qvif}} cef;uxGufaw 0wKwdxJrSm rSwfrSwf&& ]]Zeu}}0wKuawmh &oajrmufqHk;,mxif,ifh/ppfawG-awmifukwf c&D;pOfqdkpGmu &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif;rSm t&SnfqHk;c&D;pOfwpfck,m/ ppfawG? aygufawm?rif;jym;? ajryHkNyD;au rdkuf,m? nOfhcgarmif;pGmrsKd;wd[da&/ ausmufjzLvGefau jrpfjyifus,fus,f aomifurf;0D;0D; oabFmwpfpD;wnf; xD;wnf;BuD;eef Y vm;edefuspGmqdkau atawm atawmif atjrpfeef Yyifaumif;ysif;zd k Yaumif;pGm r[kwfvm;/ &rd&&majymvdk Y pm;vdk Y aomufvdk Y vm;uwf&pGm,mav;/ ,if;udktxmaygufxm;a& vlwdu tuGufxGifpGmvJh jzpfzdkYav/ Zeurif;om; oabFmysufvdkY &Gufwdkifxufu ckefrcscif]]pum;BuD;oHk;cGef;}}ajymcpGmudk odvmvdkY pum;ac:a&cg olvJhrod? udk,fvJhrod? aemufqHk; oda&vludkxrif;auR;aMu;eefY Zeu0wKajym cdkif;&pGmrsKd;av/ rdwDvmjynf wnfa&avmufuyif csDNyD;au ajymvD&zdkYpGm?

c&D;xGuf? rkefwdkif;rd? oabFmysuf? axmywf? wifvJ? ysm;&nfvl;pGm? pm;pGm? Zeutaygif;toif;wdudkig;ref;pm;pGmESifhyif csJUaucsJUoavmuf t0ZGef; &Tif&TifeefY ajymvdkY&a& 0wKrsKd;r[kwfvm;/ awmifukwfudkra&mufo&Gd auR;vD&zdkY xrif; oHk;av;ig;xyfuzdkYvm;a,/ ,if;csifhudkrS urf;uyfcgeD;rSm 0wKudk tqHk;owfZeurif;om;a& ]]0rf;? wl;? o&D;}} okH;cGef;ajymNyD;au &Gufwkdifzsm;u ork'&mxJukd 'kdifAifxkd;csvm;ca&vwfvkdYtqkH;owfawvludk 'g;eefYvdkufcGyfcsifpdwf aygufpGm vGefa&vdkY rqdkEdkif r[kwfvm;/

t&m ]]0wK}}wd ydmvdkuf&Sdod,ifh/ igdkUu ]]qvifcef;}}xuf oabFmpma&;cef;eefY ydktquftoG,frsm;a&/ vufrSwfaumuf? vufrSwfppf? vufrSwf&GD? vufrSwfodrf;? qdyfurf;wdrSm twuftqif;pm&if; tm;vHk;udkpma&;wdeefY wGJvkyf&a&/

oabFmpD;a&vlwdu oabFmvufrSwfudk oabFmxuf ra&mufcif&m *kpdkufuwfpGm oabFmxuf

a&mufvdkY vufrSwfppfau xdkrSmxm; a'rSmxm; &Smr&/ vlausmfygvm;au xkwfryD;vdkuf/ vufrSwfudk udkifxm;jyefauvJh tvdkvdk yg;pyfrSmudkuf? ezcsD;xGwf? ypfpvufcyf&m r[kwfvm;/ a&mif;vdkuforQ vufrSwfwdudk


28/75

wpf&GufvJ rusefatmif jyefodrf;NyD;au tcsdefr&GD; tppfaq;cHEdkifatmif odrf;xm;&oda&qdkpGmudk oduwfawydkifu rxif/ wpfcgwpfvD &DrSmus? aysmuf? wpf&GufESpf&Gufuawmh udpr&Sdav/ cRif;csufuawmh &Sd&pGm,mESifh&m/,if;csifhudkxm;vdkuf/ oabFmrSm trSefwu,f vltpD;enf;vdkY yHkrSefowfrSwf0ifaiGxuf eJvdkY a&mif;&a&acgufqdkauawmif 0gwGif;umv &[ef;oHCm c&D;roGm;? v,fxGefcsdef v,form;tvkyfrsm;? oabFmpD;ol&Sm;pojzifh rSwfcsufjyK&pGm&Sda&/ owfrSwfcsufxuf aiGrsm;a&qdkpGmau0g vmjyefod,ifh? rSwfcsufwpfrsKd; ]]yGJawmf

&ufjzpf ausmif;ydwfcsdef? ausmif;zGifhcsdefjzpf vloGm;vlvmrsm; .../ pm&if;wd? Z,m;wd? ukefypnf;? 0&rf;pm&Guf ... c&D;&Snf&SnfwdkwdkvkyfygvDzd oabFmpma&;rSm wpfcgwpfcg 0&rf;r&odvdkY? 0&rf;pm&GufrNyD;vdkY? rygvdkYajym&a&pum;0g/ tm;emyg;em awmif;awmif;yefyef cc,, tpHk&m/ ,if;csifhrSmrS oabFm&muyfcgeD; pm&if;urNyD;Edkif/ pma&;BuD;eefY oabFmom;wd acR;pD;edefpGmrSm ysKdygatmif,pfaw taumifwd 0&rf;pm&Gufr&odqdkNyD;au 0kef;? 'dkif;? *kef;? *Grf;eefY roumau wpfoabFmvHk; 0&rf;usvm;zdkYpGmrsKd;vJh BuHK&,m/ igu &DxJudkckefqif;vm;csifpdwf aygufaw/ pdwfysufvdkY/

