i ' I

. f .'>.I ...

. ,_·(::.

~: J

,,, ..

'"'/·I 1

f.!JII.OSOP!iX and l<ltiOLUr..p!!

n , , , In the 8tm llj>IIOBII ot . 'lbDU&ht • ..,icih Jtu· cioRe to !tael.f t.orl 1a pureli · a.\U.;.edeteftt, tlw18 .,_ t.witna &N huabod 'ltWfn !lllifll the

·.• .. cU'IJ'ee. co£ peopllMI _M<I ot. !ndlY• id118l.a~" B(llal, §cieeo• or J.t>J!.k. 'i~. I. • p. 42 .•

,, · "!t ·tdll alwp ,_in 11, uttm" tor' ~t bON tho Iran ·tian phllo~ knew tbat ralat1on of th"\lllbt · t., a81U!UOUII eadtstonce, .,_., it halW, !or a lliC'e4r 1'8lat1 .... re'lat2Dn ·ot bare appom"­anco, end f'll1l\r aalcnoul.odged and anertad a hi&bll!' · uni~ or the t'iiD :1.n the Id..a in cen8l'&l, and, part­ie:ll.arJ,y, 1n the idea ot an 1ntu1t1ve und.,.atand.ingr butt yet Dtoppeddaod at this ralstive re­latinn and at the aao!ll't1on that. the llot!on is and rlllll&1ne ntterl,y separatod hom raolii;,"l "" tbat.S it atfinnyl e.a true 11bat 1t pro­noW»ad to be tinite lalowledge, and d""larecl to be 111lp4ft'1'luous aJld illproper t.lpenl:s' ot tbouaht that lth.l.ch it recognised !'.a truth, and ot l!bich it eDtabliehed 'Uie d­r.lnite no"M.on.u Rogel, rae er I.ogic, Vol. II a, P•

11:1he atllndpoint or tllo old Mt«·l.al.-11111 1a clvll ....,iat,n .the ~~tend• . , , point e>t the ·""" b h\11&11 enciety, or aooial. hlldAi~. n Ksrx, 'lj)..aoa_an F..,...bl.cp. 1845 : · . I . . , .

"It 1a or c<>lll'ee'...;.,. tc> 1ooqinn e po,....rul, pbTilicall,y aupm·ibr pOi-liOn. 'Milo · t't.'st oaptlll'ea a.'\!Mls and th"" aaptlll'ea 10M 1n ord,. to .. lll&ke tillS catch .anil:ala fill' h!all in brief t Oft" 'lfbc.· UI!:IOB ...,. &~ & rvitiiJ'IIll,y occurr1n;' coadit~on tor hill rooproduct­:l.on llk3 111\l' oth"" l1vin&; lll!.tur&l thing! hls """ laboilr being 811h&Ullt..ed in the act or ch:m1n:lt!.e.r.. i..'Ut liu<:h a view 1& Bt111'1d, though 1t 'lll>!f bG correct t'roJII the point o! view of a g:t..M tribal. or COBlllNll ""tity; !or it t.ke~ t.'1e j~ ..a" as ito atartJ.ug point. aut lUll 1.1: onl,y individualiaod thr<~lll!h the pr-ocaeo or hiatocy." . Kan:, Grun<lrisae, 1857.

11 .... dwelopttent or hUllan. powmo, 'Which 1a its 0\Rl end ... 11 Marx, CSp1tal,, l!ol. III, 1878.

13257

P.ART"jt~-- ALmu!A'l.TvES

Chapter- J - JW-?.iUL S.<RlaE

'lhe totality ot: 'the world crisis signalled by the Dopression, 1•iee

or Fascia a_nd outbreak of World war II bld a catacyJ.mnic affect also on

Francb pbiloeopblll"_s who bad absorbed, at one and tbe aome time, Hegt>~ and

Ueideggar, not to &ention equal attra~tion to ~ and tba Pr<>letsri£t · (llit!l a capital P),, 'lhe 1110at p1•odigious philoeophi: product _or tbo 1930111

vbich ...,.. not completod till l94J, •• Jeo.n-Paul Sal•tre1a Being and lloth­

~)!me!!!.• Mt11bm'sldp in tbe Resist.ance botb mhAn~ed tbe """ form of

E:tbtantial1151Jl ~ s...,.ed to prasage a totally new type of phUoscphar,

· · not• merel,y beoauoe Sartre had already gainGcl fame as novelist (Naw:~ q,nd t~lff--i;+.c:•··•;·· .. · ... , •,-.,_.,.:dJ{(~a ll'lies)wbose play,hsd been stopped by the Nazi occll!>i~:o, but bec4use both

': . ',· .•, ... ,; . '• .

·· tbought in i,ts moat z·igourous form, Dialectic,' and aot1on in its mbt

·. dangerous form, Freedom, were. unitod as one.

' :lhe 11gala" ysars (l) extended themsolves !ntiJ the immed!Ate postwar

pariod when it did irideed appear that philcsoph.7 ar.d r~olution wtn•e ·not just

rhetoric, Masses were 1n mot.\on, :.'evolution ws.s in tbe air, and the intell­

ectuUa wero "co111111ittod 11 , It did net matt.er llbuther Sartre1o political

radicelilllll did' or did not flow' logically from his philoaopb,7 or exietanoe,

&cistentialism hold the youth;nnd -~~t onl,y in France, untbralled, lhough i

Sartre kept assured the CP that he considered it "tbe onl,y revolutionary

party", and it was obvio\1S he was not compoting 'Witb it l'or "leadership

of the massos", the Communist Party was ..,rried and the attscka dire<~ted

against him 'W9re or the venomous kind lovellod a~&inst a 10clavi:lting political

tendency • 11

In one fundamental respect tho Communists ware, of course, 10rillht11 :

the readership of tbe magazine, Los Temps Moderneo, founded by Sartre and

!{wleau-Pont,r, wero "activists", and in 1949 did try to eotablish a new

party, Rovolutionary Democratic !\ally, in his n&l'le, Sartro disclaimed

13258

'' -~ .·.

