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8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Bhugol Me Prayogatamak Kary
1/121
Hkwxksy esa
;ksxkRed dk;ZHkkx 1
d{kk 11 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd
& lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj &
jk"V h; 'kSf {kd vuqla/ kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"V h; 'kSf {kd vuqla/ kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kSf {kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf' k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh
20122012201220122012ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj
jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;k sa esa fu%'k qYd forj.k gsr qjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;k sa esa fu%'k qYd forj.k gsr qjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrq
AglaSem S
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fo"k;&lwph
vkeq[k iii
v;k; 1
ekufp=k dk ifjp; 1&15
v;k; 2
ekufp=k ekiuh 16&23v;k; 3v{kka'k] ns'kkarj vkSj le; 24&30
v;k; 4
ekufp=k Ikz{ksi 31&44
v;k; 5LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=k 45&64
v;k; 6ok;o I-kQksVksdk ifjp; 65&79
v;k; 7lqnwj laosnu dk ifjp; 80&102
v;k; 8ekSle ;a=k] ekufp=k rFkk pkVZ 103&119
AglaSem S
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1
ekufp=k dk ifjp;
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr,Xyksc ij
v;k; 1
ekufp=k dk ifjp;ekufp=kksalsvki ifjfpr gh gksaxsAvkiusviuh lkekftd foKku dhvfkdka'k iqLrdksaesaIkFoh ;k mlosQ
Hkkxksadksn'kkZrsekufp=kksadksns[kkgksxkA vki ;g Hkh tkursgksaxsfdIkFoh dk vkdkj thvkW;M (f=kfoe)gksrk gSrFkk Xyksc osQ }kjk blslclsvPNh rjg ls n'kr fd;k tk
ldrk gS(fp=k 1-1)A nwljh vksjekufp=k esaiwjh IkFoh ;k mlosQ fdlhHkkx dksdkxt ij fpf=kr fd;k
tkrk gSA bl izdkj ekufp=k f=kfoe
IkFoh dh f}foe Lrqfr gS ftlsekufp=k {ksi dk mi;ksx djosQcuk;k tk ldrk gS (v;k; 4ns[ksa)A pwfd] iFoh dh lHkh vkfr;ksadksmuosQ lgh vkdkj ,oadkj esafn[kkuk vlaHko gS] blfy, ekufp=k
dksekiuh osQ vkkkj ij ?kVkdj cuk;k tkrk gSA viusfo|ky; ifjlj dh dYiuk djsaAvxj vkidksviusfo|ky; dk ekufp=k ;k js[kkfp=k mlosQ lgh vkdkj esacukuk gksrks
;gmruk gh cM+k gksxk ftruk fd vkiosQ fo|ky; dk ifjljA blfy, ekufp=kksadksekiuh
rFkk{ksi osQ vkkkj ij cuk;k tkrk gSrkfd dkxt dk R;sd fcanqLFky dh okLrfodfLFkfr osQ rnuq:ih gksA blosQ vfrfjDr izrhdksa] jaxksarFkk Nk;k dk mi;ksx djosQ fofHkUuy{k.kksadksljyrkiwoZd n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dg ldrsgSafd ekufp=k laiw.kZIkFoh;k mlosQ fdlh Hkkx dk lery i`"B ij lekuhr ekiuh }kjk oj.kkRed] izrhdkRed rFkkO;kidho`Qr fu:i.k djrk gSA fcuk ekiuh osQ [khaph xbZjs[kkvksarFkk cgqHkqt dksekufp=kughadgk tk ldrk gSA bUgsaosQoy ,d js[kkfp=k dgrsgaS(fp=k 1-2)A bl v;k; esage
ekufp=kksadh vfuok;Zvko';drkvksa] muosQ dkj rFkk mi;ksxksadk v;;u djsaxsA
AglaSem S
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2
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
'kCnkoyh
thvkW;M %,d yo{k xksykHk,tks Ik`Foh osQ okLrfod vkdkj osQ vuq:i gksAkku cnq %mkj (N),nf{k.k (S),iwoZ(E)rFkk if'pe (W)A
Hkwlaifk ekufp=k %c`gr ekiuh ij fuer ekufp=k] tksfd 1%500 ls1% 4] 000 dh ekiuh ij Hkwlaifk ifjlhekn'kkZusosQ fy, fuer fd;k tkrk gSA blesaizR;sd Hkwfe [kaM dks,d la[;k }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
ekufp=k %fdlh ekiuh lsy?kqo`Qr gq, vk;keksa osQ vkkkj ij laiw.kZIk`Foh ;k mlosQ fdlh Hkkx dk p;fur,laosQrkRed rFkk lkekU; n'kZuA
Ekkufp=kdyk %ekufp=k,pkVZ,[kkdk rFkk vU; dkj osQ xzkI-kQ cukus dh dyk,foKku rFkk rduhd vkSjmudk v;;u rFkk mi;ksxA
ekufp=k e %fdlh ns'k ;k {ks=k osQ fy, leku ekiuh,dkj rFkk fof'k"Vrk osQ lkFk cuk, x, ekufp=kksa
dk lewgAekufp=k {ksi %xksykdkj lrg dks lery lrg ij n'kr djus dh iz.kkyhA
ekiuh %,d ekufp=k,[kkdk ;k Nk;kfp=k ij nh xbZ nwjh rFkk okLrfod nwjh osQ chp dk vuqikrA
js[kkfp=k %okLrfod ekiuh ;k vfHkfoU;kl osQ fcuk eqDr&gLr }kjk [khapsx, ljy ekufp=kA
O;kidhdj.k ekufp=k %ekufp=k ij vko`Qfr;ksa dk ljy n'kZu,tksbldh ekiuh ;k ms'; osQ mi;qDr gks,oamuosQ okLrfod Lo:i dks Hkkfor ughadjrk gksA
fp=k 1-2 % fnYyh osQ i;kZoj.k dk js[kkfp=k (ck,) rFkk fnYyh dk ekufp=k (nk,)
AglaSem S