,if;wGufeefY u&ifeDtmus,f (oabFmpma&;udk t,ifu ]]u&ifeD}}vdkY ac:uwfaw)ajympGmudkpD tl;q,fcGef;ajym taumif;wpfcGef;ygqdka&ydkif ypfvdkYr&/ oabFmwpfpD;rSm t,ifcgu ]]qvif}}NyD;au ]]u&ifeD}}a& yg0gt&SdqHk;vwf/ t*kawmh u&ifeDzdkYudkxm;vdkY 0gpGmrSmawmif rwefYbJ ]]u&ifjym}} jzpfedef,m qdkum/wjcm;bmnmwdudkawmh xnfhajym0HhpGmrjrif/ oabFmom;aoQwdeefY ywfoufvdkYawmh oabFmom;BuD; ig&SdrSmqdkauatpum;udk ydkajymwwfaw/ oabFmrSm xrif;pm;csdefa&mufvdkY u&ifeDBuD; pm;yGJem; uwfvm;cau tus[NAJeefYa&TBudK;qGJxm;a& oabFmom;u vSnfhrMunfh/ xdk0dwfa'0dwfeefY a&mufvma& oabFmom;u pDuvdyfzGm&if;u


29/75

wdeefY? udk,fpm;vS,fwdeefY bJtkyfuwpf&m ESpf&m? qlumeDu wpfa,mufwnf;/ wpfcgwpfvD ESpfa,mufwnf;/Mum;qdyfurf;wdrSm uyfcsdef? qdkufcsefudk vkdufvdkUwif&? jyK&? rSwf&? BuD;Muyf&pGm vG,fvdkYrSwfvm;/ rwpf&mom;eefYqufqH&pGm/ tenf;trsm;awmh [duwfaw,m/ jyemqdkpGmu &GmorQrdk; udk,fhacgif;xdk;cHvdkYvJh jzpfzdkY pGmur[kwf/ wpfEG,fiif wpfpifygvm;au raumif;,m/ rD;cdk;


30/75

raemfoD&deHa,mifrSmraemfoD&deHa,mifrSmraemfoD&deHa,mifrSmraemfoD&deHa,mifrSmraemfoD&deHa,mifrSm(1)

&GmrSm r,dSrSwpfcsuf? &GmrSm,Sdau tdrfrSmeDvdkY NcDa&vdkYyifr,Sd? Z&yfudkpD a&mufvm;cpGmAsm,f/ vlpdacsrsm;ygvwfpGmeefY wpfa,mufa,mufuawmh armifomndKNcDr rudkufvdkuf&au xrif;pm;r0ifvmu rod

]]armifoQifz vdkY tac:rcHyJ vm;vD&zdkYAsm,fESrf;? b0ypfuma0}} atpum;eefYcsnf; armifomndKudk Edkifpm;eDuwfaw? armifomndKrSmu orD;csnf;ig;a,muf,Sda&? om;a,musfm; vHk;0r&od? om;zoQifwd aygifwifvdkY ajymwdkif; cH&aygif;rsm;ysm,f? rcHcsifpGmawmh rSef,ifh? jyefajymzdkYavhrwwf? wpf&ufedcgawmh armifomndKydkif orD;csnf;ckepfa,mufeefY rkqdk;zdkjzpfedefa& pHvSabmftvSnfhusedefwkef;rSm a&mufvm;ca&? pHvSabmf jyefESufyvdkufpGmMum;a&cg aumif;jref;ygvm;cpGm&mr[kwfvm;/ ]]orD;csnf; rGD;xm;pGm pHvSabmfoDcgrS wpfyGJjyvDzdk YrSwf?ightavmif;udkcs&zdkYrSwfvm? tavmif;udk zufolzuf? cyfaygifudk qGJolqGJ? t&SifuRD;oluRD;? wufolwufeefYyifighrom ZmydkifpnfzdkYxifav}} qdk,ifh? armifomndKudk&m EdkifvdkY&zdkY pHvSabmfudk Zm&zdkYvJ/

&GwfcsD&Twf&TwfeefY ewfumoGefYum vludk wifpd;ajymzdkYqdkau pHvSabmfu yxrwef;Asm,f/ olUcrsmorD;acs ckepfa,mufeefY rkqdk;zdkb0rSm &a&ydkifvkyfpm;yg,ifh? EGDygrdk;yg v,ftiSm;cH? c&D;awmifajrmufvm;?