•'&uthors:,ip" and, 1n an,y case, 'lihUe it did att.-aet the ·int<~llsctUAls,

.iio 111&8888 followed it, Cl61U'lj, however, the postwar generatio" t£ pnil­

o&Opll;n-s did not restrict their role tc ane of '.nhrproting th& ..orld,

'!hey IIQIInt tc ohSngo it, or subst,antiall,y 1ni'luer.ce its dS,.ection, 1n lln,J'. . UI/IL oaee, Wbetbsr one viewed sartr~. E>d.stentialiill'l a a the onl,y "true"

phUosopb,y of i'raod~ra, or cona1darod it the fao·tor that disoriented the ·

re'IOlutio:llry generation, there ,..a no doubj: that S artraan E><iatentttlisll

10&8 not enalosod 1n '11\Y ivory tower. Within a deoad<>o there h&d been

both a. opl1t 'ld.tbin Edet<ntiall.om. and a "conversion of Bartra to HiGtc>:ic

M!l.taral1sra, 11

·cataal,yimda events ware happening in the world, The one tbllt pro-..

Qcc~ied Sartre, and 'Wbioh lad to Marlaau-Pont.y' s break (2) wit.ll him, ·was

the ~ear. 1ilr and the co ... uniet-inep1rod "W>rld Peace Movement" it ~Gl¥lar­

od and Which Sartre tull,y arabracod. '!he o~er world-shaking event. howsver, ·­

the East Garman Revolt on June 17, 1953o that s:l.gni.llod "' totally n.., page

of i'raodom, .in fact am 1n 'lhought, the first ev8l' within the Communil!t

orbit -- searaod to have hlld no serious effect u9on either form of Erlstant-

1all.!JII; '!hat changw.l when, 1n ~'obrusry 1956, KbrUBllch.;, officiall}- dacl!lrod

deStelinization, and by the fall of that year, the wbol& of Eaot

(1) 'lha expression far the Y""rs l9ll4-45 i~. Jacquss Guicharnaud 'e. Hie articles 11 'lhoso Years: Edstantial1om, 19113-1945" expresses well lildstent1•11 ""'e epcll, It is included along with articles by Jean !lYPPPOllits, Piera Burgelin and Piarro Arnaud, an inter• view with Jean-Paul Sartre 1n a spacial iesua of YALE FRENCH STUDIES, Winter 1955 and 1956.

(2) cr, Mer1aau-Pont.y•s I.e• avantW"es de la dialectigu"~ also sartre's l!m"leau-Pontv 1n Situations IV, PP• 225•:32&

13259

•.-::,

-3-

. Europe •• in i'".....,es, and Russian tanks rolled into Hw~gUy to put do>m

the outright t'GVolut1cm U.<:re. Sartre did oppoaa th<> Ru~do.n to.nkG - tb.oy

Will'& 0110t 'llecGS•ar,y" and dl.d not enhance "the securit-y of eoc1dJ.su11• J'.ost

1Jipartant ot all, iztootar ao the dav&lopment of 1\Xietent:!.ali.., wo.~ concerned,

tillS tb&t, tor tho rirlt. time sine& t.he publication of Pa!!!g 11.11d Nothin.l!!!es'!o­

S&rtre ,.... 'IIC!'king ori a CO"'!'rShenaive phUosoph1.o tr .... tiae, 1olhiah """ to'

demona!orate the "infusion• or Eltistent1alism into Horxieou

"I cona:l.dar Jfarxism the one philosophy of our time 'Wbioh "" cannot go beyond and •• • I bold the ideology or axist..nce and its lcom­prehena:l.v"'' aetbcd to be an enclave ins:l.de MarxiiiD, 'Which simultau.-aou engenderS :l.t and rejects it, II (:3) . ' ·

. Elllrtt:e nov de~ires Eld.stent1allsm111!o be integrat.>d into llarxium, 11

'Although he still, holds on to Eltistential:l.sm•s origin in Xierkegward, he ·now ·:, ' . I .

·attributes the >•Oilppeorance of 11t.b.e Dane" at the b~g1n.'ling· of th~ 2oth

, . century, to tho tact that it """ a time "'Wile.'> people. v.Ul t!\ke :1. t into tnoir

bead!l to f:l.ght agaiz-.st Marxism b,y opposing to it pluralisms, ambiguities, paradoxes." (p. 15)

Nor doss Sartrs flinch f'rom using himself as an IIICIIII!ple of l:.>rx' •

. dictum, that the ruling :!.deas or an,r epoch are tho 1de9.S of the ruling clas_s.

Indeed, he goes ao far as to sa.r that what the students of his day d:!.d to

oppolle "the sweet dreams of our professors" was to·becama propononte of

''violence"• "It""" a lU'etchad violence (insults, bra.wls, suicides, murder:,

irreparable catastrophes) which risked leo.ding us to rasc1sm • .,u (p. 20),

:!he war, however, "shattered the worn strootures of our thought" and they

"discovered the wrld", (p, 21) '!hey 'W9re then "convinced at Jl!!.!U!!ld the same

~ ths.t historical materi&lism furnished the only val:!.d interpretation of

(:3) Jean-Paul Sartre, S.@!:ch ro,. a Method, P• xxxiv. All tha references here will be to this translation b.:; i:lllzel E. Bornes, (Alfred J.,Knopf, N.I., 196:3), However, because I think that Sartre is announcing, not searching, for a method, I will, in text, use Sartre1s own title, luaation de la Methode. 11 1

13260

_ . .,, ... ·.;_,· ~. ·- --·~

·.,,·

hatu.t-.v al1d that exiet""tiali""' r"""'1r.ed the onl.,y concrete approach tc

raali-ty ... Marx111111, •Iotter dra'll:l.og ua to it "" th" .....;n dra...., the tidos •••

· 'lhC! ar.asive (755 pagee) to~;e, Critique de la_""!...~n ci.!al!g,!;igue

Cprahood., de Clu!atien do method!) published in 1960, OO"PJ'i&es but the firot

vol11111e ot Bartrete nw Philo•ophio ""rk, .l secoqj vol1111e bas not bGen co~~pleted. 1.uf 'Nhioh 1e rel~t to the a~objeot ot .lltarnativea with ~.oh we ..,.., ·l....ung _

. !l!!eci~<t• Hathode - 18, howevar, co~~plete in itoclt, .lltholl£h it IIIIa

or~ ·'lll'itten in 1957 aa a separate easa,r, entitled "E<111tont1n118Jll tllld ·

