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2. Integrated Water Resources Development and Management: IWRDM.Integration of - - River basin resources- surface and ground. - Demands - consumptive and non-consumptive, and supplies.- Facilities - mega to micro. -Human and eco-systems. - S&T and engineering with social, economic, synergic needs. 3.
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7. Part 2: Watershed Development & Modelling
8. WATERSHED Development
Watershed Sub-watershed Milli- watershed Micro-watershed Mini-watershed 50,000-2,00,000 10,000-50,000 1,000-10,000 100-1,000 10-100 Classification Watershed (ha) 9. WATERSHED Development
10. WATERSHED MODELLING Watershed modellingsteps 1. Formulation 2. Calibration/verification3. ApplicationWatershed model constitutes 1. Input function 2. Output function3. Transform function 11. FigFlowchart of simple watershed model (McCuen, 1989) WATERSHED MODELLING Precipitation Interception Storage Surface Runoff Groundwater Storage Channel Processes Interflow Direct Runoff Surface Storage Baseflow Percolation Infiltration ET ET 12. WATERSHED MODELLING General Classification of Models Broadly classified into three types Black Box Models: These models describe mathematically the relation between rainfall and surface runoff without describing the physical process by which they are related.e.g. Unit Hydrograph approach Lumped models: These models occupy an intermediate position between the distributed models and Black Box Models.e.g. Stanford Watershed ModelDistributed Models: These models are based on complex physical theory, i.e. based on the solution of unsteady flow equations. 13. Background
Part 3:Integrated Watershed Management 14. Concepts and Principles of IWM Objectives: Water hasmultiples usesand must be managed in an integrated way. Water should be managed at thelowest appropriate level . Water allocation should takeaccount of the interests of allwho are affected. Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good. Strategies: A long term, viablesustainable futurefor basin stake holders. Equitable access to water resources for water users. The application ofprinciples of demand managementfor efficient utilisation. Prevention of furtherenvironmental degradation(short term) and the restoration ofdegraded resources (long term). . Implementation Programs: Comprise an overall strategy that clearly defines the management objectives, a delivery mechanisms and amonitoring schedulethat evaluatesprogram performance . Recognise that the development of water resources may require research, to assess theresource base throughmodelling and development of DSS , and to determine thelinkage between water resources and theimpacts on environment, socio-economy . Ensure that mechanisms and policies are established that enables long term support. 15. Integrated Watershed Approach IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects.Social issues are addressed throughinvolvement of women and minority .Community ledwater users groupshave led the implementation efforts.1970 1980 1990 2000 Public Participation Watershed development program Low High Mainly waterconservation Socio-economic withwater conservation Socio-economic,water conservation, participation Public participationplanning, design,implementation Project success 16.
17. IWA Modeling through Advanced Technologies 18. Part 4: Water Conservation & Harvesting Total water management for sustainable development ?. 19. Water Conservation
20. Water Conservation
21. Rain Water Harvesting?.
22. Rain Water Harvesting?.
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RWH Methodologies 24. Rain Water Harvesting Advantages1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water 3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals 4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged 5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas 6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive &easy to construct, operate and maintain 7. In desert, RWH only relief8.I n saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality water 25. Part 5: Successful Case Study Catchment Area = 1800 km 2 26. Jhabua Watershed: Case Study
Highly undulating, sparsely distributed forest cover.~ 57% arable land including cultivable fellow and~ 18% notified as forest land. Average rainfall~ 750 mm per annum.~ 20-30 events during June-September ~ Classified as drought prone region. Moisture deficitduring Januaryto May months each year. 27. Jhabua watershed: Case study Major crops:Maize, Cotton, Peanuts, Soyabeans; Gram, Black beans, Oil seeds.Predominantly tribal population, 92% engaged in agriculture. ~high seasonal migration ~ economically one of themost backward district 28. Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station Jhabua Seasonal rainfall departure are extremely variable. 29.
Development Issues 30. Planning & Implementation
31. Resources mapping: Ground water dynamics Total alluvium area= 18.5 km 2 Channel porosity = 20% Depth of wetting front = 4.0 m Total storage capacity = 14.8 x10 6m 3. 32. Resources mapping: Surface water storage Total number of reservoirs = 144 Storage capacity = 81.3 x 10 6m 3 Reservoir in main channel 33. Appropriate Technology Water conservation and groundwater recharge techniques Water harvesting cum supplementary irrigation techniques in Jhabua 34. Water Conservation Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches,gully plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks.Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.Type of land ownership for soil and water conservation measuresTechniques of soil and water conservation measures 35. Redevelopment of forest is essential for catering socio- economics needs of the people and ecological needsof the region.Forest committeesare formed for forest protection and part of area is made available for grazing on rotation basis.Implementing agencies promoted the concept ofSocial Fencingpeople protecting the forest and grazing land.Joint Forest Management 36. Community participation and local capacity building Development of new village level institutions and local capacity building.Operation & maintenance of structures, regulation of financial matters, and conflict resolution. 37. Discussion Success interventions reside inintegration of appropriate technical and managerial measures .Peoples participation in the entire process are most important.The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation definitely reached.Efficient utilisation of funds , only 10-15% spent on non-project costs.Limitation:100% drought proofing for every water use can not be achieved.Thus,IWM approachmay be characterised by
38. Concluding Remarks The integrated watershed management approachhave the following major components:
39. Concluding Remarks
40. Dr. T. I. Eldho Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.Email:[email_address] Phone: (022) 25767339; Fax: 25767302 http://www. civil.iitb.ac.in