ydkufcs? ig;&Sm? uGefypf? oyeHaygif;csKyf vkyfpm;pGmAsm,f/ tdrfoQifr txdef;r,Sd? orD;acswdu vufvS,fzufr&odeefY? taxmufrrGD? zwfoDzwfowf? iwfwxyf? rGwfwxyfb0uudk rwufEdkif? ajredrfh&mvSHpdkufqdkpGmtvum;xm;pGmu r[kwf/ dk;dk;om;om; BudK;BudK;pm;pm; Zmydkifyifvkyfvkyf ukodkvfuHtaMumif;rvScg rGJjymusedef&pGmrSm tvdkvdk tm;remcsifuwfawoabm? Zmr[kwfauavh ewfawa,mifa,mif oGefYa&a,mifa,mifeefY tzsm;qdyfvdkYpD ajymcsifuwfpGmu vlU"rwm&m r[kwfvm;/

]]ajymcsifydkifajymuwfzd? atwrdk;awmh atmufuscHzdkYAsm,f? 0guRwfauawmh pHvSabmfdkU vltxufueDvdkY vkyfpm;zdkYAsm,f}} Z&yfrSm vlpnfcsdefqdkau pHvSabmf vHk;csif;wnf; a'pum;eefYpD Budrf;eDwwfaw?av;ig;ajcmufcgavmuf Mum;&zefrsm;a&cg bBuD;jrwfvSatmifu reDEdkifAsm,f? ESD;jzm,if;u ]]ZmtvkyfvJrif;}}vdkY vSrf;rD;zdkYusAsm,fum? Z&yfrSm,Sda&vlwdu odcsifvdkYr,SdAsm,f? ,auavh pHvSabmfpum; av;eefYpm;ig;eefYajrmuf ,if;ydkifyHkrsKd;edefuwfpGm&m? ]]0guRwfau tabukvm;armif ZmwfaxmifzdkYav bBuD;}} vdkY pHvSabmfpum;p&oda&? ]]ZmwfuzdkYvm;rif;}} ]]ZmwfrSmvdkufpGm vltxufu vkyfpm;a&vdkY tolajymav}} ]]uzdkYqdkzdkYrwwfawrif;u um;qGJyif&ygzdkYvm;a0}} eefYyif wpfa,muf wpfayguf0ifa[mufyvdkufuwfpGm? bBuD;jrwfvSatmifu ]]qHk;atmifajymywfpDa0dkU}}vdkY [efYcgrS wefYuwfaw? ]]uzdkYrvdkufa0;? ZmwformefrSmwufcwfvkdufzkdYpGm? igu yJhpifxufu wufavSmfeDcsdefrSm ormef0rf;acgif;xJrSm Zmwform;wd tdyfoltdyf? xdkifolxdkif vdkuf&zdkYav?rSef;Munfhyvif? igvlxufu vkyfpm;pGm[kwf r[kwfudk}} qdkyD;au r&,frNyHK; rSifoDoDeefY pHvSabmfu ajymwwfpGmrsKd;?,auavh pum;Edkifr&o&GD uyfoduyfoyf ajymwwfaw jzLoD;uawmh qdkifrSef;rqdkifrSef;rod? ]]xm;yga0?rif;atmufusrcHcsifa& tvkyfu rkqdk;r romjzL t&mvifwpfa,muf,lpGmxuf xl;zdkYu r[kwf}} qdk,ifh

]]pHvSabmfuawmh atmufom;aumftpdrf;vdkuf rTef;pGmAsm,f}}/(2)q&marmifausmftzdk Y Z&yfu vGifhvma& toHwdu t*ktcsdefrSmawmh dk;vm;cAsm,f/ at&Gmudk

a&mufcgprSmawmh Mum;orQ jriforQwdrSm tm;vHk;tqef;ydkifcsnf;wGda&/ tdrf&Sifrudk rD;MunfhzdkYuavh pdwfcsifauawmh ajym,ifh? pdwfrcsifau ]]tm a'bkef;BuD;xlxGufeefYawmhcgav ...}} vdkYpD ezdqdwfvdkY ajympGmudkvHk;0rcHcsif/ q&marmifausmfu &cdkifom;&m? a'&GmaygufzGm;awmhr[kwf? tnmu r,m;&Gm vdkufvma&vl/]]&cdkifcsif;wlyg,ifh? &yf"avh &Gm"avh tajymtqdk pdkufvuPmtoHk;tEIef;wdu udk,fhZmwdeefY rwlcg tqef;csnf;jzpfedefa&? em;rvnfaurdef;csifpGmuavh 0goem? wcgwcg bmoE&? a'oE&? oifzl;orQ? y&dwf,wf?y#dywf? oN*dKvf? o'g? vuFm? qef;usrf;tm;vHk; rGef;ygvmzdkYpGm&m r[kwfvm;/

q&marmifausmfu Zmwd&GmeefY r0D;a& &Gmacswpf&GmrSm q,fESpfom;uyif oQif0if? yOif;cH? ausmif;xdkiftjzpfeefY omoemrSm OD;*Ermb0eefY aysmfarGUedefcpGm? trsKd;bmom? omoemudkxdau rcHcsifpGmeefY ukvm;&cdkift"dukPf;uyifpNyD;au aemufydkif;rSm q&mawmf OD;pdEmwyfeefY ygrSef;rodygedefc,ifh/ q&mawmfavh