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8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Bhugol Me Prayogatamak Kary
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4
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
fp=k 1-3 % ekufp=k dh lwpukvksa ij ekiuh dk izHkko
AglaSem S
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5
ekufp=k dk ifjp;
ekufp=k vfHkdYiuk %ekufp=kdkj dk pk SFkk egoiw.kZZ dk;Z gS ekufp=k vfHkdYiukAblesa ekufp=kksa dh vkys[kh fof'k"Vrkvksa dk s ;kstukc fd;k tkrk gS,ftlesa 'kkfey gSa&
mfpr laosQrksa dk p;u,muosQ vkdkj ,oa dkj,fy[kkoV dk rjhdk,js[kkvksa dh pkSM+kbZdkfukkZj.k,jaxksa dk p;u,ekufp=k esa ekufp=k vfHkdYiuk osQ fofHkUu roksa dh O;oLFkkvkSj:
8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Bhugol Me Prayogatamak Kary
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6
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
osQ fy, xgu LFkyko`Qfrd losZ{k.k 1767esa losZ vkWiQ bafM;k dh LFkkiuk osQ lkFk
fd;k x;k] ftlosQ pje fcanq osQ :Ik esa1785 esa gnqLrku dk ekufp=k cudjrS;kj gqvkA vkt,losZ vkWiQ bafM;k fofHkUuekifu;ksa osQ vkkkj ij iwjs ns'k dk ekufp=krS;kj djrk gSA
Ekkiuh ij vkkkfjr ekufp=kksa osQdkj %Ekkiuh osQ vkkkj ij ekufp=kksadksc`gr ekiuh rFkk y?kq ekiuh esa oxhZo`Qrfd;k tk ldrk gSA c`gr ekiuh ekufp=kksa esa
NksVs{ks=kksadksvis{kko`Qr c`gr ekiuh osQ}kjkfn[kk;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy, LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=kksadks 1% 2]50]000] 1% 50]000 vFkok1% 25] 000 dh ekiuh ij cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk xko osQ ekufp=k ,oa{ks=kh; Iyku dks1% 4]000]1% 2] 000 vFkok 1% 500 dh ekiuh ij fn[kk;k tkrk gS] tksc`gr ekiuh osQ ekufp=k gSaA nwljhvksj] y?kqeku ekufp=k dk mi;ksx c`gr {ks=k dks n'kkZus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQfy,,Vyl ekufp=k ,oa fHkfk ekufp=k vkfnA
(i) c`gr ekiuh ekufp=k %c`gr ekiuh ekufp=kksadksfuEufyf[kr dkjksaesaoxhZo`Qr fd;kx;k gS&
fp=k 1-4 % VkWyeh dk fo'o ekufp=k
fp=k 1-5 % kphu Hkkjr esa dfYir fo'o osQ lkr }hi fp=k 1-6 % egkHkkjr esa dfYir pkjksa vksj ty lsf?kjk xksykdkj fo'o
AglaSem S
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7
ekufp=k dk ifjp;
(d) Hkwlaifk ekufp=k([k) LFkykoQfrd ekufp=k
(d) Hkwlaifk ekufp=k %oSQMsLVy ;k Hkwlaifk ekufp=k 'kCn dh mRifk izasQp Hkk"kk osQ
^oSQMsL=ks* 'kCn ls gqbZgS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS {ks=kh; laifk dh iaftdkA bu ekufp=kksadks oQf"kr
Hkwfedh lhekvksa dk fu/kZj.k dj rFkk uxjksa esaO;fDrxr (futh) edkuksa osQ Iyku dksn'kkZ
djmu osQ LokfeRo dks n'kkZus osQ fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA ;s ekufp=k ljdkj }kjk fo'ks"k :Ik ls
Hkwfedj, yxku dh olwyh ,oaLokfeRo dk fjdkWMZ j[kusosQ fy, cuk, tkrsgSaA ;s ekufp=k
c`grekiuh ij cuk, tkrsgSa,tSls& xkoksadk Hkwlaifk ekufp=k 1% 4] 000 dh ekiuh ij rFkk
uxjksadk ekufp=k 1% 2] 000 vkSj bllsvfkd ekiuh ij cuk, tkrsgSaA
([k) LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=k % ;s ekufp=k Hkh lkkkj.kr% c`gr ekiuh ij curs gSaA
LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=k ifj'kq losZ{k.kksaij vkkkfjr gksrsgSarFkk ekufp=kksa dh ka[kyk osQ :Ikesa fo'o osQ yxHkx lHkh ns'kksadh jk"Vh; ekufp=k ,tsalh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd, tkrsgSa(v;k; 5)A
mnkgj.k osQ fy,,Hkkjr dk losZ{k.k foHkkx iwjs ns'k osQ LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=kksadks 1% 2] 50] 000]
1% 50]000 rFkk 1% 25] 000 dh ekiuh ij O;Dr djrk gS(fp=k 1-3)A bu ekufp=kksa esa
LFkyko`Qfrd tkudkfj;ksa] tSls& vko`Qfr,viokg,o`Qf"k&Hkwfe,ou,cLrh,ifjogu osQ lkku,
LowQyksadh fLFkfr,Mkd?kjksarFkk vU; lsokvksa ,oalqfokkvksadksn'kkZusosQ fy, leku jaxksarFkk
izrhdksadk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
(ii) y?kqeku ekufp=k %y?kqeku ekufp=kksa dksfuEufyf[kr oxksesa oxhZo`Qr fd;k x;k gS%
(d) fHkfk ekufp=k([k) ,Vyl ekufp=k
(d) fHkfk ekufp=k %;g ekufp=k lkekU;r% cM+svkdkj osQ dkxt ;k IykfLVd ij cuk;k
tkrk gSA ftldk mi;ksx d{kk ;k O;k[;kud{k osQ fy, gksrk gSA bldh ekiuh LFkykoQfrd
ekufp=k lsy?kq] ysfdu ,Vyl ekufp=k lsc`gr gksrh gSA
([k) ,Vyl ekufp=k %,Vyl ekufp=k y?kqeku ekufp=k gSaA ;s ekufp=k cM+svkdkj okys