·~n, tor a Poliah jotll'nal, ~ramose, Bartra· oonoidnred it so .lmport~t .t h<1 not onl.,y !!ltOl'Gd it "oonsidsra~ so as ·to ad.1pt it b the need.~ ot the -~---- - . . . .. . .

l'rollOh, resdere* and. published it in Ilia Journal, Le• l'qz &dernsa , bllll; de­

cided .tbat it was the.propar introduction ior the fritig'!!:.,. Ind~>ed, he felt

tbat "logioall,yn it 'bolonged at the end of the wbole wrlc since it co~~~pr.tsed the method .tor 'llliioh the.Critigue laid the £ourdat:ton, !~ a ph1lo~her,

. Sartra ~ WGightiJ,r &'hllre of the fact that methodology is tile 1110at oonoentl.•ated

IIXpl'usion ot theory, a result of a oo~~~plox interaction of the api~it of the

times, olasa base, theoretical atl.'llysis, practical aotiviey, including a

struggle With rival theories, rival praxis, rival methoilologies, In a t<ord,

to use one that is a favorite with Sartre, it is a "totalization," fly this it needs to be judged,

Periods. of philosophic cree t!on are so rare, says 5Rrtre, thr. t 11

Betw11en

the 5BV611teanth oentu ry and the twentieth, I se& tlu•ee purioda, >l!lll.ch I would

deeignate by the l!!l!lles of the men wbo domina ted them, thore is the '110111snt

1 or Descartes and looks, that of Kllnt and Hegel, fio..JJ.y

that or Marx, 'lheee tfuoee Philosophies becoma, BBCh in ita t1ll'n, the hu:mur of every J>&rtiou:7Ar thought and the horizon of all. cultUre; thSl'e is no going beyor.d th"" 110 long as man hns not gone beyond the lild.a­toricsl moment wbioh they axprtrsa, (p, 7)

Notwithstanding this proclamation that Marxi1111, and Marxism alone, Which is the 13.261

,_. ··:-··

-5-

pbUoaopb,y or our. age >t>Ua EdatMt!Jil.iem ia •a p!U'4~1tio ayate.. ldlioh

livoa on the margin~ ot real .. aol.anca• (p. 21), tba IJ'fllile<>tation t!lat <:oll<>ll'll

over the roat ot th& llll page tax:t saau to c~ntrt.clint :l.t aithar direouY or

"" . indiraol.l,y, It 1ll ~ue that thia book pre~ent• a nev Sartro, a convert to

Bialtor1oal.J!ate;.-1alJ.sg, It is true that the cantl'al Attack 1e d:lraotad, not

apinat l'.arx, but apinlot "toda.r'• Marxist•"• in ld11oh loose oat.lgory are

1ncludad not olll,y Coaun\ata but &leo Xt-otak;yie~ and ind&Jienlent JI.Al'T.isto.

!!aq illatancllll ;are r1100untad againet thcaa "doguticta" llbo taU to oee tha

. p~~rtioular ibdiv1dual, the ooncrat" oventa, tha singulAr c.cpar1Mee, the n.av,

1n a ~rd, reali i;y • Since, however, of all the eotlllllpl""', l'rolll th" Fronch