31/75

tvif;0if OD;avomatmif? OD;MumvSatmifdkUtzGJUwdavh vufeufcs? wcsKdUuawmh vufeufcspGmavhr[kwf?tvif;0ifpGmudkavh rBudKuf? vufeufeefY 'Drdkua&pDza&vdkYwrsKd;? awmuNrdKUudk0ifvma&tzGJUwdeefY a&mAsm,fOD;*ErmNrdKUudka&mufvmvwfpGm? OD;*Ermb0aysmufvdkY vlxGufusAsm armifausmftrnfaygufvm;c,ifh? bkef;BuD;vlxGufxHk;pH? t&mavh vkyfpm;rjrif qD;acs 0g;acsuk? aA'if? ,Mwmwpd waAGacsu e*dkuwwfxm;pGmeefY0rf;ausmif;zdkYusAsm,fum? ,au avmu"rwmrSm q&marmifausmf? q&marmifausmfvdkY tac:aumif;uwf

pGmawmh tqef;r[kwfAsm,fav/ ,yD;au vlqdkpGm jzpfvmrS om;r,Sd? orD;r,Sd a'&Gmol rdMumjzLeefY aygif;zufwGdAsm,f qHxHk;aemufa,mifyg a'&Gmudk a&mufvmpGm Zmqef;zdkYvJ? q&marmifausmfjrpfem;wef;rSm eDyga&/

jrpfem;us&GmjzpfvdkY Z&yfav;ig;ckpvHk; tm;vHk;jrpfurf;em;rSm wpdacspDjcm;vdkY wef;Asm,faqmufxm;a&? ukudK&dyfwduvJh aumif;a&eefY? Z&yfudka&mufau tdrfxJr0ifcsifpGm vlwdkif;? vlwdkif;/ ta&mif;om;? tcsom;?c&D;vm; tm*EK? {nfhonfwd? csufjyKwfpm;aomuf wnf;cdkvdk YuwrsKd;? ydkufxdk;? ydkufzm? ESD;jzm? pmzwf?'g;aqmufwyf,if;yif vmeDa& &Gmom;wdrjywf? tvm;um;vwfvsm; vwfvsm;eefY tm;auyif vmxdkifvdkYawmifpOf&TDr& ajymedefuwfawvlwdruef? &Gmjywfom; rdef;rwdrSm rGD;xm;orQ bkpkck tacswduawmh pm;csdeftdyfcsdefrSm&m yGJa&? rdk;xuyif eD0if Z&yfrSm vlyGJa&vdkYr,Sd? nOfYvJryGJ? 'a,mwpfydkif;pDcif;vdkY Muaomif;0g;ydkif;acgif;tHk;Asm,f wef;vdkYtdyfedefuwfpGm udk,fhtdrfrSm tdyfaw a,musfm;yifr[dvm;vdkY xif&zdkY? om;eefYr,m;eefY tdk;eefY tdrfeefY eDuwfawvlwd Z&yfrSm atydkiftdyfvdkY NcDuwfpGmudk q&marmifausmftHha&/ q&marmifausmfawmh Z&yfrSm wcgavhrtdyfzl;? tdrfrSm&maumif;a&r[kwfvm;? b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfu iNyDuRef;wef;udk ausmfvdkYwdkufcwfvma& qm;iefaiGU&Sdef;&Sdef;eefY awmifvDvmvm? &rf;aygufvmvm tdrfudk ' g d k u f 0 i f p G m A s m, f ?ajrmufbufuwef;pG,fawmifrSm t&SdefowfNyD;rS *pyudkjzwfoef;vma& jrpfrvDu tdrfudka&mufatmifxd]]jr}}eD,ifh? tJ-wpfcgwpfcg ,if;vDESpfrsKd;Mum;rSm Z&yfu atmufom;aumf trTef;wduawmh Mum;nyfvdkYygvmAsm,fqdkau&m q&marmifausmfMum;pcg em;0yg;0ylygatmif &Sdef;vdkYwGda&? t*kawmh ,Ofvm;Asm,f0g/

,if;csifhuZmav? ajrmufbufydkif;&GmwdrSmu omod,ifh? nZmbuf jzm;uscsdefqdkau tnmwufvm;ca&vifom;wdkudk r,m;wdarQmfuwfAsm,f? yef;wlzGif;zGif;zGmvdkY tacswpfa,mufpD cg;awmif;wifAsm,f

ukudKjrpfwdrSm xdkifedefuwfAsm,f? &Gmom;avmif;qdkufqdkuf? rsufESmodormefyg;yg;? ]]tl; ...b,faohol}} ]]tl..b,f0gol}}vdkY a0SmvdkYrD;uwfaw? ]]igdkUtdrfu Zudkif;yg;udk wGdcvm;}} ]]Zudkif;yg; ZmrSmvdkufav}}vdkY pDMum;&wwfaw/ wa,mufwnf;u rD;pGmr[kwf? Zudkif;yg;qdkpGm emr,frjzpfEdkif? q&marmifausmf odcsifpGmu'ku? tdrfoQifruvJ NyHK;pdNyHK;pd? ]]aemufcgodvdr,f}}csnf;Asm,f/

