Rainwater Harvesting Child Labour Mass Media

8/21/2019 Rainwater Harvesting Child Labour Mass Media

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Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater capture and storage system at theMonterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City.

cistern for rainwater storage

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse !efore it reaches the a"uifer .#ses include water for garden, water for livestoc$, water for irrigation, etc. In many places the water collected is

%ust redirected to a deep pit with percolation. The harvested water can !e used for drin$ing water as well if the

storage is a tan$ that can !e accessed and cleaned when needed.

Contents

[hide]

1 Advantages

2 Quality

3 System setup

4 Vendors

5 Rain water harvesting y !reshwater !looded !orests

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#System_setuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Vendorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Rain_water_harvesting_by_freshwater_flooded_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquiferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvestinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#System_setuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Vendorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Rain_water_harvesting_by_freshwater_flooded_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_City


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" #ew approa$hes

% &istory

o %'1 (arlier

o %'2 )resent day

%'2'1 *ndia

%'2'2 Sri +an,a

%'2'3 -nited .ingdom

%'2'4 *srael

/ See also

0 Re!eren$es

1 iliography

11 (ternal lin,s

dvantages&edit'

Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions and in developed

countries is often used to supplement the mains supply. Rain water harvesting provides water when there is a

drought. Rainwater harvesting prevents flooding of lowlying areas. Rain water harvesting replenishes the

ground water ta!le and ena!les our dug wells and !ore wells to yield in a sustained manner. It helps in the

availa!ility of clean water !y reducing the salinity and the presence of iron salts.

(uality&edit'

The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly !y diverting the initial flow of runoff water to waste.

&)' Improved water "uality can also !e o!tained !y using a floating draw*off mechanism +rather than from the

!ase of the tan$ and !y using a series of tan$s, with draw from the last in series. The stored rainwater may

need to !e analy-ed properly !efore use in a way appropriate to its safety.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#New_approacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Earlierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Present_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_flushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#New_approacheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Earlierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Present_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_flushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-1


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The "uality of collected rainwater is generally !etter than that of surface water . Contamination is always

possi!le !y air!orne dust and mists, !ird feces, and other de!ris, so some treatment is necessary, depending

on how the water will !e used.

ystem setup&edit'

Rainwater harvesting systems can !e installed with minimal s$ills&/'&clarification needed '. The system should !e si-ed to

meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must !e !ig enough to support daily water

consumption. pecifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a !uilding roof must !e large enough to maintain

ade"uate flow. 0i$ewise, the water storage tan$ should !e large enough to contain the captured water. &citation

needed '

1endors&edit'

There are three main types of companies operating in the rainwater harvesting industry2 ma$ers of water

storage, ma$ers of accessories, and integrators. 3ater storage companies ma$e tan$s, !arrels, and

underground cisterns. ccessories are added to facilitate or improve the water capturing process. Integrators

are regional practitioners which install systems.&citation needed '

Rain water harvesting !y freshwater flooded forests&edit'

Ratagul 4reshwater 4looded 4orest, 5angladesh

Rain water harvesting is possi!le !y growing fresh water flooded forests without losing the income from the

used 6su!merged land.&7' The main purpose of the rain water harvesting is to utili-e the locally availa!le rain

water to meet water re"uirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would

facilitate availa!ility of uncontaminated water for domestic, industrial and irrigation needs.

8ew approaches&edit'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-White.2C_2009-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-White.2C_2009-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratargul_Swamp_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratargul_Swamp_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-White.2C_2009-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratargul_Swamp_Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=6


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Instead of using the roof for catchment, the Rainaucer, which loo$s li$e an upside down um!rella, collects rain

straight from the s$y. This decreases the potential for contamination and ma$es pota!le water for developing

countries a potential application.&9' :ther applications of this free standing rainwater collection approach are

sustaina!le gardening and small plot farming.&;'

resentation of Rainaucer system to students at :rphanage in =uatemala

History&edit'

Earlier &edit'

round the third century 5C, the farming communities in 5aluchistan +in present*

day >a$istan, fghanistan and Iran, and ?utch +in present*day India used rainwater harvesting for irrigation. &@'

In ancient Tamil 8adu +India, rainwater harvesting was done !y Chola $ings.&A' Rainwater from

the 5rihadeeswarar temple was collected in ivaganga tan$.&B' radesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh in the

olden days&when?'. Ratanpur , in the state of Chhattisgarh, had around ); ponds. Most of the tan$s or ponds

were utilised in agriculture wor$s.&citation needed '

Present day&edit'

• Currently in China and 5ra-il, rooftop rainwater harvesting is !eing practiced for providing drin$ing

water, domestic water, water for livestoc$, water for small irrigation and a way to replenish ground water

levels. =ansu province in China and semi*arid north east 5ra-il have the largest rooftop rainwater

harvesting pro%ects ongoing.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groasis_Waterboxxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groasis_Waterboxxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_rainwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_rainwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_rainwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groasis_Waterboxxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_itemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratanpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainwater_harvesting&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_rainwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil


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• In 5ermuda, the law re"uires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting ade"uate for the

residents.

