DOT/FRA/ORD-19/07 Final Report April 2019

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Railroad Administration

Railroad Test Track (RTT) Fiber Optic Acoustic Test Bed Expansion

Office of Research, Development and Technology Washington, DC 20590

NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Government, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. The United States Government assumes no liability for the content or use of the material contained in this document.

NOTICE

The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report.

i

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)

2. REPORT DATE April 2019

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Technical Report – 8/10/17 – 9/30/18

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Railroad Test Track (RTT) Fiber Optic Acoustic Test Bed Expansion

5. FUNDING NUMBERS Task Order 0746

Contract Number DTFR5311D00008L

6. AUTHOR(S) Matthew Holcomb

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Transportation Technology Center, Inc. 55500 DOT Road Pueblo, CO 81001

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration Office of Railroad Policy and Development Office of Research, Development and Technology Washington, DC 20590

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

DOT/FRA/ORD-19/07

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES COR: Richard Orcutt 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT This document is available to the public through the FRA website.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) funded an expansion of the Railroad Test Track (RTT) Fiber Optic Acoustic Detection (FOAD) test bed. This test bed was designed for continued research of FOAD technology applications at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC). The FOAD test bed is installed at the toe of the ballast shoulder around the entire 13.5 mile RTT.

14. SUBJECT TERMS Fiber Optic Acoustic Detection, FOAD, fiber optic, test bed, Railroad Test Track, RTT

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 16

16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT Unclassified

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT Unclassified

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18

298-102

ii

METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH

LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in)

1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd)

1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi)

AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters (cm2) 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2)

1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd2) 1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers (km2) 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres

1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2)

MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb)

1 short ton = 2,000 pounds (lb)

= 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t)

= =

1,000 kilograms (kg) 1.1 short tons

VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz)

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt)

1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l)

1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l)

1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3)

TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT)

[(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F

QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION10 2 3 4 5

InchesCentimeters 0 1 3 4 52 6 1110987 1312

QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSIO -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212°

°F

°C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100°

For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286 Updated 6/17/98

iii

Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Overall Approach .............................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Scope ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.5 Organization of the Report ................................................................................................ 3

2. Fiber Optic Cable Installation ................................................................................................... 4 2.1 TTC Site Plan Update ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Fiber Optic Cable Testing ................................................................................................. 7

3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 8

Appendix A. Fiber Test Results ...................................................................................................... 9

Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................... 22

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Illustrations

Figure 1: Map of RTT fiber optic cable .......................................................................................... 5

Figure 2: TTC site plan update ....................................................................................................... 6

1

Executive Summary

Fiber Optic Acoustic Detection (FOAD) is an emerging technology for use by North American railroads to track train movement as well as potentially detect a variety of wheel rail defects. Due to this, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) contracted Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) to complete a partial installation of the Railroad Test Track (RTT) FOAD test bed installed in 2013 at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC). In 2017, FRA contracted TTCI to complete the remainder of the RTT FOAD test bed installation. The completed FOAD test bed now encompasses the entirety of the RTT allowing for expanded FOAD testing capabilities in the future. The work described in this report explains the details of the fiber optic installation from 2017.

2

1. Introduction

The scope of this project focused on the installation of fiber optic cable around the Railroad Test Track (RTT) between defined points on the track, R14 and R46, at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC). The fiber optic cable was installed to enhance the capabilities of the current RTT Fiber Optic Acoustic Detection (FOAD) test bed. The RTT FOAD test bed now encompasses fiber optic cable around the entire RTT. These enhancements will increase the capabilities of fiber optic testing on the RTT FOAD test bed.