avmif;eefY ormefeefY 0efypnf;wifAsm,f xdk&Gm a'&GmywfvdkY c&D;vm;pm;a& vlwdrSm t"dutE&m,fu "m;jywdkufcH&pGmAsm,f/ az;omudk 0efudkwdkuf,lxm;vdkufauu [kwfod,ifh? vludkowfvdkY jrpfrmrQKd;csypfcau tavmif;udk wGdzdkYawmifrvG,f? tJ-ZD;yifudkif;rSm yg;vdkYwifeDrSwpfcsuf? kyfysufqif;ysuf rjzpfcif &SmwGdrS tavmif;udk&EdkifpGm? atcsifhudk nTef;vdkY c&D;xGufvm;ca& vifom;wd ta&mufMumau "m;jrowfvdkY oDAsm,f,SdzdkYvdkY arQmfawmfaZmeefY a'goaESm,if; vifawmfarmifwdudk Zudkif;yg;vdkYawmh ac:uwfpGm? a'&Gmolr,m;wd\

pum;tvuFmuawmh Zmydkifqef;avvdkY rrD;auh? qef;wumh qef;usrf;aygif;csKyfudk tzHk;jyKwfygatmifvSefavuJhrwGdEdkifvdkY Mocs&zdkY/ ]]iSufndKoef;}} ]]e*g;pmBuD;us}} ]]vif;wpm;}} ]]ttlMuif;}} atydkifqJjcif;rsKd;wdudkMum;zl;uwfzdkYvm;? at&GmrSm a,musfm;? rdef;r? tacs? tBuD;r&GD; yg;pyfrSmoD;eDuwfpGmAsm,f? q&marmifausmfu wcgwcg&,fp&mydkifajymjzpfaw tqJ#Dum cufqpft"dyg,fusrf;wpftkyf oufoufxkwfau&zdkYvdk Y?&GefYuD&GefYum; rsufESmxvef;um;eefY rdef;rwdudkqdkau tl;omOD;awmif Zmydkkifajymavodvm; ]]atrdef;ruz0xkyfrSm rwwfypfzdkYaumif;eDAsm,f}}qdk,ifh? tvuFmcGJorwd acgif;rGD;vm;zdkYpGm&m r[kwfvm;/

(3)&Gmurf;yg;u ESpfawmifavmufyif rjrifhvdk Y qif;&wuf&awmh vG,fa&? ,auavh jzm;uscsdefdkU?

jzm;ppfdkUrSmqdkau usref;jyifu 0g;q,fudk;jyefuzdkYvm;? bdwfeufpGmuvJh 'l;udkru? wcgwcg aygif&if;xd

jrKyfcsifcsif/ jrpfjyifa&mufcsifau usref;rSefzdkYpGm bdwfuRHzdkYpGmudk aMumufvdkYawmh vHk;0rjzpf? vif;vif;Muif;Muif;jzpfjzpf? rdkufrdkufprf;prf;jzpfjzpf usKyfaAsmif;aAsmif;eefY vm;&pGmAsm,f/ t*kvJh bkef;BuD;ausmif;u tmkPfqGrf;csufzdkY ukvm;wufacgufawod? rJwmjrpfxJudk a&mufeDAsm,f? olrsm;xuf pdacs,ifau pdacswaAGydk&zdkYvm;?


32/75

avmbaZmeefY qif;vmpGmAsm,fav? ork'&m&Dudk EHk;csif;wnf;ukefatmif cyfaomufEdkifzdkYvm;vdkY ycsecs ajymuwfawvlwdudk rJwmuawmh tjypfrwif? a,yifavh &if;wGef;xdk;a&qdkpGmu jrpfjyifrSm t&yfrGDa& eD&mwdrSmrS xdk;uwf&pGm? udk,fydkifvnf;aumif;? &if;wGef;ykpGefwpfckwnf;udk pD;yGm;a&;ydkifrSDvdkY xdk;a&vlwdavh,Sda&? udk,fhrSm&if;wGef;uavhr,Sd? ig;uavh iwfawr,SdAsm,f? 0,fpm;zdkYvJh azGomrEdkif? tacswdu&m xrif;yGJrSm ig;rygvdkYidkESifhyif jzpfvmau tm;eDa& &if;wGef;udk atmufuscHiSm;Asm,f BuHKcgqif;xdk;a& vltrsKd;rsKd;&SdpGm&m r[kwfvm;?

,yD;au &if;wGef;qdkpGmu a,musfm;? rdef;r? tacs? tBuD;r&GD;oifhHkavmufqdkau qif;xdk;vdkY&pGm? jrpfudkqif;csdefaemufusau t&yfwrG D& D jyifysysacsrSm vlwdus dwfus dwfowfeDuwfAsm,f? &if;wGif;wqHkpm eD&m&zdkYvG,fa&rSwfvm;? ,if;ydkifeddkUqdkau ykpGefacsyGmpdwf&zdkYawmif rvG,fAsm,frSwf? ork'&m&Dudk EHk;csif;wnf;cyfraomufEdkifpGmawmh rSef,ifhav/