&evolution to llliorpb,yaica, c1tad, there is oriJ;T one current aV<tnt - the

I!Ungadt.n Rawluticn - it is to that one we v1ll have to. turn to test tha

Sartl'll&ll d!alec~ . . , .

~~~ . · .. . · · Sartra ~ 81t, u we, aaw, opposed the bloo_d.y suppression of the

Hungarian llevoluticn by Russian lllight, though it 'WaS onl,y on the ground til&t

it ,.s11not n100aasar,rt, nor onlwlcad "the security of aooW:lam. 11 Wa can notr .. . .

trace the oonsoquenoes nf an oppoa:ltl.on that d:ld not. eee 1n the Rl:llaiena:l!tter­

VIIIlticn" a oountar-revolut:lon. He pours for+.h h:ls ind:lgr.at1.oll, not against

that, but against "toda;v's llarxiata", and here, daf1n:ltaly, he 1o ref6rr1ng,

not to Co111111unisto, but to 'l'rotslo/1sts anci independent ll'arx:lsts ldlo ,,...e malcing

A new category out of the birth of the ~rkars' Counc:lls as "a dODIOoraz.t:lo

1nst:ltut1cn." Here, continues Sartre, 119 can sao tho ''method in all its r.aked-

nes~. 11 It :I.e true the Couno:lls vera such "" dOO'.oort.t:lo 1nstitut1on.11 One

ct.n even maintain ths.t they bear within them the future of the sooial:lat scc:lety,

But this does not alter the fact. that they did .1ot ax:ist in Hungary at the t:lmo

of the first Soviet intervention! and their appearrutc6 during the Insm·rootion

IBS much too brief and too troubled for us to be able to apeak of an orgll!ll.zad

democraoy. 11 (p. 24)

13262

I I i ! •

I ,.., I I

''·I

I I

AD:! beoaw:e th& t~klll'6 1 .:OuncUa .....-e not "" org\\!!ized daworaoy,

beor.WJ.e the mpontano1cy of' tlWI sel!-organir.ation t>f' the lklrkors ~ouncil~

'

\1_

•• "much teo br.!.llf' and tOo ~ubled" (p, 24), the !'orcod aupprersiOn becomes

aul't'ic1ent ground tor not grappl.il!lg with .the N.ame.ntal' creat1v1cy to penatrate

an liOCUtential. •unsurpaasabl~t op&qWillees," :~he eqoonont of' tile "UMurpaaeabla

o111gularif;y ot tbe b\U&Il ad78nture11 , 1Mtead, dons n !'uU suit ot adldn1atrat1vo

Uliero n>e ...,...1ad of' nw ten<ie!Ulias - 'Whether 1n the ootual. l!uugar1en Ra-

J volltt10n or the. near-revolutionaries in Poland, ..,.._ k . I! sdoqj the n""

a..u.e.uoe Sutre. is addressing because 1t h&s given him •a llllllne ot 8llpresid.ng,

· 1n i< oountcy with a !larxist'cul.turo, the exiot1ng collFadiotiono in ito

pliUOsopb,y" - one and all. of' these living torcee, tha trus !!~ dilllansirJna, . ~.;_ __ : .. ' ..

'ga~ h~llhrUnk into a no~if'f'arentiated caU>ogory, 1'reviol1on1sn•,11bich has • I ' •

ah'aad.'V boon. d1111111ssed by Sartreo ".4• i;o" lreviaiorJ.m', t}4a 1s either a truiBII

or &11 abeurd1t;y.n (p. i) and now they get shrugged of'f' with .. 11cleepite th&ir

g;ood '.ntontionR ••• 11

n>e f'act that the r<lviilionist 6ppelat1cn """ not theirs, but that of

·•oth...-•, their tormentors, Kbl•ushchev and Mao, who have long aince ·transformed ~

Marx~a theorr of' liberation into atate-cap1tal1st enal.svcent dQes not seem to

disturb the philosopher of existonce. :~hough those llh'> fought for freedom

· !!:$! Rues1en Colllllluniat overlordsh.tp were the real "1Jlt1.stents• in the Poland .. of' 1957 'whom Bartra 1111s addrosiing, tho phil9sop ar of "the individual'• f'reodom

lhA..I-/ok.-t.-<J-tN<...iJ;._.,p .c,.A.·>~!i'(;; ,M<I. ""-<.<,U."-"01J..:. ~1r!~'J1.C"~( ctfnu.cl;t.._,f. .. dilln't tafr:e-taeAard m_ place 'tor launching an attack dlt the oll.l,l" truJ.v (l'fr<..-..

original Communist philoouphar who, af'tl!r more th!lll a quart""' of' a century of'

cat p1tulat1on, finall,y got swept up by the revolut~n in hie n&tive land -

George Lukacs - can be called "parsonaliza tion": 11It is not by chance tho t

Lukacs - Lukacs who co often violates history - haa found in 19.56 t!te beat

dof'inition of' this frozen MB!"x1sm, 11 (p. 28)

13263.

,' ,: ..

>[._ .. . ·

. .. , . .,. .. - ....

)

-7- l .

r '

' 'Ibeory Md Prad~.oa 1n W<> Tod"r and in Marx's Capital, 186'(-?5

In hie praocoupation wl.th thaorotieiana, Se.rtre not onl;.ir i'aUa to probfl. i

tl!.a· Jl1l8 pra.xb of the PlieS of J!a&t &ur~a 1ft the mid-l9.50ta, but be IOEIB8

totall;r UJtMnao!.oue .or the ,.eaning of W&t he il tel!.',m! thom, thooe Uve

h-4 being• 'llbo hod jUDt suffered through a life-&nd-death struggle with

ottiol.al. ll&l'Xilllll r.s he concludes 11that .....,ng .the Masses, Mandat praatio...,.

does aot retloot, or .mcy alight:!¥ rei'laota, the acl"'·osia of ita th~• Bu.t it is preoiael,y the c~nfll,ct between revc>lutionary aotion and the Sohol&:tic justitioaticll> 1M.ch prevunts Communia·t !!IAA ..-;. in acic1all.at oountrieil as 1n bourgeois countries - from •ohieving arJ3 clear s..U-oonsciousness. 11 (p. 29)

Not onl¥ thai!;, audd~, in a VflrT lcngtl!,y tw-paga foDtnoto (p:;>• 32-33)

we an ti>ruet into a critical cocl'rontaticm, not with 11todayta Marxist•"• but

'llith the !faioxiiDI of Marx himi!..U on the pivotal question o! consciowm.,sa •

"'na IIIUit dGVeiop a thaor:r of consoicusnoss, Yet the theory of knowledge ccn­

t1nurllt to be the wale point 1n Marxiam•" (p. 32.1'tn.) Sartre drawo this ccn­

oluaion attar he has quoted one aentenna from Ma.rx en the ~~~aterialiat con-

oapt:i.on of history, an:! one from Lenin on oonseicusness "s 11rei'laotlicn oS:

baing", attar whi~h Sartre r601Sol'ks triUIIiPbll.~tl,y: 11In both cases it ia a matter

or auppr.asaing subjaotivit.YI w1.th MP.rX, we are placed ·bc;rcnd it; with Lanin on

this &ide of it,n (p, )2.) '!bat this bs&al.SSS ·generalization n1es in the f'Aee

both of all MarX \~rota, all Marx did, that the new Bartra w1.ebes to r""usoitete, '7

doss not deter thm.

lie atubbornl,r aainteins that the sentence he quoted trom Marx; 'lolbich

happens tc be tram &>gale, not Marx, ,_.. 'lolbich is a rap<MLt of the VfJl'Y

sent.,noe the old Sartre used 1.5 years ago in his atteok on hiatcrJeal

13264

=tar1al18111o· (4) - that ":Jhe' materialist conception or the world aignifie•

i1lip::,Y the ccnc;opUon or lllioture as it 1a without &li,J" foreign o.ddition." -

!UI!Iunte to nothing lo.,. hol:'rific th&.'l this 1 "l!o.vlng at.t"ipped •""Y all subject..