{ks=kksa dksiznf'kZr djrsgSarFkk HkkSfrd ,oalkaLo`Qfrd fof'k"VrkvksadkslkekU; rjhosQ lsn'kkZrs
gSaA,Vyl ekufp=k fo'o,egk}hiksa,ns'kksa;k {ks=kksa dh HkkSxksfyd tkudkfj;ksa osQ vkys[kh
fo'odks'k gSaA lgh rjhosQ lsns[kusij,;sekufp=k gesa fLFkfr,vko`Qfr,viokg,tyok;q,
ouLifr,uxjksa ,oa'kgjksaosQ forj.k,tula[;k,m|ksxksadh fLFkfr,ifjogu ra=k,Ik;ZVu rFkk
kjksgjksavkfn osQ lacak esalkekU; tkudkjh nku djrsgSaA
izdk;Z osQ vkkkj ij ekufp=kksa dk oxhZdj.k %ekufp=kksadks muosQ izdk;ZosQ vkkkjij Hkh oxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d jktuhfrd ekufp=k] ,d egk}hi
AglaSem S
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//schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Bhugol Me Prayogatamak Kary
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8
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
;k ,d ns'k osQ 'kklfud foHkktuksa dksn'kkZusdk dke djrk gSrFkk ,d e`nk ekufp=k fofHkUudkj dh e`nkvksaosQ forj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA O;kid :Ik ls ekufp=kksadksmuosQ izdk;ZosQ vkkkj
ij HkkSfrd ekufp=kksa,oalkaLo`Qfrd ekufp=kksa esaoxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA(i) HkkSfrd ekufp=k %HkkSfrd ekufp=k koQfrd y{k.kksa] tSls& mPpkoPk] enk] viokg]tyok;q osQ roksa] rFkk ouLifr bR;kfn dks n'kkZrk gSA
(d) mPpkop ekufp=k %mPpkop ekufp=kksaesaioZrksa] eSnkuksa] iBkjksa] viokg ra=k vkfntSlslkekU; LFkyko`Qfr;ksadksnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k 1-7 ukxiqj ftysosQ mPpkop rFkk
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ekufp=k dk ifjp;
fp=k 1-8 % ukxiqj ftyk 'kSy ,oa [kfutksa dk forj.k
fp=k 1-9 % ukxiqj ftyk tyok;qn'kk,
AglaSem S
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10
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
(?k) e`nk ekufp=k %e`nk ekufp=k fofHkUu izdkj dh e`nkvksaosQ forj.k rFkk muosQ xq.kksadksn'kkZrk gS(fp=k 1-10)A
(ii) lkaLo`Qfrd ekufp=k %lkaLo`Qfrd ekufp=k ekuo fuer y{k.kksa dksn'kkZrsgSaAbuesafofHkUu dkj osQ ekufp=k gksrsgSa] tkstula[;k forj.k ,oao`f] fyax ,oavk;q] lkekftdrFkkkked ?kVd] lk{kjrk] 'kSf{kd Lrj dh kfIr] O;olkf;d lajpuk] cfLr;ksadh fLFkfr] lqfokk,
,oalsok,] ifjogu O;oLFkk rFkk mRiknu] fofHkUu oLrq&okg dksn'kkZrsgSaA(d) jktuhfrd ekufp=k %;sekufp=k fdlh {ks=k osQ 'kklfud foHkktu] tSls& ns'k,jkT;
;k ftysdks n'kkZrs gSaA ;sekufp=k lacafkr 'kklfud bdkbZosQ ;kstuk ,oacaku esa'kklfudra=k dh enn djrs gSaA
([k) tula[;k ekufp=k %tula[;k ekufp=k tula[;k osQ forj.k,?kuRo ,oao`f,vk;q,oafyax dh lajpuk,kked,Hkk"kkbZrFkk lkekftd oxksdk forj.k,tula[;k dh O;olkf;dlajpuk bR;kfn dksn'kkZrk gS(fp=k 1-11)A fdlh {ks=k osQ ;kstuk ,oafodkl esatula[;kekufp=k dh vge~Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
(x) vkFkd ekufp=k %vkFkd ekufp=k fofHkUu dkj dh iQlyksa ,oafofHkUu [kfutksaosQ mRiknu rFkk forj.k,m|ksxksa ,oacktkjksadh fLFkfr,O;kikj osQ ekxksrFkk mRiknksa osQ okg
fp=k 1-10 % ukxiqj ftyk e`nk,
AglaSem S
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ekufp=k dk ifjp;
fp=k 1-12 % ukxiqj ftyk Hkwfe mi;ksx ,oa I+kQly izfr:Ik
fp=k 1-11 % ukxiqj ftyk tula[;k forj.k
dksfn[kkrk gSA fp=k 1-12 rFkk 1-13 ukxiqj ftys dh e'k% Hkw&mi;ksx ,oaI+kQly&izk:i rFkkm|ksxksadh fLFkfr dksfn[kkrsgSaA
AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Bhugol Me Prayogatamak Kary
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12
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
(?k) ifjogu ekufp=k %;sekufp=k lM+dksa] jsy dh iVfj;ksa rFkk jsyosLVs'kuksa,oa gokbZvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA
ekufp=kksadk mi;ksx
Hkwxksyoskk,fu;kstd rFkk vU; lalkku v;;uoskk ekufp=kksadk mi;ksx djrsgSaA ,slk djusesasaosnwjh,fn'kk ,oa{ks=k dkslqfuf'pr djusosQ fy, fofHkUu dkj osQ ekiu djrsgSaA
nwjh dk ekiu %ekufp=kksaesafn[kk, x, jSf[kd y{k.kksadksnksHkkxksaesaoxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrkgS,tksgSa& lhkh js[kk,,oavO;ofLFkr ;k Vs
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ekufp=k dk ifjp;
fp=k 1-14 % fnfX acnq ,oa e;orhZfn'kk,
fn'kk dk ekiu %fn'kk] ekufp=k ij ,d dkYifud lhkh js[kk gS,tks,d leku vkkkjlsfn'kk dh dks.kh; fLFkfr dksn'kr djrh gSA mkj fn'kk dh vksj laosQr djus okyh js[kk