• The #.. 1irgin Islands have a similar law.

• In enegal and =uinea*5issau, the houses of the


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• In the state of Tamil 8adu, rainwater harvesting was made compulsory for every !uilding to avoid

ground water depletion. It proved excellent results within five years, and every other state too$ it as role

model. ince its implementation, Chennai saw a ; percent rise in water level in five years and the water

"uality significantly improved.&)9'&);'

• In Ra%asthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally !een practiced !y the people of the Thar


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• Rainwater harvesting systems are !eing installed in local schools for the purpose of educating

schoolchildren a!out water conservation principles and !ridging divides !etween people of different

religious and ethnic !ac$grounds all while addressing the water scarcity issue that the Middle East faces.

&/'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#cite_note-20


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Child la!our

Child labour refers to the employment of children in any wor$ that deprives children of their childhood,

interferes with their a!ility to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally

dangerous and harmful.

&7'

This practice is considered exploitative !y manyinternational organisations. 0egislations across the world prohi!it child la!our.&9'&;' These laws do not consider all wor$ !y children as child

la!ourG exceptions include wor$ !y child artists, supervised training, certain categories of wor$ such as those

!y mish children, and others.&@'&A'

Child la!our was employed to varying extents through most of history. 5efore )F9, numerous children aged ;K

)9 wor$ed in Europe, the #nited tates and various colonies of European powers. These children wor$ed in

agriculture, home*!ased assem!ly operations, factories, mining and in services such as newsies. ome

wor$ed night shifts lasting )/ hours. 3ith the rise of household income, availa!ility of schools and passage of

child la!our laws, the incidence rates of child la!our fell. &B'&F'&)'

In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child la!our is still prevalent. In

/), su!*saharan frica had the highest incidence rates of child la!our, with several frican nations

witnessing over ; percent of children aged ;K)9 wor$ing. &))' 3orldwide agriculture is the largest employer of

child la!our.&)/' 1ast ma%ority of child la!our is found in rural settings and informal ur!an economyG children are

predominantly employed !y their parents, rather than factories.&)7' >overty and lac$ of schools are considered

as the primary cause of child la!our .&)9'

The incidence of child la!our in the world decreased from /; to ) !etween )F@ and /7, according to

the 3orld 5an$.

&);'

Contents

[hide]

1 &istory

o 1'1 *ndustrial Revolution

o 1'2 Vi$torian era

o 1'3 (arly 10s

1'3'1 &ousehold enterprises

o 1'4 olonial empires

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organisationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organisationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-UN-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-EUR-Lex-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboys_Strike_of_1899#Backgroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep99-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Child_Labour-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep05-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep05-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Industrial_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Victorian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Early_1900shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Household_enterpriseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Colonial_empireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organisationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-UN-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-EUR-Lex-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboys_Strike_of_1899#Backgroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep99-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Child_Labour-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep05-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Industrial_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Victorian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Early_1900shttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Household_enterpriseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Colonial_empires


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o 1'5 21st $entury

2 auses o! $hild laour

o 2'1 )rimary $auses

o 2'2 ultural $auses

o 2'3 a$roe$onomi$ $auses

3 hild laour laws and initiatives

o 3'1 ($eptions granted

o 3'2 ore laws or more !reedom6

4 hild laour in$idents

o 4'1 o$oa produ$tion

o 4'2 ining in A!ri$a

o

4'3 eatpa$,ing

o 4'4 7A)

o 4'5 &8

o 4'" Sil, weaving

o 4'% )rimar,

5 (liminating $hild laour

o 5'1 A$tion against hild +aour in *ndia

" Statisti$s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#21st_centuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Causes_of_child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Primary_causeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Cultural_causeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Macroeconomic_causeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Child_labour_laws_and_initiativeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Exceptions_grantedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#More_laws_or_more_freedom.3Fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Child_labour_incidentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Cocoa_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Mining_in_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Meatpackinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#GAPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#H.26Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Silk_weavinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Primarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Eliminating_child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Action_against_Child_Labour_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Statisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#21st_centuryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Causes_of_child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Primary_causeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Cultural_causeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Macroeconomic_causeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Child_labour_laws_and_initiativeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Exceptions_grantedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#More_laws_or_more_freedom.3Fhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Child_labour_incidentshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Cocoa_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Mining_in_Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Meatpackinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#GAPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#H.26Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Silk_weavinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Primarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Eliminating_child_labourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Action_against_Child_Labour_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#Statistics


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o "'1 #umer o! $hildren involved in *+9 $ategories o! wor,: y age and gender

% See also

/ #otes

0 Re!eren$es

1 ;urther reading

o 1'1 &istory

11 (ternal lin,s

History

Child la!ourers, Macon, =eorgia, )FF

Industrial Revolution


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Children going to a )/*hour night shift in the #nited tates +)FB.