ivit;r and having aeoizdlated hhlalr into. pure objective t.t"uth, lle (Marx) w.lks

in a 110rld ol oi)jeate inhabited by objeot..men," (p, ~2n)

Once 6g&ins "Both (the reference il again to the singla qu.otat1on ~~

rroa Marx 3lld. tha half of one sentence from Leoin) or thGSe conceptiot'.IJ among

to brialdng ....,,. ,.eaJ; relation with history, since in the first, knoui.ng is

pure th0017o a non-dtu:&ted oboerving, and, in the senond., it 1o a ai>lple paam­

tvtt;r.~ (p. ;l2n) 'Jhean at.t"av 1deaa that Sartre hal juot at.t"ung up w att.t"i~ ' .

,uted. to Marx ancll..enin, he labels 11o.nt1..di.al8'lt1c&l", and "Pr.,_Mar~" (p, ))n,.

eaph!laie its Sartrela), Ha notes condeacendingl,y th"t "in' Marx's r...arks on the

ptaotical aspects or truth end. on the general relations or thaar.r and praxis, it

W<luld. be eaq to discover the rlliimenta or a reUietic epietemology llhich bas -

navar been developed," (p, 3~)

(4) llaterialiome ot rav~>lution" (Las Tanps Maderneos Vol. I, Nos. 9 Mi 10, June-J~, 1946), In 194'1' the old par1cd1CRJ., Polit4cs, tranllated this esaa,y on ''llatari.allam and Revolution", It reappear-ed aa Cbapter-l) of Sartre' s Essa,ys (New York, Criterion Books, Inc,) a footnote b,y Sartre, 'llbich :readss "As I have Ullfa1r:!,y :reproached with not quoting Marx in this article, I should llka to point that 11\1 crit1o18111s are not dh•acted against him, but againat Marxist scb!>lAsticisM of 1949. or, 1f you prater, again&t Marx through Noo-Stol.1n.1.ot Marxism, 11

'Jhe truth, however, is that the article couldn't bave >'Bferred to "the Marxieg ocholasticilm" of 19.1!2. since it ,... wri ttnn ir• 1946, Nor could it bave been d1reoted'iiiainet 11Neo..St4linilt Marxism" 'Which did not arise untU after Stalin's death. Sartre, at the time of writing his original article in 191!6 (llhioh d~ quoted Stc.lin) '"'" auoh .a ad.llenium a,..y from thinking About 111!<»-S1;e.l1ni.!!t l'..arxism" tn.t the ohiei' target of his ,... - F:redariok Fngala, Inat...W. of being then wrought jp ·about fNaa..SgaliniSIII" llhich was yet to llppeat­h1otoricall3, bo couldn't find -it in himself to rooiot i'oo~noting even the ravoral>le mention or Marx' a HUIII4niBm an follo1181 "It ia, once agl\ino H&rx1a point or view in 1844, that is, until the un­rortw.ate meeting with Fngala•. It is ono of the marks ~ our state­capiteli8t age tbat our intellectuals seom mort~ adopt at re->Iriting history, than at 'W!'iting it,

13265

' f'

-9-

Within tho tGxt, S&rtre continues: 11 lbe thaory of fetishi.,., outll..oecl

by MarT., has never• been developed; furthermore, 1t could not be axtw:<lecl to

cova:o all oo.c14l realities, lbus llorxism, while rejecting organiciom, lAcks

11eapone sgal.t,st it. Marxl.lllll conoidara thet !llllrkut a ~ am. llolda that ito

intDOOrable 1&111 .contribute to reifyl.ng the ralat10118 among men, But >>hen,

alr:ldan~, - to use Henri Lefebvre' a t ...... a - a d:II!.J.eotieal conjuring trick

shows ua this t!O!Uii;rous abstraction as th& veritable conorettt .. , then we be­

lieve that wit are returned to lllegeli&n !deal1sm.• (p. 77)

On<1 tiOuld be bard put to match the ~umber of errors ll111•tre auc~eecls

. :!.n .. squ~ into l=c tb&n i'o~ sentanc.,., Judged by them, Marx· has •dtacr

:tlui &Dduoua 'labor he,put into the creation of the tbree vulumec. of CIPITAL, ·'

llbioh aims at ostabl1ah1.'lg that both the pivot or his theory, as well ·ao tho . '

actualit,v, of capitalism 1s !!2!;. to be found 1n the ,.,...kat·-- the favoriiio ·

hunting growtd of utopiAns, undaroonsumptionists aud ·aapita.listio buym•a. o!

labor powot' - but it is· to be found in the proceso of product!ion, and only

there.

For the 1110ment, it is necessary to set aside the va~t accumulAtion o!

? errors in order to take note or Sartrols method~ogical a.pproach •• ancl MBl••x';;.

·' ;after more than a quartsr or century of labor on gathering i'llcto as well. as

wrking out the theoretical anazysis, Marx, under the impact of a now 10ave of

class struggles in Europe, the Civil \ollr in the United States, ancl the

struggle for the shortening of the ~rking !loy, o;leo1decl tu restructure bis

massive manboripts to take tho shape of Caeital, Velum$ !. lbo yeat• of pub­

lice. tiotl was 1867. IV the time the French """e roady to publish a French

edition, tho Paris Commune erupted, ancl Marx decided to introduce some very

fundamentAl chSngos to which be calls a ttontion in tho fora11ord to tho Fro~ch

&clition, 1872-75. lb~\q'appon 11 to be procisol,y on the two points that mo•t

concern Sartro in 19601 tho fotiahism of commodit.las, and tho direction of

13266

. ····-·· ... ~"· \· ......... .

11Ti!E LAW OF MOWN" of capitalist sooiot,y t.>WIU'd Us ooll.apsa, I IIAVE

. ..:J.eallbera d!l&lt .in data1l wl.th IIARXts r6structur1ng cr Cail~ Tha llhola

point 1a thia1 bao&usa 1t·.1nvolved a total break vith the verT concept of l'b:!!,t

th10ry 11,. the arg~~~~~entat1on vith othor thi!Ciretioianl ,... J.aft fer the Ur.al

booli:o Hsre, :Instead, "hioto1•y and ito prGOasa", apaoirioally the prol&tariot

itself llhl>ping hiatcrt through class struggles over the l&ngth of the 1l'>rk! •.g

day, 1n ar<l out or the factory, llaoama not ..,r~ •raatioity• but th<Klr:v

:O.tcelt, (!io?o.,iy hac!)ralationa of men at the J><>int of production r~placs::l "·/ argUIOantl\tion 1.-i.th intsllectuals.

11.At one and the llAma time• -~favorite phrase of Sll:'lol:'ele, llban be . . . : . '

is on the ·paint of foro1ng a unity of till> irrenonoilahla opposites·, but 11b1oh ' .

va bora use purely factually - the fa·~shism of til• oommoditias still dis::-.'

· : •atiafied h1mo Wlan the Parisian II!Blls 11stormocl the liaav"""" 1 the form_ of

ths .;.., universal, both as 10>rkors• rule and as the ubsoluta opposite to

ooliu!IOd1t,y. fetishism b60iama so clear to the theoretician that .he than changed

the saotion1 Fetishism, as be put it, ·"in a significant mannGr11,

A DDIJI!'&rison at the t10> editions v1ll show that, llhau in 186?,