fcanqdks'kwU; fn'kk ;k vkkkj fn'kk js[kk dgrsgSaA ,d ekufp=k lnSo mkj fn'kk dks n'kkZrk gSAvU;lHkh fn'kkvksadk fukkZj.k blosQ lacak lsfd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% pkj fn'kk,ekuh tkrhgSa(mkj,nf{k.k,iwoZ,oaif'pe] bUgsakku fnfX acnq(dkfMZuy IokbaV) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA kkufnfX acnqvksa osQ chp dbZvU; e;orhZfn'kk,gksrh gSa (fp=k 1-14)A
{ks=kdk ekiu %'kklfud ,oaHkkSxksfyd bdkb;ksatSlh vko`Qfr;ksadk ekiu ekufp=k dh lrgijfd;k tkrk gSA ekufp=k mi;ksxdkkZvksa }kjk {ks=kksadksfofHkUu rjhdksalsekik tkrk gSA oxksdh,d fu;fer 'kSyh osQ }kjk fdlh {ks=k dh eki dh tk ldrh gS,gkykafd ;g fofk vfkdifj'kq ughagksrh gSA bl fofk }kjk {ks=k dksekiusosQ fy, ,d iznhIr Vslx Vscqy osQ ijekufp=k osQ uhps,d xzkI+kQ (vkys[k) isij j[kdj ekufp=k dks oxksls
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14
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
vH;kl
1. fn, x, pkj fodYiksaesa lslgh fodYi pqusa %(i)js[kkvksa,oavko`Qfr;ksaosQ ekufp=k dgstkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr esalsD;k vfuok;Z gS\
(d) ekufp=k :f
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ekufp=k dk ifjp;
2. fuEufyf[kr 'uksa osQ mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksaesansaA(d) ekufp=k O;kidhdj.k D;k gS\([k) ekufp=k vfHkdYiuk D;ks aegoiw.kZZgS\
(x) y?kq eku okys ekufp=kksa osQ fofHkUu dkj dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\(?k) cgr ekiuh ekufp=kksaosQ nks eq[k dkjksa dksfy[ksaA() ekufp=k js[kkfp=k ls fdl dkj fHkUu gS\
3. ekufp=kksa osQ dkjksadh foLrr O;k[;k djsaA
AglaSem S
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16
Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
v;k; 2
ekufp=k ekiuh
tSlk fd v;k; 1 esavkiusIk
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ekufp=k ekiuh
ekiuh D;k gS\
vkius ekufp=kksaesavo'; ns[kk gksxk] ftuesa,d jsf[kdk leku foHkktuksa dksO;Dr djrh gSrFkkizR;sd dk eku fdyksehVj ;k ehy esavafdr gksrk gSA ekufp=k ij kjkry dh nwfj;ksadkirkyxkus osQ fy, bu foHkktuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs'kCnksaesa] ekiuh] ekufp=k ijfn[kk, x, laiw.kZiFoh ;k blosQ fdlh vkaf'kd Hkkx osQ lkFk ekufp=k osQ lacak dksn'kkZrk gSAbllacak dksekufp=k ij fdUghanksLFkkuksa osQ chp dh nwjh ,oakjkry ij mUghanksuksa LFkkuksaosQchp dh okLrfod nwjh osQ vuqikr osQ :Ik esaHkh O;Dr dj ldrsgSaA
ekufp=k ,oa kjkry osQ vkilh lacakksadksrhu fofk;ksalsO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA tks gSa%1- ekiuh dk izdFku3- vkys[kh vFkok xzkI+kQh fofk2- fu:id fHkUu (R. F.)
mijksDr fofk;ksaosQ vius&viusykHk ,oalhek, gSaA fdUrq bu rF;ksa dkstkuus lsiwoZ] ;gtkuus dk iz;kl djsafd lkekU;r% ekiuh dkseki dh ,d ;k vU; ifr osQ }kjk oSQlsO;Drfd;k tkrk gSA kjkry ij nksfcanqvksaosQ chp dh {kSfrt nwjh dksekiusosQ fy, fdyksehVj] ehVj,oalsaVhehVj bR;kfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izk;% vkiusehy] iQykx] xt o iQhV vkfn osQckjsesaHkh lquk gksxkA fo'o osQ fofHkUu ns'kksaesaeki osQ fy, mi;ksx esayk;h tkusokyh ;snksfofHkUu ifr;kgSaA buesalsigyh ifr dkseki dh esfVd (ehVjh;) iz.kkyh dgrsgSa] ftldkmi;ksx Hkkjr rFkk fo'o osQ vusd vU; ns'kksa esafd;k tkrk gSA nwljh ifr dkseki dh vaxzskhiz.kkyh dgrsgSa] ftldk mi;ksx la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ,oabaXYkSaM nksuksaLFkkuksaesaizpfyr gSA js[kh;nwfj;ksadksekiusrFkk fn[kkusosQ fy,] 1957 osQ iwoZ bl iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx Hkkjr esaHkh fd;ktkrk FkkA bu ifr;ksaosQ ekidksa dh bdkbZdksckWDl 2-1 esafn;k x;k gSA
ckWDl 2-1& eki dh ifr;k
eki dh esfVd iz.kkyh
1 fd-eh- = 1]000 ehVj1 ehVj = 100 lsa-eh-1 lsa-eh- = 10 feyh ehVj
eki dh vaxzskh iz.kkyh
1 ehy = 8 iQykx1 IkQykx = 220 ;kMZ1 ;kMZ = 3 iqQV1 iqQV = 12 bap
AglaSem S
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Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
ekiuh O;Dr djusdh fofk;k
tSlk iwoZesaLi"V fd;k x;k gS fd ekufp=k dh ekiuh dksdbZfofk;ksa osQ }kjk O;Dr fd;ktk ldrk gSA ;gkij ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gSfd bu fofk;ksadk mi;ksx fdl izdkj fd;ktkrkgSrFkk muosQ ykHk ,oa lhek,D;k gSa\