t,ifcgrJwmdkU udk,fhrdbtdrfrSmeDcg wcgwvD &if;wGef;qif;xdk;pGmu ykpGefacs&zdkYxuf tazmfwdeefY&Dao;zdkY? jyif;zdkYpGm&m ta&;BuD;a&? yypfeepf vkyfcpGmur[kwf? vifom;&cg q,fcgwcg wpm;pmpD qif;xdk;zl;,ifh? tdrfoQif&SmyD;pGmudk pm;eDcpGm&m? t*ku tacsig;a,mufeefY rJwm rkqdk;rjzpfvm;ccgawmh &if;wGef;xdk;pGma& vkyfpm;Asm,f? rJwmvifoDvm;ca&avmufuyif xrif;acswqkyfpm;zdkY rJwm rvkyfzl;a&tvkyf &GmrSmr,SdAsm,fvdkYawmif qdkcsifa&/ rJwmdkU&GmrSmu pD;yGm;a&;qdkvdkY txl;taxG,SdpGmu r[kwf? a,musfm;wdqdkauv,fvkyf? qdkifwnf? c&D;vm;? ig;&Sm? t&mvkyfuGufvdkY r,Sd/ rdef;rwdu vif&Sdauvif&SmpGmeefYpm;? rdef;rvkyfpm;qdkvdk Y qeftiSm;zGwf? pyg;tiSm;xdk;? [if;oD;[if;&Guf? rkefYacsyJacs &GmpOfvSnfhvdk Ya&mif;? tm;eefY cGefeefYawmifhawmifhrmrm rdef;rwdrS &if;wGef;wqHkudk &if;vdkY jrpfjyifrSm EGD? rdk;? aqmif; csrf;pdrfh0cHAsm,f &if;wGef;xkd;pm;EdkifuwfpGm/

rJwmrSmvifoDpcg 0rf;pmacswqkyfawmh usefvdkufyg,ifh? aMu;paiGpt&if;tESD; vkyfavmufatmifur,Sd? pdwfwdurGdvdkY? pm;zdkYuvkda&? qeftiSm;zGwfpGmu vkyfief;p&pGm? ,if;cgrS qefwawmif;jzLygatmifzGwfau '*Fg;wjym;? wjym;wrwf ,if;avmuf&m&a&? wpf&ufrSm xrif;csuf? &Dcyf? tacsxdef;,if;yif qefav;ig;awmif;zGwfvdkY jzLzdkYtEdkifEdkif? wpf&ufrSm azGom av;ig;jym;avmufeefY xrif;ESpfxyfudk qm;eefY&DeefYpm;cH&a&

b0rsKd;? aemufydkif;rSmawmh ay:qef;arT;acwfpm;vmcg qefzGwfau qefrIefYjymyD;zdkY rvdkAsm,f? ay:qef;arT;qefrIefYeefY awmif;ig;q,favmuf&au pmypDaumuf,if awmif;w&mavmufeefY a&mvdkY ay:qef;arT;twkvkyfa&mif;uwfpGm&mr[kwfvm;/ a&mpGm? aESmpGmawmh qefzGwforeefYrqdkif? qefrIefYrjym&a& tcsdeftwGufqefawmif;ydkzGwfEdkifa&? tcsdeftwGuf qefawmif; ydkzGwfEdkifa&? pdkufpdkufrwfrwfzGwfau w&ufrSm q,fawmif;?q,fhwawmif;avmufawmif rJwm jzLEdkif,ifh/ tm;udkawmh wdk;vdkYoHk;pGmAsm,f? qm;eefYpm;&a& b0uawmhrwuf? &ufjywfcsnf; qefzGwftiSm;uspGmur[kwf? tvkyfrusa&edefY pm;zdkYuvdkoda&av? pyg;? qef&moDyGJaurdk;wGif;rSm [if;a&mif;? rkefYa&mif;? NcDaxmufanmif;atmifywfvdkuf&pGm &GmpOf? w&ufrSm av;ig;&GmuzdkYvm;?qHk;pGm? IH;pGm,Sdod,ifh/

,if;ydkifoHk;ESpfavmuf 'kucHNyD;rS rJwmom;acsESpfa,muf qifhuqifh? EGDausmif;? rdk;ausmif;? uRJtiSm;

ausmif;&ygvwfaw? oldkU&a&pyg;udk 0rf;pmjyifxm;Asm,f rJwmvufayguf&SmpGmeefY avmufatmif pm;uwf&pGm? ig;acswxyf 0,frpm;0Hhc? uefysufu tvum;qif;cl;vdkY&a& uufukwfql;[if;udkawmif csOf? qm;?ikyfaygufaygufxnfhvdkY rpm;0Hh? [if;eefYcsnf; &ufxyfrpm;vdkYurjzpf? w[yfwpyf0wfzdkYuvJhvdk? rusef;a&;?rrma&;avh,Sdod,ifh? tdrfacs,macs rjyifvdkYurjzpf? tdrfrdk;zdkY vdkeDAsm,f? uefaxmufcH&zdkYESifhyif? tkef;wyspfvdkau? *Gacswacsmif;vdkau tolvm; cGyfcDzdkYvJ? azGomeefY 0,frS&pGmrsKd;? azGomudk rJwm Zmydkif&SmvD&zdkYvJqdkpGmudk usef;rmwkef;rSm &if;wGef;acswpfqHk 0,fEdkifatmifqdkNyD;au ukwfvdkYuwfvdkY rJwmpk&pGm0g? aumif;aumif;'ku&mr[kwfvm;? rJwm atydkifBudKif;Asm,fqdkau ewfa,mifum; aomMumjzLu ewfAsm,f/