~!B!.'lt laid the main smphasis on the form of value giving th'> >-elat.ias of man

in production tba fantastic form of Appearance of a ration Of things, in tha

1872 edition llllrx shifts the ""Pbasis to the nacessi!;,t of that form of appearance

baoa1111a that is 1 in truth, llhat relations of people!"...!!. at the po.!.nt of pro­

duction: 11JII&tar1sl relations between pauona and aooiol rolations betweon

13267

,._

... ·~·-" ., . ' \ .. '.

-11-

Qne i"lll'thll:' word iuoe::la to be atate::l bef'or." retlll'r.ihg t.o Sartro• a

""onclllic ccnosptll &inca, besides l!la'x, the onJ.y othUl" pl>l'aon Sartra singles

out for attack aa t"ail!ng to oollpl'ah81111 "aubjeotJ.v11<Y" is Lenin. While L&.'lin

111"0te !0&111 protour.d eoor.oll16 stud:!.•· the •eco!XIIIIi!Jt." st&teaont or L<>nin'"

tb&t he qUDtea :l.a not 1'rolll thosa, but i"r0>1 his Tory e:t;ull'tial.aJ. phllosopb:l.c · . · .. ~~

'IIDl'ks, cp150U:I.c>ally thR 1908 Material.:l.ma and E••drio-Cl'iltce:!:!J'l ~'lie-gave the

griH'O. light to vtllgar l!l&tar:l.al:l.n, n>ia is the or.e Stu.in:l.sts, lhrllllahav:l.tea,

H&aiatlf, IUid i"ctllou-travellera baoa tht~~aalvaa on.

No aar:l.oua attslent or Marx111111, espeo:l.ally not a ph:l.loo~pher, aan dia~

regard the braak in ~~a philosophic thought at the time o>i" tho collapae of

the Second Intisrnat:l.onal. For it is th:l.ll tact, at the out'>reaak of W,rld War I, ../.{ttU •. Uc.I•J .7

'1111,1.ch le::l Lenin to rUl"aad Hegel !!!!l. reco!Uit:l.tuta b:l.s oll't VUl"Y: :method or tl!ought.

It is thell, and onlv then, that ba began i"ull,y to appr..aiAta tho inseparai>Uity

·or !iagel:l.an ph:l.loaopb,y from lfArx1an philosophic and economic aate;orieao

Nothing ao luc:l.dl.y ""Pl'essaa the t••anef'ormat:l.on oi" Lenin' a vi:ow or &aory ao

simple pb:l.losopb,y or :t'aaJ.:I.t:y than his otm 110rdss

"Al:l.ass •Ian's cognition not onl.Y reflects tba objective >nrld, but creates :l.t,"

For soma one ~ 1960, to 'Write as if, to Lenin, oonao:l.ousnesa was only the ra­

n&ation or baing 11at boot liD &pproximatel,y acclll'&tft ratJ.eat:l.onll and On the

(s) Capit4, Vol. I, P• ~. Al.tholll!h on the question or re:l.fioation or la!Y.Ir, Sartre acts as if :witbout Ex: iat6Dtial.i8m Jlln::l.em 12.cks 11tha human foundation", aatuall,y, in his attack on b:l.etorioal ui;81'1allam, quoted above, he lashed out praa1ael,y ag4i.!Uit !ft.ll'XIa liU!!!L'Iinm, IOh:l.~h claim to units materi41:1.BIII and :l.daaliam, i.e, be the human foundation, Whereupon Sartre 'Writes: ".tat us make no l!li:Jtake1 t.iore ~a no air.lultan­eoWI tr&IUicBJV:lence or material.iam and idaas.1.is• .. •" llbioh Bartra toot­notes aa followas •Although Marx sometimes ol.aiJne::l there wa." l.t one and the oama tlJne Sartre did credit tba MArx oi" 1844 ldth a revolutionary raal:l.am llbich could not conceive ot "a aubjocti:vit,y outside the world nor a world wh:l.cb wuld not be illu:n:l.nate::l by an arrort en the part of subject:l.v:l.t,y ... 11

13268

'·":

...

'·.

·.,· .. :····· "'<. /: .•. c

· batia of that half sentence run, hol.ter-okalter, to the w'...ld concluion U..,'.;

"by a silli:le etrclce h~ (Lenin) !."emoves from himaelt the right to writa what

he 1a writing• (p, 32n) spoaks v.,.y po~>·l,y indaocl for Sar.tre•Y "oomprehenoiven ..... 'methO<i, not to nentJ.on his (Kaaor:) soholai-ahip,

!low then, to retlll'n to the content or those four aente•1c~a by Bartra

!rom page 7?, 'H!Id.ch contendod thot 1t vau "a di&leotical conjurill(! t>•ik!:• to

co.nsidel' 011lis ""notrous abstraction" - re1t1oat1on of the t'olationo of men --

to be "t!i<l v.,.itable co!lcrete.• F'-rat, let us note that Sartra is sta.'lding

lfarx on b1a head 11he11 he contilluas blithely to ta..:lk or. the marke~ illaxorabl~ . ' la~ '4!!t'a Marx d81110nstrated the inexorable ·lowa . to arise Ollt o£ .F,roduction,_

?:he;y. s.;~e, or c.oursa, lllllllii'estocl in the market, but th"JJ' ciannot (can ·.not) be ,.

oontl'overt8cl ~ place but in production, aJJi o•1l.Y by htUIWI b&ings, epeoiti<l&llv

the labar<~ra, ·IIIIo bad .been transtormocl into app.....:t.ges ·or machilleo bnt llhose . ·. ,· ··---"guest for universalltylf had dvro b'-rth to "naw paasiona", l;tus 113ald.ng thom

the toroeo for the overthrow of capitalism, . ' ' lb.e market, no dout•t, contributes

ee>m&thins ·to the 11\YDWioation of hliman relations since the onl,y tl!inM' tb&t

ralatas m8!1 1n the 1114l'ket place is money, But that""" !!2i Marx's pe>i!lt,

On the contrary, Marx illaistei thot ill e>rder to understand llhat is

taking place 1n the market it is necessary to lBOlve it B1ld ge> into the factory,

It 1a t!Jera that relatias &110J18 men get "reitiocl", made into things, It is ,.1"­

there, at tl)at "process of suction" (6), that capital growa monstrous big,

...

but, far !rom being an "abstraction", i!!, the "veritable cor.cr.,te11 which "suclcs •·

dry living labor", and mokes it '-nto a !!1!!!!.• Far !rom thiB being tha·re3U...lt

of "a d1alaotical conjlll'i!lg trick", it is the l1tarz.l trnth of relations of man

In the Russian edition onq of the ,4roh1vaa of llarx B1ld ~~els, Vol, II (VU) p, 69, n>ia is i)'om the chapter tblt w..as orig­inall,r (in manuscr!pt form) to 1ave been the end1..,g of CAPITAL, Volume I,

13269

•

··.

I I ;

. ·-'. . ··-·-· ,._;-:· ···· .

nt the poin,t of produat:l.on. ~e "inaxorabls lAWB" that m•ise out of this, out . . -

e.f this am n"t out o~ the market, alee 'in~tsble the collapse of the 1owpe of ' .

iniiUle produotive aysta that malcea III&P into & thing,

Mar: atutu and reate tee All. tl!ta in_ a tb>uaar.d different waya, in

thouaand• of :p.lao88 tilroughout all !Ids l«<l'ks - ph!losophio, aoonordo, histarlc,

and even in the anal,voiD o1' the relatione of mrks of art t;.; tho opeoificit;r

ot history, Manist theoretical. b&ttlatields are streun With the bones of

those, inalu:!ing the lil&l'Qorad revolutionar,y, Rosa Luxoaburg, liM thoci!ht that

th18 talk of labol- as c&pital. was not reality, but o~ a lll&ttar ot "langUage"•