1- ekiuh dk izdFku %ekufp=k dh ekiuh dkstc fyf[kr izdFku esaO;Dr fd;ktkrkgS] rksmlsekiuh dk izdFku dgrsgSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ekufp=k ij 1 lsaVhehVj cjkcj10 fdyksehVj fy[kk gks] rksbldk vFkZgSfd ekufp=k ij 1 lsaVhehVj dh nwjh] kjkrydh10 fdyksehVj dh nwjh osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA blh izdkj nwljk mnkgj.k] 1 bap cjkcj 10 ehy]ftldk vfHkizk; gSfd 1 bap ekufp=k dh nwjh kjkry ij 10 ehy osQ cjkcj gSA ;g ekiuhizn'kr djusdh fofk;ksaesalclsljy fofk gSA dHkh&dHkh ,d ifr lsifjfpr yksx nwljh
ifr esanh xbZekiuh osQ dFku dksughale> ikrsgSaA blh izdkj] okLrfod ekufp=k dkscM+k;k NksVk djusij bloQh ekiuh iwoZor~ughajgrh rFkk blosQ fy, ,d ubZekiuh dh x.kuk djuhiM+rh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esaekiuh O;Dr djusdh vU; fofk;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vkys[kh vFkok xzkI-kQh %ekiuh dh nwljh fofk esa ekufp=k ij fdUghanksLFkkuksaosQchpdh nwjh ,oakjkry ij mUghanksLFkkuksa osQ chp dh nwjh dks ,d {kSfrt ekiuh osQ }kjk fn[kk;ktkrk gS] ftl ij izkFkfed ,oaf}rh;d foHkktd fpfr gksrsgSaA blsvkys[kh ekiuh vFkokjsf[kdk ekiuh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fp=k 2-1 ls Li"V gS fd ekiuh esa eki dk s fdyksehVj;kehVj esa gh O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA fdlh vU; jsf[kdk ekiuh esa eki dh bdkbZ dks ehyrFkkiQykx esa Hkh O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekiuh osQ izdFku dh rjg gh] ;g fofk Hkh osQoymUghaosQ fy, mi;qDr gS] tksekiuh esaiz;qDr fof'k"V bdkbZ lsifjfpr gksaA blosQ foijhr]ekufp=k dkscM+k ;k NksVk djusij Hkh vkys[kh ekiuh ekU; jgrh gSA vkys[kh ekiuh dh;g,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA
3- fu:id fHkUu(R. F.)%ekiuh iznf'kZr djusdh rhljh fofk fu:id fHkUu gSA;gekufp=k ij nh xbZnwjh rFkk kjkry ij mUghanwfj;ksaosQ chp osQ vuqikr dks O;Dr djrhgSAekiuh esaO;Dr bdkb;ksa osQ mi;ksx usbl fofk dkslcls mi;qDr cuk fn;k gSA
bls izk;% fHkUu osQ :Ik esaO;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g n'kkZrk gSfd ekufp=k ij fn[kkusosQ fy, okLrfod fo'o dksfdruk NksVk fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 1%24]000 ,d fHkUufn[kkrk gSftldk vFkZgSfd ekufp=k ij nh xbZnwjh dh 1 bdkbZ] Hkwfe ij nwjh dh 24]000bdkb;ksa dksfu:fir djrh gSA fu:id fHkUu dk va'k ges'kk 1 bdkbZesa gksrk gSA blsfdlh HkhbdkbZesaekuk tk ldrk gSA tSlsfd ,d fe-eh-] ,d lsa-eh- ;k ,d bap kjkry ij e'k%24]000 fe-eh-] 24]000 las-eh- ;k 24]000 bap dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gk] ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk pkfg,fd bdkb;ksaosQ fHkUu dks esfVd ;k vaxzskh ifr esacnyrsle; lsaVhehVj ;k bap dh bdkb;ksa
fp=k 2-1 % vkys[kh ekiuh
AglaSem S
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Raj Board Class 11 Book - Bhugol Me Prayogatamak Kary
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ekufp=k ekiuh
dk mi;ksx lkekU;r% ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj fy;k tkrk gSA fu:id fHkUu fofk esaekiuh dh bdkbZdks O;Dr djusdk ;g rjhdk bl fofk dkslkoZf=kd ekU; ,oami;ksT; cukrk gSA vkb,]
1% 36]000 osQ fu:id fHkUu dksfu:id fHkUu fofk dh lkoZf=kd izo`Qfr osQ :Ik esale>saA;fn nh x;h ekiuh 1% 36]000 gS] esfVd iz.kkyh ls ifjfpr O;fDr nh xbZbdkb;ksadkslsaVhehVj esacnydj i
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Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
vFkkZr] 1 lsa-eh- = 253]440@100]000 fdyksehVj dksO;Dr djsxkA(1 fdyksehVj =100]000 lsaVhehVj)
;k] 1 lsaVhehVj=
2-5344 fdyksehVj dks O;Dr djrk gSAn'keyo osQ ckn osQ nksvadksaosQ lkFk mkj gksxk %mkj% 1 lsaVhehVj 2-53 fdyksehVj dksO;Dr djrk gSA
vkys[kh ;k jsf[kdk ekiuh dh jpuk
iz'u 2% 1% 50] 000 ekid ij fuer ekufp=k osQ fy, ,d vkys[kh ekiuh dh jpukdhft,] ftlesa fdyksehVj rFkk ehVj i
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ekufp=k ekiuh
uksV% ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj] vkys[kh ekiuh cukusosQ fy, yxHkx 6 bap dh yackbZyhtkrh gSA
x.kuk% vkys[kh ekiuh osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr rjhosQ lsjs[kk dh yackbZKkr dh tk ldrh gS%pwfd] 1 bap =1 ehy;k] 6 bap =6 ehyjpuk % fuEufyf[kr rjhosQ lsvkys[kh ekiuh cuk;h tk ldrh gS%
6 bap yach ,d lhkh js[kk [khapsarFkk bls6 cjkcj Hkkxksaesa ckV nsaA nkfguh vksjosQ ikpksaHkkxksaesa izR;sd dk eku 1 ehy j[ksaA vc ck;saHkkx dksHkh pkj cjkcjHkkxksaesafoHkDr dj nsarFkk 0 ls'kq: djrsgq, izR;sd Hkkx dk eku 2 iQykx j[ksaA