The 1ictorian era !ecame notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney

sweeps.&)A' Child la!our played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often !rought a!out

!y economic hardship. Charles


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hours were long2 !uilders wor$ed @9 hours a wee$ in summer and ;/ in winter, while domestic servants wor$ed

B hour wee$s.

Early !""s

In the early )Fs, thousands of !oys were employed in glass ma$ing industries. =lass ma$ing was adangerous and tough %o! especially without the current technologies. The process of ma$ing glass includes

intense heat to melt glass +7)77 4. 3hen the !oys are at wor$, they are exposed to this heat. This could

cause eye trou!le, lung aliments, heat exhaustion, cut, and !urns. ince wor$ers were paid !y the piece, they

had to wor$ productively for hours without a !rea$. ince furnaces had to !e constantly !urning, there were

night shifts from ;2 pm to 72 am Many factory owners preferred !oys under )@ years of age. &/)'

Children as young as three were put to wor$. high num!er of children also wor$ed as prostitutes.&//' Many

children +and adults wor$ed )@*hour days. s early as )B/ and )B)F 4actory cts were passed to regulate

the wor$ing hours of wor$house children in factories and cotton mills to )/ hours per day. These acts were

largely ineffective and after radical agitation, !y for example the Nhort Time CommitteesN in )B7), a Royal

Commission recommended in )B77 that children aged ))K)B should wor$ a maximum of )/ hours per day,

children aged FK)) a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to

wor$. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act

in )B9A limiting !oth adults and children to )*hour wor$ing days.

n estimated ).A million children under the age of fifteen were employed in merican industry !y )F. &/7'

In )F), over / million children in the same age group were employed in the #nited tates. &/9' This included

children who rolled cigarettes,&/;'

engaged in factory wor$, wor$ed as !o!!in doffers in textile mills, wor$ed incoal mines and were employed in canneries.&/@' 0ewis HineJs photographs of child la!ourers in the )F)s

powerfully evo$ed the plight of wor$ing children in the merican south. Hines too$ these photographs !etween

)FB and )F)A as staff photographer for the 8ational Child 0a!our Committee.

#ousehold enter$rises

4actories and mines were not the only place where child la!our was prevalent in early /th century. Home*

!ased manufacturing across the #nited tates and Europe employed children in tedious wor$. &F' >overty and

misery were commonplace. =overnments and reformers argued that la!our in factories must !e regulated and

the state had an o!ligation to provide welfare for poor. Ironically, legislation that followed had an opposite

effect. 3or$ moved out of factories into ur!an homes. 4amilies and women in particular preferred it !ecause it

allowed them to generate income while ta$ing care of household duties.

Home*!ased manufacturing operations were active year round. 4amilies willingly deployed their children in

these income generating home enterprises. &/A' In many cases, men wor$ed from home. In 4rance, over ;B

percent of garment wor$ers operated out of their homesG in =ermany, the num!er of full*time home operations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-The_Victorian_Web-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-The_Victorian_Web-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Actshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factories_Act_1847https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factories_Act_1847https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dofferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Labor_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep99-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep99-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_productionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-The_Victorian_Web-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Actshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhousehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factories_Act_1847https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dofferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Child_Labor_Committeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep99-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-27


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nearly dou!led !etween )BB/ to )FAG and in the #nited tates, millions of families operated out of home

seven days a wee$, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match !oxes, toys,

um!rellas and other products. Children aged ;K)9 wor$ed alongside the parents. Home*!ased operations and

child la!our in ustralia, 5ritain, ustria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw

families deploying their children in agriculture. In )F9@, 4rieda Miller * then $hild laour in+an$ashire was /?

Source< ensus o! (ngland and @ales

Colonial em$ires

ystematic use of child la!our was common place in the colonies of European powers !etween )@; to )F;.

In frica, colonial administrators encouraged traditional $in*ordered modes of production, that is hiring a

household for wor$ not %ust the adults. Millions of children wor$ed in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and

domestic service industries.&7/'&77' ophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies

!etween the ages of ;*)9 were hired as apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. system of

>auper pprenticeship came into practice in )Fth century where the colonial master neither needed the native

parentsJ nor childJs approval to assign a child to la!our, away from parents, at a distant farm owned !y a

different colonial master.&79' :ther schemes included Jearn*and*learnJ programs where children would wor$ and

there!y learn. 5ritain for example passed a law, the so*called Masters and ervants ct of )BFF, followed !y

Tax and >ass 0aw, to encourage child la!our in colonies particularly in frica. These laws offered the nativepeople the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for ma$ing la!our of wife and children

availa!le to colonial governmentJs needs such as in farms and as picannins.