]]vjcKvjcm 'kucHeDumeif? tBuD;tdrfomarvrf;udk vdkufqdkvdkYyif}} vdkYpD ewfwwfaw? &GmrSm tBuD;tdrfomaru &mZ0ifwGifa&? tdrfomar toufav;q,fhig;ESpfrSm yxrvifoDa&? wvifNyD;au wvifepyf

yvdkufpGm tdrfomar toufajcmufq,fausmfcg vifckepfa,mufusAsm,f/ ]]igvifvdkvdkY epyfawrSwfvm?tdrfuvifawmif;a&? xif;uvifawmif;a&? xrif;tdk;u vifawmif;a&? ,if;wGufeefY igvifepyfpGm&m}} vwf?tdrfomartaMumif;jycsuf/ ,if;wGufeefY tl;omOD;z 0xkyfrSmrwyfypfzdkY rdef;rpm&if;rSm tdrfomar xdyfqHk;


33/75

uyga&vdkY ajymprSwf wGifpGm&mr[kwfvm;/rJwmdkUuawmh &if;wGef;acswqHk 0,fEdkifa&avmufuyif b0rSm taxmufrGDAsm,fvdkY rSwfxm;a&/

vHk;ywfxGmcGJavmuf,Sda& 0g;vHk;udk &if0rSm axmufxm;Asm,f jrpfjyifrSm tpkeftqef&if;wGef;xkd;pm;pGmrJwm&if0rSmawmif ausmufcHeDAsm,f? ykpGefav;ig;ajcmufopf&a&edefYqkdau rJwmdkU anmif;rSef;rod? csrf;pdrfh0auavhrwuf? EIwfcrf;jymygatmifxd xdk;aumif;eDpGmAsm,f? w&ufw&DrSmawmh jzm;&mwufygvwf? vDu&mjyif;?

rdk;uwjAef;jAef;&GmpGm rsufpdryGifh? atavmufpGmrSm ykpGefacsyGmpdwfavmufyif rjynfhodqdkau0g NcDovHk;wd'l;qpfuefaumufcGwdudk vIdif;owfpGm "m;eefYcGwfawydkif/ rsufESmwd &ifbwfwdrSm rdk;pufuspGm tyfeefYxdk;a&ydkif pl;vdkufawu vDxvD csrf;vD? &DrSm rsufESmazmfvdkY wudk,fvHk;udk jrKyfxm;rS tcsrf;ajya&? jrpfudkrqif;zl;a&vluawmh &DpdrfrS tcsrf;ajya&qdkau tjyefMum;zdkYESrf;/

&if;wGef;xdk;pm;a& vlwdMum;rSm tabvSjzLoHpum;wdu wcgavhdk;zdk Yr[kwf? acwfaumif;cgutabvSjzLoHdkU v,fonfBuD;wdvwf? NrdKUua&TomukrPDrSm pyg;tBuD;tus,fa&mif;vdkY olaX;a&TomtdrfrSmntdyf nae wnf;zl;a&vwf? *syefacwfcg pyg;psD;us? *syef'*Fg;wdu&m r0ifjzpfvm;c? "m;jrwdkufcH&eefYyifrGJvm;cpGm raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm &if;wGef;xdk;pm;a&b0udk usvm;ca&vwf? ewfawmf? jymodkvrSm rdk;xapmapm? ESif;0D0DeefY pkefvD jzufpyfjzufpyf &GefYvIdif;acs abmufbifowfeDwkef; &if;wGef;xdk;,if;yif ]]a&TomukrPDrSm pyg;a&mif;vdkY wnf;cwkef;u atydkifewfawmf? jymodkdkUrSm tdyf&mudk arGU&maumfaZmwdcif;vdkY? ouvwf*Grf;apmifESpfxyfNcHKvdkY? udk,frSm rmzvm vuf&Snfxufu pGyfwmwxyf? ukwftuswxyf? NcDpGyf? vufpGyf?acgif;ywftpHk0wfAsm,f wdkufcef;xJrSm tdyf&a&cgavh atavmufcsrf;a&? t*k raemfoD&deHa,mifrSm pkefvDjzufpyfjzufpyfeefY &if;wGef;xdk;eDcgvJh atavmufcsrf;pGmAsm,f? aqmif;avhaqmif; vSjzLoHavh vSjzLoH wckurxl;ygum}} vdkYpD oHa0u pum;qdkwwfawvwf/

rJwmdkUuawmh rdk;v,favmuf jrpf&Daemufvm;csdefrSm rD;ausmif;0ifzdkYpGmaMumufvdkY w&ufwvD jrpfudkrqif;bJ atmifhcHpGmuvGJau csrf;csrf;tD;tD;? EGD? rdk;? aqmif;r&GD; jrpfrSmAsm,f/ ykpGeftpdrf;pGHaupGH rpGHaujyKwfxm;? rdk;&Gmau Muyfwif? eDylauxkwfvSrf;? a&TykpGefjzpfaua&mif;? aumif;[efuseDpGmAsm,f/ &ifbwfwGef;tm;

aumif;orQ? 'l;cdkiforQ usef;usef;rmrm ,Sdau xrif;wqkyfawmh 0&zdkYvdkY om;acs orD;acswdudk tm;yD;xm;a&?NrdKUu q&mracsu &if;wGef;vdkY ZmwGufac:ygav? &ifwGef;vdkYac:rS rSefygzdkYqdk,ifh/ Zmydkifyif ac:ac: rJwmdkUrSmawmh &ifyGef;ygatmif wGef;&ywfpD xrif;wvkyfudk dk;dk;om;om; pm;&au usDAsm,f/