iz'u3% ,d vkys[kh ekiuh cuk,] ftlesafn;k x;k fu:id fHkUu 1% 50] 000 gSrFkknwfj;ksadksehy ,oaiQykx esaO;Dr djsaA
x.kuk% vkys[kh ekiuh osQ fy, js[kk dh yackbZ tkuus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr x.kuk dhtkrh gS%1% 50]000 dk vFkZgS&1 bdkbZnwjh] 50]000 bdkb;ksadksO;Dr djrh gSAbl izdkj] 1 bap =50]000 bap6 bap =50]000 6@63]360 (1 ehy =63]360")=6 bap =4-73 ehypwfd] 4-73 (ehy) iw.kkd ugha gS] blfy, iw.kkd osQ :Ik esa 5 dksysrsgSaAvc js[kk dh yackbZdks5 fdyksehVj osQ :Ik esa O;Dr djusosQ fy, fuEufyf[krx.kuk dh tkrh gS%
pwfd] 6 ba p dh js[kk osQ }kjk 4-73 ehy dksO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSAblfy,] 6 5@4-73 dh js[kk osQ }kjk 5 ehy dks O;Dr fd;k tk,xkA
6-34 bap osQ }kjk 5 ehy dksO;Dr fd;k tk,xkAjpuk % vkys[kh ekiuh fuEu rjhosQ lscuk;h tk ldrh gS%
5 ehy dks O;Dr djusosQ fy, 6-34 bap dh ,d js[kk [khfp, rFkk bls5 cjkcjHkkxksa esafoHkkftr dhft,A js[kk osQ ikp cjkcj Hkkx djusosQ fy, fuEu izf;k
viukbZtkrh gS% 6-3 bap dh ,d lhkh js[kk [khapsA js[kk osQ izkjafHkd ,oavafre fljsls40;k 45osQ dks.k ij js[kkvksadks [khapsa
rFkk mudksyxHkx 1 ;k 1-5 bap okysikp cjkcj HkkxksaesafoHkDr djsaA nksuksa js[kkvksa ij fpfr foHkktuksadkscnqvksaosQ }kjk feyk nsaA ekiuh ij bu js[kkvksaosQ foHkktd&cnqvkasdksfpfr djsaA
fu-fHk-1:63,360
iQykx 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5ehy
fp=k 2-3
AglaSem S
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Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
8 6 4 2
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fp=k 2-4 vkys[kh ekiuh ij leku forj.k dk fp
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1. uhps fn, x, pkj fodYiksaesals lgh mkj pqusa%(i )fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh fofk ekiuh dh lkoZf=kd fofk gS\
(d) lk/kj.k izdFku
([k) fu:id fHkUu(x) vkys[kh fofk(?k) mijksDr esa ls dksbZugha
(ii)ekufp=k dh nwjh dksekiuh esafdl :Ik esatkuk tkrk gS\(d) va'k ([k) gj (x) ekiuh dk izdFku(?k) fu:id fHkUu
(iii)ekiuh esa ^va'k* O;Dr djrk gS&(d) kjkry dh nwjh([k) ekufp=k ij nwjh
(x) nksuksa nwfj;k(?k) mijksDr esa ls dksbZugha
2. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksa esansa%(i) ekid dh nksfofHkUu iz.kkfy;kdkSu&dkSu lh gSa\(ii) esfVd ,oa vaxszkh iz.kkyh esaekiuh osQ ,d&,d mnkgj.k nsaA(iii) fu:id fHkUu fofk dks lkoZf=kd fofk D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\(iv) vkys[kh fofk osQ eq[; mi;ksx D;k gSa\
AglaSem S
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ekufp=k ekiuh
3. fuEu ekiuh osQ izdFku dks fu:id fHkUu esa cnysaA(i) 5 lsaVhehVj] 10 fdyksehVj dksO;Dr djrk gSA(ii) 2 bap osQ }kjk 4 ehy O;Dr gksrk gSA(iii) 1 bap osQ }kjk 1 xt O;Dr gksrk gSA(iv) 1 lsaVhehVj] 100 ehVj dks O;Dr djrk gSA
4. fu:id fHkUu dks dks"Bd esanh xbZ eki&iz.kkyh osQ vuqlkj ekiuh osQ izdFku esa ifjorr djsa%(i) 1% 100] 000 (fdyksehVj esa)(ii) 1% 31] 680 (iQykx esa)(iii) 1% 126]720 (ehy esa)(iv) 1% 50] 000 (ehVj esa)
5. 1% 50] 000 ekid ij ,d vkys[kh ekiuh dh jpuk dhft, ftlesa fdyksehVj ,oa ehVj i
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Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
v;k; 3
v{kka'k] ns'kkarj vkSj le;
iFoh yxHkx xksysosQ leku gSA ,slk blfy, gSD;ksafd iFoh dh fo"kqorh; f=kT;k rFkk kzqoh;f=kT;k ,d leku ughagSA iFoh dk viusv{k ij ?kw.kZu fo"kqor or ij mHkkj iSnk djrkgSA blfy, okLrfod vkdkj ,d yo{k xksykHk osQ leku Ikzrhr gksrk gSA iFoh osQblvkdkj osQ dkj.k kjkryh; y{k.kksadh vofLFkfr dkstkuus esaoqQN dfBukbZgksrhgS]
D;ksafd blij vU; fcanqvksadh lkis{k fLFkfr dksekiusosQ fy, dksbZlanHkZfcanqmifLFkrughagSA blfy, fofHkUu LFkkuksadh fLFkfr dks tkuusosQ fy, Xyksc ;k ekufp=kijdkYifud js[kkvksadk tky cuk;k tkrk gSA vkb,] ns[ksa;sjs[kk,D;k gSa,oaoSQls[khaphtkrh gSa\
iFoh osQ viusv{k ij if'pe lsiwoZ?kw.kZu djuslsnksIkzkfrd lanHkZfcanqkIrgksrsgSa] tksmkjh kzqo ,oa nf{k.kh kzqo gSaA ;sHkkSxksfyd fxzM (Geographical Grid)dksvkkkj Ikznku djrsgSaA izfrPNsnh js[kkvksa osQ tky dks Hkwi`"B ij fofHkUu kjkryh; y{k.kksa