5eyond laws, new taxes were imposed on colonies. :ne of these taxes was the Head

Tax in 5ritish and 4rench colonial empires. The tax was imposed on everyone older than B years, in some

colonies. To pay these taxes and cover living expenses, children in colonial households had to wor$.&7;'&7@'&7A'

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In southeast sian colonies, such as Hong ?ong, child la!our such as the Mui Tsai +妹仔, was rationalised as

a cultural tradition and ignored !y 5ritish authorities.&7B'&7F' The


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Child la!our is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child la!our vary. It ranges !etween /;

to 79 million, if children aged ;K)A involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional wor$ is

excluded, I0: estimates there were );7 million child la!ourers aged ;K)9 worldwide in /B. This is a!out /

million less than I0: estimate for child la!ourers in /9. ome @ percent of the child la!our was involved in

agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. nother /; percent of child la!ourers were in

service activities such as retail, haw$ing goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, pic$ing and

recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining ); percent la!oured in

assem!ly and manufacturing in informal economy, home*!ased enterprises, factories, mines, pac$aging salt,

operating machinery, and such operations. &97'&99'&9;' Two out of three child wor$ers wor$ alongside their parents,

in unpaid family wor$ situations. ome children wor$ as guides for tourists, sometimes com!ined with !ringing

in !usiness for shops and restaurants. Child la!our predominantly occurs in the rural areas +A and informal

ur!an sector +/@.

Contrary to popular !eliefs, most child la!ourers are employed !y their parents rather than in manufacturing or

formal economy. Children who wor$ for pay or in*$ind compensation are usually found in rural settings, than

ur!an centers. 0ess than 7 percent of child la!our aged ;K)9 across the world wor$ outside of their household,

or away from their parents. &)7'

Child la!our accounts for // of the wor$force in sia, 7/ in frica, )A in 0atin merica, ) in #,

Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations.&9@' The proportion of child la!ourers varies greatly among countries

and even regions inside those countries. frica has the highest percentage of children aged ;K)A employed as

child la!our, and a total of over @; million. sia, with its larger population, has the largest num!er of children

employed as child la!our at a!out ))9 million. 0atin merica and Cari!!ean region has lower overall population

density, !ut at )9 million child la!ourers has high incidence rates too. &9A'

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!oy repairing a tire in =am!ia.

ccurate present day child la!our information is difficult to o!tain !ecause of disagreements !etween data

sources as to what constitutes child la!our In some countries, government policy contri!utes to this difficulty.

4or example, the overall extent of child la!our in China is unclear due to the government categori-ing child

la!our data as Shighly secret. &9B' China has enacted regulations to prevent child la!ourG still, the practice of child

la!our is reported to !e a persistent pro!lem within China, generally in agriculture and low*s$ill service sectors

as well as small wor$shops and manufacturing enterprises. &9F'&;'

Maplecroft Child 0a!our Index /)/ survey&;)' reports A@ countries pose extreme child la!our complicity ris$s

for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest ris$ countries in /)/, ran$ed in decreasing order, were2

Myanmar, 8orth ?orea, omalia, udan, a$istan and Ethiopia.

:f the ma%or growth economies, Maplecroft ran$ed >hilippines /;th ris$iest, India /Ath, China 7@th, 1iet 8am

7Ath, Indonesia 9@th, and 5ra-il ;9th * all of them rated to involve extreme ris$s of child la!our uncertainties, to

corporations see$ing to invest in developing world and import products from emerging mar$ets.

Causes of child la!our

Primary causes

International 0a!our :rganisation +I0: suggests poverty is the greatest single cause !ehind child la!our.

&)9' 4or impoverished households, income from a childJs wor$ is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for

that of the household. Income from wor$ing children, even if small, may !e !etween /; to 9 of these

household income. :ther scholars such as Harsch on frican child la!our, and Edmonds and >avcni$ on glo!al

child la!our have reached the same conclusion. &)7'&;/'&;7'

0ac$ of meaningful alternatives, such as afforda!le schools and "uality education, according to I0:, &)9' is

another ma%or factor driving children to harmful la!our. Children wor$ !ecause they have nothing !etter to do.

Many communities, particularly rural areas where !etween @*A of child la!our is prevalent, do not possess

ade"uate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes availa!le, they are too far away, difficult to reach,

unafforda!le or the "uality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it. &)7'&;9'

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep05-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep05-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep05-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ep05-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-54


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Loung girl wor$ing on a loom in Ut 5enhaddou, Morocco in May /B.

Cultural causes

In European history when child la!our was common, as well as in contemporary child la!our of modern world,

certain cultural !eliefs have rationalised child la!our and there!y encouraged it. ome view that wor$ is good

for the character*!uilding and s$ill development of children. In many cultures, particular where informal

economy and small household !usinesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parentsJ

footstepsG child la!our then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. imilarly, in many

cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and

these girls pushed into child la!our such as providing domestic services.&)9'&;;'&;@'&;A'&;B'

Child la!our in 5ra-il, leaving after collecting recycla!les from a landfill.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-ilo2008a-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil


18/32

griculture deploys A of the worldJs child la!our .&)/' !ove, child wor$er on a rice farm in 1ietnam.