1.1 Background

FOAD technology detects events of interest by sensing acoustic vibrations on fiber optic cable and by analyzing the response to signals received. The potential for the application of FOAD technology in the railroad industry has resulted in several industry-, supplier-, and government-funded research and testing programs in recent years. To support the development and evaluation of these potential applications, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) funded the implementation of a fiber optic test bed at the TTC. That test bed consists of fiber optic cable installed alongside certain test tracks and equipment to conduct FOAD railroad-related research. The fiber optic test beds include fiber optic cable installation that covers the High Tonnage Loop (HTL), and the RTT. Prior to the full fiber optic cable installation around the RTT, the test bed was limited in terms of being able to perform testing continuously around the entire RTT. Those limits included the speed and number of trains able to be tested while conducting FOAD railroad research.

1.2 Objectives

The objective of this project was to expand the existing fiber optic test bed to encompass the entire RTT. This expansion is designed to support FOAD technology testing at higher speeds and with multiple trains, both on the same track and on multiple tracks, and in areas where the RTT parallels other tracks.

1.3 Overall Approach The overall approach to this project was to complete the RTT FOAD test bed by sub-contracting a professional fiber optic cable installation contractor to install and test the cable to installation speciation’s defined by Transportation Technology Center, Inc.’s (TTCI) engineers.

1.4 Scope The following describes the scope of work performed to meet the project objectives:

• TTCI engineers developed a statement of work to identify the installation details of the RTT FOAD test bed expansion.

• Fiber optic installation contractors reviewed and submitted bids to perform the installation of the fiber optic cable.

• After the fiber optic cable was installed the installation sub-contractors tested all fiber optic cable the installed and provided test results.

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• TTCI managed the project.

1.5 Organization of the Report This report is organized into three sections and an appendix:

• Section 1 introduces the work performed as well as providing a brief background, overall approach, and scope.

• Section 2 summarizes the installation of the RTT FOAD test bed.

• Section 3 provides the conclusion for this project.

• Appendix A, provides the fiber test results.

4

2. Fiber Optic Cable Installation

A 34,500-foot direct bury, 12-core, single-mode fiber optic cable was installed on the south and west sides of the RTT from R14 to R46. From R15 to approximately R19, near the 501B switch, the fiber optic cable was placed on the south side of the access track. At R19, the fiber optic cable was pulled through a 2-inch conduit directly west of the 501B switch at a depth of 36 inches, using a directional bore machine, under the access track and then placed back into the trench located on the south and west sides of the RTT. The fiber optic cable, except for the cable pulled through the bore, was installed utilizing a direct burial method at a depth of three feet below existing grade. The fiber optic cable was placed at a maximum of 20 feet from the center of the RTT track near the toe of the ballast. Following the placement of the fiber optic cable, the trench was water puddled, compacted in 12-inch lifts, and tamped to prevent future settling. A site overview of the installation can be seen below in Figure 1. The fiber optic cable shown in yellow represents the installation of the fiber optic cable from R14 to R46. The fiber optic cable shown in green represents the previously installed fiber optic cable. The fiber optic cable was not on a single reel because of limitations in reel size. Two separate reels were used. One reel contained 25,000 feet of fiber optic cable and the other reel contained 10,000 feet. Since the fiber was placed on two reels, there is one splice point, near mile marker R23. The splice was completed using a fusing technique to ensure the lowest loss of decibels (dB). The fiber splice was placed in a burial rated splice box and buried at a depth of 36 inches. There is no hand hole access at this point since previous testing has shown that hand hole boxes introduce interfering acoustic signal to the fiber optic cable.

5

Figure 1: Map of RTT fiber optic cable

2.1 TTC Site Plan Update

Detailed installation location information was added to the TTC site plans for future reference. A high-level example of the site plan update can be seen in red in Figure 2.

6

Figure 2: TTC site plan update

7

2.2 Fiber Optic Cable Testing

The fiber optic cable was tested post-installation via the use of an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to ensure the integrity of each of the fibers. Each of the 12 fiber optic cables was tested individually from R46 counterclockwise to R14. The tested fibers showed less than 1 dB of loss at the splice point as recommended by FOAD suppliers. The test results are provided in Appendix A.