dh fLFkfr dksfuf'pr djusosQ ms'; ls cuk;k x;k gSA fxzM esanks izdkj dh js[kk,gSa&{kSfrt ,oamQokZkj] ftlsv{kka'k lekukarj rFkk ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj dgk tkrk gSA
{kSfrt js[kk,,d&nwljsosQ lekarj iwoZlsif'pe fn'kk esa [khaph xbZgSaA mkjh kzqo
,oa nf{k.kh kzqo osQ e; [khaph xbZjs[kk dksfo"kqor o`k dgk tkrk gSA ;g lclscM+ko`kgS rFkk ;g Xyksc dksnkscjkcj HkkxksaesackVrk gSA blsc`gr o`k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vU;lHkh lekarj js[kk,fo"kqor o`k lskzqoksadh vksj c
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v{kka'k] ns'kkarj vkSj le;
'kCnkoyh
v{kka'k lekarj %;g fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj ;k nf{k.k esafLFkr fdlh cnqdh dks.kh; nwjhdksfMxzh] feuV rFkk lsosaQM esaO;Dr djrk gSA v{kka'k js[kkvksadks izk;% lekarj js[kk,Hkhdgk tkrk gSA
ns'kkarj ;kE;kskj %;g Ikzkku ;kE;kskj (xzhufop) osQ iwoZ;k if'pe esafLFkr fdlh fcanqdh dks.kh; fLFkfr dks fMxzh] feuV ,oalsosaQM esaO;Dr djrk gSA ns'kkarj js[kkvksadks Ikzk;%;kE;kskj dgk tkrk gSA
v{kka'k lekarj
Hkwi`"B ij fdlh LFkku dk v{kka'k ml LFkku dh og dks.kh;
nwjhgS] tks fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj ;k nf{k.k ;kE;kskj ij i`FohosQosaQnzls ekih tkrh gSA ,d gh v{kka'k ij fLFkr LFkkuksadksfeykusokyh js[kk lekarj dgykrh gSA fo"kqor o`k dk eku0gS,oakzqoksa osQ v{kka'k 90m- ,oa 90n- gSa (fp=k 3-1)A;fnv{kka'k lekarjksadks1osQ varjky ij [khaprsgSa] rksmkjh,oanf{k.kh nksuksaxksykks esa89 v{kka'k lekarj gksaxsA blizdkj] fo"kqor o`k dksysdj v{kka'k lekarjksadh oqQy la[;k179gksxhA fdlh LFkku dh vofLFkfr fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj;knf{k.k esagksusosQ vkkkj ij v{kka'kksaosQ eku osQ lkFk m-(N) ;k n- (S)fy[krs gSaA
;fn iFoh fcYoqQy xksy gksrh rks1v{kka'k (;kE;kskjdk 1pki) ,d fLFkjkad gksrk] vFkkZr~i`Foh osQ IkzR;sdLFkku ij bldk eku 111 fdyksehVj gksrkA ;g yackbZfo"kqoro`kij lHkh ns'kkarj js[kkvksaosQ ,d fMxzh osQ yxHkx lekugSAysfdu fo"kqor o`k lskzqoksadh vksj v{kka'kksadh yackbZesaoqQNifjorZu vkrk gSA fo"kqor ok ij ;g yackbZ110-6fdyksehVj gS] tcfd kzqoksaij ;g 111-7 fdyksehVj gSAfdlh LFkku dk v{kka'k lw;Zdh rqaxrk ;k kzqorkjsdh lgk;rkls fukkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
v{kka'k lekarj cukuk
v{kka'k lekarj oSQls[khapk tkrk gS\ ,d o`k cuk,rFkk osaQnzesa,d {kSfrt js[kk [khapdj blsnkscjkcj HkkxksaesackVasA ;gjs[kk fo"kqor o`k dksn'kkZrh gSA bl o`k ij pkank (izksVSDVj)dks bl rjg lsj[ksafd pkank dh 0,oa 180dh js[kk
fp=k 3-1 v{kka'k lekarj
AglaSem S
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Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
fp=k 3-3 % ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj
fp=k 3-4 % mkjh kzqo ij feyusokys 0rFkk180;kE;kskj
dkxt ij cuk, o`k osQ e; [khaph js[kk lsfey tk,A vc 20n- (S) n'kkZusosQ fy, o`k osQ fupysvkksHkkx esa] fo"kqor o`k
ls20
dk dks.k cukrsgq, iwoZ,oaif'pe esanksfcanqyxk,] tSlkfd fp=k 3-2 esafn[kk;k x;k gSA dks.k dh nksuksaHkqtk,o`k osQ nksfcanqvksadksdkVrh gSaA fo"kqor o`k osQ lekarj js[kk [khaprsgq,bunksfcanqvksadksfeyk nsaA ;g 20n- (S) gksxkA
ns'kkarj ;kE;kskj
iw.kZok cukusokyh v{kka'k js[kkvksaosQ foijhr] vZxksykdkjns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj kzqoksaij ,d cnqij fey tkrh gSaA vxjvkeus&lkeusosQ ;kE;kskjksa dks ,d lkFk feyk fn;k tk,rks;siw.kZo`k cu tkrsgSa] ysfdu budh x.kuk nksvyx&vyx;kE;kskj osQ :i esadh tkrh gSA
;s;kE;kskj fo"kqor o`k dksledks.k ij dkVrsgSaA v{kka'klekarj osQ foijhr budh yackbZleku gksrh gSA lqfokktudx.kuk osQ fy, fxzfup osk'kkyk (yanu osQ fudV) lsxqtjusokyh ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj dksvarjkZ"Vh; le>kSrs osQ }kjk izeq[k;kE;kskj ekuk x;k gSrFkk bls0dk eku fn;k x;k gSA
fdlh LFkku dk ns'kkarj ml LFkku osQ izeq[k ;kE;kskjosQiwoZ;k if'pe esaml LFkku dh dks.kh; nwjh gksrh gSA blsfMxzh
esaHkh ekik tkrk gSA ns'kkarjksadk eku izeq[k ;kE;kskj lsiwoZrFkkif'pe esa0ls180rd gksrk gS(fp=k 3-3)A iFoh dkogHkkx] tksizeq[k ;kE;kskj osQ iwoZesagS] mlsiwohZxksykZrFkk tksif'pe esagS] mlsif'peh xksykZdgk tkrk gSA
ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj cukuk
ns'kkarj js[kk,oSQls[khaaph tkrh gSa\ ,d ok cuk,] ftldkosaQnzmkjh kzqo dksIkzn'kr djrk gksA bldh ifjfk fo"kqor o`kdksIkzn'kr djsxhA o`k osQ osaQnz] vFkkZr~mkjh kzqo ls,d yacor~