&acroeconomic causes

5iggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child la!our. They focus their

study on five sian nations including India, >a$istan, Indonesia, Thailand and >hilippines. They suggest&;F' that

child la!our is a serious pro!lem in all five, !ut it is not a new pro!lem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged

widespread child la!our across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child

la!our include !oth the demand and the supply side. 3hile poverty and unavaila!ility of good schools explain

the child la!our supply side, they suggest that the growth of low paying informal economy rather than higher

paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. :ther scholars too suggest that inflexi!le

la!our mar$et, sise of informal economy, ina!ility of industries to scale up and lac$ of modern manufacturing

technologies are ma%or macroeconomic factors affecting demand and accepta!ility of child la!our.&@'&@)'&@/'

Child 0a!our in a "uarry,Ecuador .

Child la!our laws and initiatives

lmost every country in the world has laws relating to and aimed at preventing child la!our. International

0a!our :rganisation has helped set international law, which most countries have signed on and ratified.

ccording to I0: minimum age convention +C)7B of )FA7, child la!our refers to any wor$ performed !y

children under the age of )/, non*light wor$ done !y children aged )/K)9, and ha-ardous wor$ done !y

children aged );K)A. 0ight wor$ was defined, under this Convention, as any wor$ that does not harm a childJs

health and development, and that does not interfere with his or her attendance at school. This convention has

!een ratified !y )7; countries.

The #nited 8ations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in )FF, which was su!se"uently ratified

!y )F7 countries.&@7' rticle 7/ of the convention addressed child la!our, as follows2

!arties recognise the right of the child to "e protected from economic e#ploitation and from performing any

wor$ that is li$ely to "e ha%ardous or to interfere with the child's education& or to "e harmful to the child's health

or physical& mental& spiritual& moral or social development&9'

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Child_Labour-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Child_Labour-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Child_Labour-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-mbsm-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Childhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Childhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-untreaty-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-untreaty-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-untreaty-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-UN-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Child_Labour-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-mbsm-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Childhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-untreaty-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-UN-4


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#nder rticle ) of the )FF Convention, a child is defined as N... every human !eing !elow the age of eighteen

years unless, under the law applica!le to the child, ma%ority is attained earlier.N rticle /B of this Convention

re"uires tates to, Nma$e primary education compulsory and availa!le free to all.N &9'

Three countries that have not ratified the )FF Convention are omalia, outh udan and the #nited tates.&@9'

&@;'

In )FFF, I0: helped lead the 3orst 4orms Convention )B/ +C)B/, &@@' which has so far !een signed upon and

domestically ratified !y );) countries including the #nited tates. This international law prohi!its worst forms of

child la!our, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery*li$e practices, such as child traffic$ing, de!t !ondage,

and forced la!our, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohi!its use of a

child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child la!our in illicit activities such as drug production

and traffic$ingG and in ha-ardous wor$.

The #nited tates has passed a law that allows mish children older than )9 to wor$ in traditional wood enterprises with

proper supervision.

In addition to setting the international law, the #nited 8ations initiated International >rogram on the Elimination

of Child 0a!our +I>EC in )FF/. &@A' This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child la!our through

strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child la!our. mongst the $ey initiative is

the so*called time !ounded program countries, where child la!our is most prevalent and schooling

opportunities lac$ing. The initiative see$s to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availa!ility.

The I>EC has expanded to at least the following target countries2 5angladesh, 5ra-il, China, Egypt, India,

Indonesia, Mexico, 8igeria, >a$istan,


20/32

In /9, the #nited tates passed an amendment to the 4air 0a!our tandards ct of )F7B. The amendment

allows certain children aged )9K)B to wor$ in or outside a !usiness where machinery is used to process wood.

&@B' The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the mish community of the #nited tates. The

mish !elieve that one effective way to educate children is on the %o!.&@' The new law allows mish children the

a!ility to wor$ with their families, once they are past eighth grade in school.

imilarly, in )FF@, mem!er countries of the European #nion, per


21/32

Child la!or 5angladesh.

:ther scholars suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than

good. ccording to them, child la!our is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty. If laws !an

all lawful wor$ that ena!les the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground

!usinesses will thrive. These will increase a!use of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence

rates of child la!our * such as Ethiopia, Chad, 8iger and 8epal * schools are not availa!le, and the few schools

that exist offer poor "uality education or are unafforda!le. The alternatives for children who currently wor$,

claim these studies, are worse2 grinding su!sistence farming, militia or prostitution. Child la!our is not a choice,

it is a necessity, the only option for survival. It is currently the least undesira!le of a set of very !ad choices. &A;'

&A@'

8epali girls wor$ing in !ric$ factory.

These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early /th century child la!our in

Europe and the #nited tates ended in large part as a result of economic development of formal regulated

economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child la!our laws and I0: conventions came later.

Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, incidence of child la!our in 1ietnam has rapidly reduced

following economic reforms and = growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on

opening "uality schools rather than more laws, and expanding economically relevant s$ill development

opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child la!our.&A/'&AA'&AB'

&AF'

NThe Incredi!le 5read MachineN a !oo$ pu!lished !y N3orld Research, Inc.N in )FA92

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NChild la!or was a particular target of early reformers. 3illiam Coo$e Tatlor wrote at the time a!out these

reformers who, witnissing children ar wor$ in the factories, thought to themselves2 JHow much more delightful

would have !een the gam!ol of the free lim!s on the hillsideG the sight of the green mead with its spangles of

!uttercups and daisiesG the song of the !ird and the humming !ee...J 5ut for many of these children the factory

system meant "uite literally the only chance for survival. Today we overloo$ the fact that death from starvation

and exposure was a common fate !efore the Industrial Revolution, for the pre capitalist economy was !arely

a!le to support the population. Les, children were wor$ing. 4ormerly they would have starved. It was only as

goods were produced in greater a!undance at lower cost that men could support their families without sending

their children to wor$. It was not the reformer or the politician that ended the grim necessity for child la!orG it

was capitalism.N

Child la!our incidents

Cocoa $roduction

Main articles: Children in cocoa production and ar$in()ngel !rotocol

In )FFB, #8ICE4 reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children K many from surrounding countries.

&B' In late / a 55C documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoathe main

ingredient in chocolate&B)' in 3est frica.&B/'&B7' :ther media followed !y reporting widespread

child slavery and child traffic$ing in the production of cocoa. &B'&B9'&B;' In /), the # tate


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ignored. In a 55C interview, the am!assador for Ivory Coast to the #nited ?ingdom called these reports of

widespread use of slave child la!our !y A, cocoa farmers as a!surd and inaccurate. &F)'

In /), a voluntary agreement called the Har$in*Engel >rotocol, was accepted !y the international cocoa and

chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child la!our, as defined !y I0:Js Convention )B/, in 3est

frica.&F7' This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in //. The foundation

claims it has, as of /)), active programs in /F cocoa growing communities in CVte dJIvoire and =hana,

reaching a total population of @BF, people to help eliminate the worst forms of child la!our in cocoa industry.

&F9' :ther organisations claim progress has !een made, !ut the protocolJs /; deadlines have not yet !een

met.&F;'&F@'&FA'

&ining in *(rica

Children engaged in diamond mining in ierra 0eone.

In /B, 5loom!erg claimed child la!our in copper and co!alt mines that supplied Chinese companies in

Congo. The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore !y hand, carry sac$s of ores on their !ac$s, and

these are then purchased !y these companies. :ver @ of ?atangaJs A; processing plants are owned !y

Chinese companies and F percent of the regionJs minerals go to China.&FB' n frican 8=: report claimed

B, child la!ourers under the age of );, or a!out 9 of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese

companies in this frican region.&FF'

55C, in /)/, accused =lencore of using child la!our in its mining and smelting operations of frica. =lencore

denied it used child la!our, and said it has strict policy of not using child la!our. The company claimed it has a

strict policy where!y all copper was mined correctly, placed in !ags with num!ered seals and then sent to the

smelter. =lencore mentioned !eing aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had

without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since /)G =lencore has !een pleading

with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession. &)'

mall*scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child la!our in poor rural areas in certain

parts of the world.&))' This form of mining uses la!our*intensive and low*tech methods. It is informal sector of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-BBC2000-91https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkin-Engel_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkin-Engel_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_182https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-HE_Protocol-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Monsy-96https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Payson2011-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Provincehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Provincehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glencorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glencorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanal_mininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanal_mininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-BBC2000-91https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkin-Engel_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_182https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-HE_Protocol-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Monsy-96https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-Payson2011-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Provincehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glencorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanal_mininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-101


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the economy. Human Rights 3atch group estimates that a!out )/ percent of glo!al gold production comes

from artisanal mines. In west frica, in countries such as Mali * the third largest exporter of gold in frica *

!etween /, and 9, children wor$ in artisanal mining. 0ocally $nown as orpaillage, children as young

as @ years old wor$ with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals

including mercury, and do ha-ardous wor$ such as digging shafts and wor$ing underground, pulling up,

carrying and crushing the ore. The poor wor$ practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release

hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and la$es. =old is important to the

economy of Mali and =hana. 4or Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. 4or many poor

families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income. &)/'&)7'

&eat$acking

In early ugust /B, Iowa 0a!our Commissioner ostville which had recently !een raided

!y Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed ;A minors, some as young as )9, in violation of state

law prohi!iting anyone under )B from wor$ing in a meatpac$ing plant. 8eil announced that he was turning the

case over to the state ttorney =eneral for prosecution, claiming that his departmentJs in"uiry had discovered

Negregious violations of virtually every aspect of IowaJs child la!our laws.N &)9' griprocessors claimed that it was

at a loss to understand the allegations. griprocessorsJ CE: went to trial on these charges in state court on 9

May /). fter a five*wee$ trial he was found not guilty of all ;A charges of child la!our violations !y the 5lac$

Haw$ County Js policy, the report claimed, is that if it discovers child la!our was used !y its supplier in its !randed

clothes, the contractor must remove the child from the wor$place, provide it with access to schooling and a

wage, and guarantee the opportunity of wor$ on reaching a legal wor$ing age.