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3. Conclusion

Potential application of FOAD technology in the railroad industry has been, and will continue to be, evaluated using the fiber optic test bed at the TTC. The expansion of the fiber optic test bed conducted under this project will allow for additional testing capabilities, including testing at higher speeds continuously around the RTT, as well as testing with multiple trains.

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Appendix A. Fiber Test Results

Appendix A. Fiber Test Results, raw data. Federal Railroad Administration.

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NseWidlh: Range: 15,318.Sm

PointSplldn!): 0.5106257m

Avecages: 6288 G.IR: t.-4678 ------1 Badtscatw-; -79.60 ell Rell, 1h-esh: -65.0011!

loss Thresh: 0. 10 d:I 1------Enct Thresh: 3.00<1!

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10000 11000 12000 13000 140(11)

fde f.ait Joofs f)!t!nts l(li,w J::!t!lp --~-·· - -

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OIDRO:

31-JIA-2018

5:14PM

U31G

11 Al

J.SSOrm 300ns

15,314.3m

0.5l01762m

6320 1.4682

-82.00<l!

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lac:2

35d9

4Sd9

50dB 55d6

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55d1'-'-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-..J.,;;;,.i.... ___ o 1000 2000 3000 6000 sooo 1000 aooo 9000

A: ·10.2m B: •10. 2m B•A : o.om TwoPIJi'>t lnse-oon loss B • A : 0,000 dB

Date:

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Module·

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Point Spadng:

Averages: G.IR:

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toos1'hrl!Sh: Endlb'esh:

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t,<.., Test Results Manage,

f il" f d"tt Jools El!l!fl~ 'fie,, !:fl!lp

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Oare: 31-Ai-2018

Tm,,: 5:16PM

Module: 1,1310

Filer: 12

CableIO: Al Wavelength: 1550ml

NS11!:Widlh: 300ns

R.!lngt!: 15,314.Jm

Point Spacing: 0.5104762m

Averages: 6288

G.IR: t.-1682 Backsa,tter: -82.00dB

Rell. Thrf!Sh: -6S.OOdB

Loss Thresh: 0.10d!!

EndTh'esh: 3.00dB

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Enn<T-

lttl.Dss {dB)

•3_g7 dB · J4.27d8

10 000 !f000 ·12000 13000

9,927.6 m

Roll (<!!l}

14000

0.330dB/km

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file fdit Ioo!s EJ!t!l'lts '[il!W ~p

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OTOR Tra0e \lieWff OL lS Viewer/Editor

Key to Result kx>ns &;land the jab bee on left to select en ll(llllOl)llllle reSlA icon. OPM St,gleMode Trace

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When an icon Is selemd. t can be opened wlh a doulledck on the icon. or a~ and then preMlng the bulo,, below.

11ij:Jg,Q] 1310 ~: 0llite! Al

locl • B OdB

lac2

Flier: 13 5dB OTDR4P: Loci 10d8

15d8

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3OdB

3~dS

4Od0 45d9

5Qd8

55dB

Trace Info Textlnfo u-.tlnfu

Da~: 131-~·2018 TIil": S; 18PM

Module. IIB10

Flier: l3 Cable to: Al

Wavelength. lSSOrm Pust Width: 300ns

6008

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•5.39dB *33,49dB

11000

9.926.5rn

12000 13000 14000

Unl\ ,won (dB/tm)

0.543dB f km

Rell (d!l)

Rang<!!: 15,314.3111

Pont Spacing: 0.5104762m

Ayerages; 6212 GJR: 1.1682

Badcscatter: -82.00d3

Reff. Thrl!Sh: -65.00111

LOIS$ Thresh: 0. 10dB

End'Th'esh: 3.00<ll

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______ ,__. .. ___ ., __________ ,_

22

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviations & Acronyms

Definition

dB Decibel FRA Federal Railroad Administration FOAD Fiber Optic Acoustic Detection HTL High Tonnage Loop OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometer RTT Railroad Test Track TTC Transportation Technology Center TTCI Transportation Technology Center, Inc.