(4)w&ufvHk; pmjy&vdkY ZmrQyif anmif;anmif;? atjyLwif;ayguf0em;rSm xdkifvdkufpGmeefY csufcsif; jy,f&

zdkY? abm'gacsmif;eefY *pydkUqHk&m urf;ezl;rSm &Gmtvuausmif;BuD;wnf&Sdyga&/ ausmif;ajrmufbuf jyLwif;aygufu arQmfMunfhvdkufau ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;eDa& *pyyef;csDum;udk jrif&yga&/ *py\*E0ifaw;jcif;wduoHpOfopfwdeefY opfvGifvwfqyfpGm &ifckef&Sdef;jr cHpm;Edkifyg,ifh/ iNyDuRef;wef;rSm *py\pdrf;jr uwDyg tv,fqD;x&Hwcsyftvm;? xdkbufrSmawmh ndKrIdif;pdrf;&ifh jrifhwufeDa& wef;pG,fawmifwef;u *pytvSudk tem;oyf

abmifuGyfyD;xm;/ xdkY ... t0D;rSm yvGDarmfu ouf&SnfukudKxD;&GufESpf0dkif;? tpm&Smpdkif;j'm;rif;cGmdkU 0JysHvIdif;pD;? qdkufab;&D;,m;bJjrnfoH tGwftGwf? t&GDjywf? tusKdifjywf? wdrfom;cJxk c&rf;Eka&mifa&m,Suf? rJESpfa&mifcGufxm;a& rdk;om;aemufcHudk eDa&mifwcsuf jzwfueJyGifh? aiGAsKdif;jzLwtkyfjzwfysH? pdefprSefp vGifhjzmBuJvufvJh?w'*FtMunfhudk yHk&dyful;jyvdkufcsif,ifh/

a&Tjrtacscg wpfESpfrSm tcgw&mydwfaw rlvwef;ausmif;rSm eD,if; av;wef;atmifcpGm? ig;wef;udk&GmwGJzufausmif;rSmoifa&? rlvwef;ausmif;rSm trdk;eef Ytcif;udk qufvdkYx&HESp fzufwnf;&m ,Sda&? wGJzuftvuausmif;yg? jrpfzufu x&Hwzufudk toDumxm;yg,ifh? jywif;ESpfaygufu [mvm[if;vif;? rdk;&Gm?vDwdkufau &GDUvdk Y pmoif&a&ausmif;? t&mx&Hwcsyfudk rdk;cgawmifbufu uma&? aqmif;a&mufauajrmufbufudkajymif;a&? pyg;awmif;eefYwa,muf? azGomeefYwpfa,muf? q&mESpfa,mufiSm;vdkYoifpGmyg/ aemufrS

tpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif;jzpfvmNyD;au &Spfwef;atmifcpGm? NrdKUu q,fwef;atmifNyD;? aemufrSm &GmrSmyifrlvwef;q&mvkyf? pmay;pm,lajz? bGJU&? tvjyq&mjzpfeefYyif atausmif;eefY &DpufqHkwkef;ygAsm,f/

a&Tjrq&mjzpfawtcg ]]t*FvdyfpmtoHxGufudk jrefrmpmeefY &GD;oifyvifh? NrdKUrSmydkif oifreDauh? bmrDwHk?


34/75

tem*sufqif? um;'rdkufavmuf zwfwwfzdkYvdka&? qD;xdk;pm;zdkY&auusD? azGomeefY iSm;oifxm;&pGm&m r[kwfvm;}} qdka&toHwd rMum;&Asm,f? olUusL&Sif udk,fhusL&Sif jyemwufawvdkY r,Sd? ]]yx0DrSm ESpfq,fjynfhzdkYr[kwfvwf}}qdkNyD;au 0rf;qyfeefY vmuyfaw rdbwdray:od? txufudkuyfNyD;om;jzpfvdkY rkefYwcsufrpm;&bJeefY qHxkH;Mum;rSm cJwH0Suf,lvmNyD;au "r"d|mefudk xyfajzAsm,f atmifrSwfjznfhyD;&pGmrsKd; rMuHKod? qkcsdefa&wynfhwdtwGuf xdkq&m a'q&myg;u BudKyD;xm;a& cHkeHygwfwdtwGuf wpfrSwfpESpfrSwfp vdkwdk;ydkavsmhvkyfzdkY

rvdk? wpfBudKar;cGef;rxGuf? ar;cGef;aygufaw? ar;cGef;aysmufawvdkYr,Sd? ar;cGef;atmufxm;au tjcm;ausmif;om;wdudk aygufvm;vdrfhr,faMumufvdkY ocsFmar;cGef;tajzpHkudk vufq,facsmif;Mum;rSm &GD;rSwf,lvm;enf;udkydkYcszdkYrvdk? yuwd tD;jrjzLpif? teE*kdPf;0if olawmfpif q

Documents

Rakhi New a Yr Aung Barbaral Bum