•'.• . K=:, '~n the contrar,Y, States over and over Aid 'over again, that unlaos. 011~ . . .. . . ,.,

grasps th1a, 1uet tbio, thera is not!WJg to distinguish "•cientifia• from . . ' .

:utopian lioo~m, proletarian democracy from "& uox·ksn• dictator like Laasalle•, . ,. . ..

.,,;; the 118W (Marx's) huiaaniem, which wntes uterialillm and idaalism, from~.·

tho vulg., matadallw of "vulgt.r COI!IIIIwdsm" !!!!! tile !12-humanioed bourgaoiD

(Hegal.iM) idealim, o'hioh, despite the revolutionary M.aieotic, Jl!S.J!l.

lapse both into a vuJ.gar idealization of the Pruesilln buraacracy, "Thus",

concluded also the yoWig Marx, "nothing need be said of Heg..:Lis,adaptation to

religion, the state, eto, tor thia lie is thelia of his principle,"

And thus also, the chapter in Sartra's book which is supposed to be

a ple& "to reconquer man rdthin Marxism" (p, 8:3), ends, instead, with a plea

fo" 1ntagrat.1.on of intellaotual disciplines - end from "the Wost• at t.hatl II •

We have shown that dialectical matorial.ism is >•educed to ita own skele1:0n if it

doesc not integrate into itself certain Western diee!plinee,n conol\Y.Ies Sartre,

"Our examples have revealed at the heart of this pbUoacpey a lack of aey•

concrete anthropology .. , :!he default oU llarxism has led ue to attompt tli.ie

integration ouraelve& .. , according ·to principles which 11ive our ideology ito

unique character, principles which we are now going to eoat forth." (pp,BJ-4)

13270

" ·"'"

'ibe ere-~ .-t • fld1,7 11 htllt ot the vhol• Jm.lt.\AA et W • t. el-k:! to .... "an!qiGI Ollareotu-• or JldneiiQiaHM UISidfeatal .lA _,

a.&rtN oall.o •'lh• I'Nct'•IIJ..,~i.,. !IM!Iod•" !b~ "'lrW tux'IIUl!r.Uu~

"~ or three rw·-tt.l "oMII'ftUoMt OM, ·~· dltlleoUaa].Jaundac

et .... eeeord1111! til illpl ad ~. d-.te a DW r&tlo.tt.t:• (I'J!.1U)s

tw, "'OIr lietbod 1.11 bOIII'UUoi U ~ ~ a• ._.tift !t ho at

- llotb I'Cp'.U'f8 an4 JII'CWI'eoof.VOI" (p. l:D) ando 1ihl'He "the totoUaUcrn•.

of ,an aJII .,r•••· ad ,...,J..,t!aa .IAto tbe taiD'Ot ''liM d...r:~Ms t.J&sal£ ll!r

1a1a F6~·· {p. 150). 'lbu J. tb• - ~tt·"· •utcpsw-..s.thla llla'da!• or, lt 1'111 '11.\mho illlra:t.lll .t.atu.eci 14th :iill:t.~. t~ :1Jooa VIII

. ~ ll2l~t.olt.a• o.r todsT'o llarl:t.oti1o" GpiiAii..'<d to t.aoludo o~ :·- . __ . '' . ,. '

· ~ dt.oo1pllaq•. thou;h U '1t1111111t tla n.ll,r clw...,loped \IIIUl. 11&1'Ve ba•

·~ Vol- 'l'tiO ot the Mttgeo 'lh• llethDd V1.ll Wiatt<! bov r.va1a ot111 . ' . . . . GO:VtHI' "U.. buai.n- diMQetono"

.. . . ~.

D &p.lnGt "Tdee"•t llarxla" wltb lto 1\Jetf-ln!ww ~~~·~--

an .l.oto u lnvt obJ8ot &l'ld tbro'IG bla into "the aot.ei \IOI"ld oloaldet <qtaall,r

CIOIDCiltiolled 1nOII'UUe" '~Cwe 1t cGUld ChllQP mc1et,y MlJ ".lA tbl t1a7 thitt II - -ballb, wlti!Dat o•ll1al to obj.,. tb• JJ?1nolple or lillll'Uule c&n dutror a

llulldinc" (p. 8.5). lla1'trfl propo- to wl'k Ollt 'lblt lll!n hiaPlr "at~Gested"•

B• h01cl8 tMt liOn'• w18lt to tran•end the oppolliUora or extern.,1t;;> add inti<'•

nal1t,v, or lllllUpllc1tr am wt;r. ot ualp1o aad •1Dtha•!e• or Aatlll"> Mil

anu-tv•• U. aotaJall.y tbe 110111; Fotolllld tbeorGU..al P:NStl'lblltS. ot ~~UxJ. ...

llat theN &J'O ""'l!..tlone to bll dM'olop«<1 the .Utabo ,..lilt! be to· \l!4.!ll< t.Mt

the tallllc 1e 01\ .. ..,. oae.• (p. e;. rta.)

llec&aee no oao hall been w111.1ac to elltabl1eb "111111 raUonalltT witl>ln

oaper!enca"• &ll'tl'e IIICClala••

"I at;ate aa a raot. -beolatelr no ona.elth .. 14 tile <an or 1n the Wut0'111'11;oo or ~~p..U a ...,tame or a 'WOrd aba11t "" am or orm­t~u1e• that 1e not; vo111 ..-or." (p. lll) 132'7J.!

' '

\

" : ..

lliit'wt~a&W,, 1a h1to PI"',leat1oft or U.. truth ..r "eont~....,... ~. ~:~e· .tt or tho '"'*'!~ Rer-.daUoa or 1?89-514 or or ~ or 19,S6,

.. ·.,illll>11! ClaJlz ~. tbo "<~1&1cou.. or UoWt •tNaaOOi<!~"- bJaMU,

111•~ III!'QoQ wtt.••

"Foo' tho - " atJM, tile tilt.- .Ia -· trae tba.'l folio Jl"-t.. 10 (p, W) . .

BJ.iao,. to • JllaUoilllllft;o, ea ~tc cdsteorod !8 •c ~ J1ik111aD

ll'r.tbeF tbiiA ~ eaqole1tatlft l'tl!ll.tq, it ---· .... r. till ~ UdM tl!at

.latrllc!aoSna -a. .. u.J.i, IRiall 1111 tho "dl&leeUo or Uae•, tho "1'ab""•

tb&loet-., - ~ •~t. fit & "a:raU.eu. ~-... nt.to., tkA

Ilia fa SlY~ 1lp .feiU tor Ul8 'oRDITCIIto tboacta tbt> 1'8ftlllf.1oa R«1 ban 11111:!0

&u "abiuldoliii:IR tbGal. !bat, Jlrl01aeJ,y, deeo ai&Hnt.la11at. rbetorte &boat

;,;tla<i t-~q, or . .,.,._. IU!d ~tloel irao14edso" JII'C),po .. to do, . . ' .,

l>flr .Ia tbJa .Mat.. or :I.Qc~~~p 1110 ~ment, OOAt>-l!dhttor,., 110 1-0oll­

'-- Cllll tho _,. AI¥! -~ or FAi:elJaa am *"'d.cul JlhUoalolllu' - the thefll':' ,.,

.u-·u.cn - alld 04 tho iillni&ul -opt or tho aotllftl. the !Witor!a, ibo Mll

ms• ....... hu a!Jld, .. ~ Jlllllo•Jib• or ubtawow cot ~ ItO ...U.SIICJ,r7

'l'iMt BDo;een• ... or lla1'll::ta .1.a P'OWido<l o.a th.la t~~eor,., l!eJ'e ~ tNiutc-'Qd

llllip).Ua dlaleosico, ctcod Hopl "risht. o.t.de -..•, !/".4 at tb! =w t.W. ·~ '"""' lt.oelt cr.. *' HIJ'z called "qlt!t. w1clar Allod ~~~~~ -.m.· \fl.lcla wa "onl,r tile lolical lllr.Jil'eallioa or privata ~'~'"-V" ami "~...:q ACpt.od the ~ or -· • Clooouol.Jr the MJ.nrllllioa or llorx:iJi;On iftto

Eduteot.••• '• d1d qot, 1111<1 t.ko latt.r to ~~~ 1ts coaoopt. or otioGI' ••

tlniiiV'e On tbo COAb'll!7, Bartra 1o prtll!l!lllt.l,)r id•tit,y~ otis• with Al.bnat.~a ao<l aot 1ft ca -.lotias but allo 1ft "-1&11r. (de) ~1aUet~," 1w1oo<l,

"tho - !'&all~ bar.ldly dirt ..... !1'011 tbe Old, lied tb .. olrl •• tho lllll"tJ'g or

!!e'ns em Mn*h'nv••• pcoceb!ld it, Die aubsUt.ution of tho ~mt&r1&~ 111t.s,

13272

..i6-.. ·ospltsl.. p ten- th• illd1Y.Idual, ancl 111otor:r or ..... <181'1nlnc t.h_lll,..C ...,

. . ·~ illte projaet ntlle tiWI tb• patlt - .not to II.&Y• ....ulted b eq oi>&Cp " .

M'GI' 1ft ~1!:11'·

~ - to r•.:&. 1a "r<md.!IIC" tb=.'C th• Pl'ollit&t-Sat u aot "aal I a~U"eet hteolGc:r ~ mJ.ns. "t.J"'• 1m a nae de t!!!F!team•• 'l!WI·~

1 __ , __ ,. c!Jt .. - .. .la •tioeltU.. but di'Mat.'lts•''IJ'• •w*hcl.r, . · i ~ to t2'lto aDt....... ... ·-- . f