In /A, The 8ew Lor$ Times reported that =>, after the child la!our discovery, created a X/, grant to

improve wor$ing conditions in the supplier community.&)A'

#,&

In


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that many of their raw materials originates from #-!e$istan, where children aged ) are forced to wor$ in the

fields. The activists were calling to !an the use of #-!e$ cotton and implement a Ntrac$ and traceN systems to

guarantee an ethical responsi!le source of the material.

HYM said it Ndoes not acceptN child la!our and Nsee$s to avoidN using #-!e$ cotton, !ut admitted it did Nnot

have any relia!le methodsN to ensure #-!e$ cotton did not end up in any of its products. Inditex, the owner of

Oara, said its code of conduct !anned child la!our.&)B'

Silk weaving

/7 Human Rights 3atch report claimed children as young as five years old were employed and wor$ed for

up to )/ hours a day and six to seven days a wee$ in sil$ industry.&)F' These children, claimed HR3, were

!onded child la!our in India, easy to find in ?arnata$a, #ttar >radesh and Tamil 8adu.&))'

In /), a =erman news investigative report claimed that in sil$ weaving industry, non*governmental

organisations +8=:s had found up to ), children wor$ing in the ), sil$ factories in )FFB. In other

places, thousands of !onded child la!our were present in )FF9. fter #8ICE4 and 8=:s got involved, after

/;, child la!our figure is drastically lower, with the total estimated to !e fewer than a thousand child

la!ourers. The released children were !ac$ in school, claims the report. &)))'

Primark

In /B, the 55C reported&))/' on >rimar$ using child la!our in the manufacture of clothing. In particular, a Z9

hand*em!roidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced !y 55CJs!anorama programme. The

programme as$s consumers to as$ themselves, N3hy am I only paying Z9 for a hand em!roidered top This

item loo$s handmade. 3ho made it for such little costN, in addition to exposing the violent side of the child

la!our industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent.

s a result of the 55C report, Royal Television ociety awarded it a prise, and >rimar$ too$ immediate action

and fired three Indian suppliers in /B. &))7'

>rimar$ continued to investigate the allegations for three years, &))9' concluding that 55C report was a fa$e. In

/)), following an investigation !y the 55C Trust[s Editorial tandards Committee, the 55C announced,

NHaving carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the !alance of

pro!a!ilities, it was more li$ely than not that the 5angalore footage was not authentic.N 55C su!se"uently

apologised for fa$ing footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting. &));'&))@'&))A'

Eliminating child la!our

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inditexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inditexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-108https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-111https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-113https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-114https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-114https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Trusthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Trusthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Trusthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-115https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-116https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-117https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inditexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-108https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-111https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-112https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-113https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-114https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Trusthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-115https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-116https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-117


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Child la!our in a coal mine, #nited tates, c. )F)/. >hotograph !y 0ewis Hine.


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usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in ma$ing predictions a!out current trends has !een

disputed. ocial historian Hugh Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in *estern Society Since +,-- ,

notes that2

./ifty years ago it might have "een assumed that& 0ust as child la"our had declined in the developed

world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries& so it would also& in a tric$le(down fashion& in

the rest of the world 1ts failure to do that& and its re(emergence in the developed world& raise

2uestions a"out its role in any economy& whether national or glo"al. &))B'

ccording to Thomas


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>un%a! and Haryana High Court gave landmar$ order on the writ*petition +>I0 C3> /@F7 of /) moved

!y Hemant =oswami. The court, accepted all the contentions and suggestions put forward !y Hemant

=oswami +who argued the case in*person and directed thatG

• There shall !e total !an on the employment of children up to the age of )9 years, !e it ha-ardous or

non*ha-ardous industries.

• There shall !e no forced la!our even for children !etween the age of )9 years to )B yearsG and

whenever a child a!ove the age of )9 years is forced to wor$, it has to !e treated as an offence under

ection 7A9 I>C and it is to !e dealt with sternly.

• 3hen any matter is !rought to the notice of the tate Commission +or for that matter suo motu

cogni-ance ta$en !y the tate Commission involving violation of child rights even where a child

a!ove the age of )9 year is employed, the tate Commission under the C>CR ct will have the

%urisdiction to deal with the same and pass necessary directions.

• The violators have to !e dealt with effectively and in a speedy manner. Therefore, wherever violations

are found, cases under the provisions of >art*I1 of the Child 0a!our >rohi!ition ct have to !e

registered without delay in each and every case.