lhkh js[kk [khapsA ;g mkjh kzqo ij feyus okyh 0,oa180;kE;kskjksadksIkzn'kr djrh gS(fp=k 3-4)A
tc vki ekufp=k dks ns[krsgSa] iwoZfn'kk vkiosQ nkfguhvksj ,oaif'pe fn'kk vkiosQ ck;havksj gksrh gSA oQrq,d;kE;kskj [khapusosQ fy,] eku ysafd vki mkjh kzqo ij gSa];kuh fp=k 3-4 osQ vuqlkj o`k osQ osaQnzij gSaA vc ;ku nsafdbl voLFkk esaiwoZ ,oaif'pe dh lkis{k fn'kk,mYkV tkrh
fp=k 3-2 % v{kka'k lekarj cukuk
AglaSem S
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v{kka'k] ns'kkarj vkSj le;
gSa] rksvc vkiosQ ck;havksj iwoZ ,oankfguh vksj if'pe fn'kkgksxhA vc fp=k 3-5 osQ vuqlkj 45iw- (E) ,oai- (W)
;kE;kskj [khapsA blosQ fy, vki pkank dksyacor~js[kk osQ lkFk0rFkk 180;kE;kkjksadksfeykrsgq, j[ksarFkk nksuksarjiQ 45dksekisatks fd e'k% vkiosQ ck;ha,oankfguh vksj 45iw-(E) ,oa45i- (W) ;kE;kskjksa dksn'kkZ,xkA ;g fp=k iFohdkog :Ik IkzLrqr djsxk tSlk mkjh kzqo osQ Bhd ij lsfn[kkbZnsrk gSA
lkj.kh 3-1 % v{kka'k lekarjksarFkk ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskjksadh rqyuk
ela- v{kka 'k lekarj ns'kkarj ;kE;kskj
1- v{kka 'k] fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj ;k nf{k.kesa fLFkr fdlh cnqdh dks.kh; nwjhgS] ftls fMxzh esaekik tkrk gSA
2- lHkh v{kka 'k fo"kqor o`k osQ lekarj
gksrsgSaA3- Xyksc ij v{kka'k lekarj o`k osQ leku
Ikzrhr gksrsgSaA4- nksv{kka'kksaosQ chp dh nwjh yxHkx 111
fdyksehVj gksrh gSA
5- 0v{kka'k dksfo"kqoRk ok ,oa90dkskzqo dgk tkrk gSA
6- fo"kq or o`k lskzqo dh vksj v{kka'kksadk mi;ksx rkieaMyksa osQ fukkZj.k esagksrk gSA tSls] 0ls23rd mkj;k nf{k.k m".k dfVcak] 23ls66 rd 'khrks".k dfVcak rFkk66ls90rd 'khr dfVcakA
ns'kkarj] fo"kqor o`k osQ lkFk cuh ogdks.kh; nwjh gS] ftlsfMxzh esaekiktkrk gSA blsfxzfup osQ iwoZ;k if'pe0ls180rd ekik tkrk gSA
ns'kkarj osQ lHkh ;kE;kskj kzqoksa ij
feyrsgSaAlHkh ;kE;kskj o`k osQ leku izrhrgksrsgSa] tkskzqoksalsxqtjrsgSaA;kE;kskjksaosQ chp dh nwjh fo"kqor o`kij vfkdre (111-3 fdyksehVj)rFkk kzqoksa ij U;wure (0 fdyksehVj)gksrh gSA e; esavFkkZr~45v{kka'kij ;g 79 fdyksehVj gksrh gSAns'kkarj 360osQ gksrs gSa] tksIkzeq[k;kE;kskj lsiwoZ,oaif'pe nksuksavksj
180esacVsgksrsgaSAns'kkarjksadk mi;ksx Ikzeq[k ;kE;kskj osQlkis{k LFkkuh; le; dks fukkZfjrdjusesafd;k tkrk gSA
45iw-0
45i-
mkjh /zqo
180
fp=k 3-5 % ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj cukuk
AglaSem S
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//schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/8/12/2019 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Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z
ns'kkarj ,oale;
ge lHkh tkursgSafd i`Foh viuh kqjh ij if'pe lsiwoZdh vksj ?kwerh gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfdiwoZesalw;ksZn; ,oaif'pe esalw;kZLr gksrk gSA iFoh viuh kqjh ij ?kwerh gqbZ360ns'kkarj vFkkZr~,d pDdj yxHkx 24 ?kaVsesaiwjk djrh gSA pwfd] 180ns'kkarj Ikzeq[k ;kE;kskj osQ iwoZ,oaif'pe nksuksavksj fLFkr gS] blfy, lw;ZiwoZlsif'peh xksykZesa tkusesa12 ?kaVsdk le;ysrkgSA bl Ikzdkj lw;ZiwoZlsif'pe izfr ?kaVk 15ns'kkarj ;k Ikzfr 4 feuV esa 1ns'kkarj dksikjdjrk gqvk fn[kkbZnsrk gSA tc ge if'pe lsiwoZ dh vksj c
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v{kka'k] ns'kkarj vkSj le;
Ikz'kklfud lhekvksaosQ Hkhrj ,d ekud ;kE;kskj r; djosQ vius ns'k osQ LFkkuh; le; dkfukkZj.k djrsgSaA iwoZ&if'pe esavfkd foLrkj okys ns'k ,d lsvfkd ekud ;kE;kskj pqu
ldrs gSa] tSlk fd :l] dukMk rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa gSA fo'o dks24 VkbEk kksu esafoHkkftr fd;k x;k gS(fp=k 3-6)A
varjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk
tgkfo'o dks24 Vkbe kksu esafoHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] ogha,d LFkku rks,slk gksxk tgkfxzfuple; lsiwjsfnu dk varj gksxk] vFkkZr~,slk LFkku] tgklsiFoh ij lpeqp fnu dk IkzkjaHk gksrkgSA 180ns'kkarj js[kk yxHkx mlh LFkku ij fLFkr gS] tgk lsvarjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk xqtjrh gSAblns'kkarj osQ le; esa0ns'kkarj lsBhd 12 ?kaVs dk varj gksrk gS] pkgsizeq[k ;kE;kskj lsiwoZtk, ;k if'peA ge tkursgSafd izeq[k ;kE;kskj osQ iwoZesale; ?kVrk gSrFkk if'pe esac
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AglaSem S
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