• 3herever the officers fail or neglect to ta$e effective action immediately, apart from ta$ing necessary

disciplinary action, action can also !e ta$en, in appropriate cases, under ection )@@ I>C against

such officers.

• There is also a need for reha!ilitation of such children in the society. +chemes suggested !y Hemant

=oswami were adopted !y the Court +s CourtJs directions, with the following main pointsG +a Moving

out the child from the exploitative environment +! Ensuring Education +c Ensuring

4ood6Meals6Clothes6 8ecessities +d >enalty6Compensation should !e for the !enefit of the Child +e

Regular Monitoring

• The Chairperson of State Commissions for >rotection of Child Rights should !e a person who has

!een Wudge of the High Court and the process of selection of the other six mem!ers of the State

Commissions for >rotection of Child Rights should entail issuance of pu!lic advertisement for inviting

applications, interviewing eligi!le candidates and recommending a penal of names of suita!le

persons.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-interest_litigation_(India)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemant_Goswamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemant_Goswamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-interest_litigation_(India)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemant_Goswamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemant_Goswami


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• tates of >un%a! and Haryana as well as #.T., Chandigarh shall also ensure that the tate

Commissions !ecome fully functional !y appointing Chairpersons and Mem!ers.

• Children[s Courts with specialised infrastructure !e created. &)/9'

The a!ove order !y the High Court is considred a landmar$ in NChild Right >rotectionN in India, as the court

declared many existing provisions of the )FB@ Indian Child 0a!our legislation as illegal and against the

Constitution of India.

tatistics

-umber o( children involved in IL. categories o( work/ by age and

gender

!ll

Children"#000s$

Econoically

!cti&e Children"#000s$

Econoically

!cti&e Children"%$

Child

'abour"#000s$

Child

'abour"%$

Children (n

)a*ardousWork "#000s$

Children (n

)a*ardousWork "%$

Ages

5E11/3/:/ 10:% 13'1 10:% 13'1 ":5 %'2

Ages

12E143":" 11:1 2/' %": 21'1 5:/ 14'1

Ages

5E141:100:4 21:/ 1%'" 1/":3 15'5 111:3 0'3

Ages

15E1%332:1 14:0 42'4 50:2 1%'/ 50:2 1%'/

oys %/":" 1/4:1 23'4 132:2 1"'/ 05:% 12'2

7irls %44:0 1"%:" 22'5 113:3 15'2 %4:/ 1'5

=otal 1:531:5 351:% 23' 245:5 1"' 1%:5 11'1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-124https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite_note-124


30/32


31/32

Mass Media: Good or Bad?

Mass media is a medium of communication such as

television, radio, or newspapers that reach very large

num!ers of people. Media[s uni"ue power and reach can !e

used to educate children and enrich their lives and have

negative conse"uences at the same time.

Heavy media exposure on children increases the ris$ of harm

which includes o!esity, smo$ing, drug and alcohol use,

attention pro!lems and poor grades in school. Too many

children are neglecting schoolwor$ and exercise in favour of

eating chips in front of the television. 4ast*paced video games

and television shows have shortened childrenJs attention

spans. Recreational reading is almost nonexistent, !asic

reading and math s$ills are lagging way !ehind.

Today, children spend at least six hours a day with media.Children spend more time with media to compare with any

other activities, except for sleeping. Children who consistently

spend more than 9 hours per day watching the television are

more li$ely to !e overweight. Children who view violent acts

are more li$ely to show aggressive !ehaviour !ut also fear

that the world is scary and that something !ad will happen to

them. If a child !eats another child to death with a wrench orshoots a friend, it is the violent television programs that they

watch which are to !lame, not the parents or the supervisors

who are supposed to !e there to ma$e sure their $ids do the

right thing. Television characters often depict ris$y


32/32

!ehaviours, such as smo$ing and drin$ing, and also reinforce

gender*role and racial stereotypes.

ome verses of songs that the children listen to on the radio

or even on the Internet overwhelm them with vulgarity andcrudeness. The internet can !e a !ad exposure for the

children, for example, violent we!sites. It is easy for the

children to access to these we!sites !ecause the security is

not tight.

Mass media also has its good as well as !ad influence on

children. Mass media plays a very important role in creating

awareness. Media has served as a boon to mankind. It hasprovided us with an exposure to the world outside our cozy

homes. It has resulted in an exchange of views on a variety

of subjects of a wide variety of people from all around the

world, thereby leading to a global exchange of information

and knowledge. Mass media has given each of us a platform

to voice our opinions on all sorts of social and political issues

and share information with one another. It has brought outeasy ways of communication and provided us with easily

accessible means to reach out to people in various parts of

the world. Thanks to technological development, we have

been able to obtain a platform that enables us to present

ourselves to the rest of the world. The negative influences of

media that are a result of an overexposure to it, are most

often talked about. It is true to a certain extent that media

has affected the society in a negative manner. ut,

undoubtedly, media has proved being a bliss.

Documents

Rainwater Harvesting Child Labour Mass Media