~~~t61.1 to tria 1 ollt ot tho bllall the q..ttoA or ~· de ~~~~. "&!~do•• . . · · ..... '' Jo1u vUh U.t 0 : the ,..aal ~ ... to telca t1>.11 boar"pdll pJIWtm.w, • aHJ .., ... ,

r-otllt~M pYa I!Dthsa&• cad 1lb piiii'OIIl'l<ld at about 1'194 tbat he !1M aclao:ltd

boa t1a11 •ual-.J.• elua.• (p.(U?)< 1:lb u law tel:.ie~Nd ;\;1 'llll.'lh U.•

. . ·- .......... ----~ 4~ llctOJ .. ~~~~ "lluD't 'lbmne!"er read.-.! ponlll .. ..,.. ....., ,..v._ ··... ·' . ··~. the~ cad U.e -WolUrc rut.taa ~ .t!£• • ._a or Ule ~~ /

":t't u _.;... ~~ U.• ~· it -w. th• Jitololutl.oD ut trua, t110, tbiAt tla~ ·

.U.t.Nsl had ~ ___ ,..... (p. l21) '

.&i1 tliat autre P8'Teala 11r 1Jitell4ct.U, ~ fh• lll'.itlof&Uoa

ot UrecOIIIIUAblOO! •• that he as a true 11011 ot boill'gecU IIOC1ety dac111Af;Gd

b,r tho do.,..tla ot the cami'Pt ot tb• bsck'lllrdna:l& eot U..e - .. tt..o are

euppo!Nd to be 111Gaop&ble ot thinldnc on their 01111, &bd thar..r~., awn; i!a -

qed, 181111, lind Jlld• to 'IIDrk tba hard• anc1 produae the nnre, IV' hiD illdateftoe

Oil th10 partlc:ulouo aca1ftst tlao IIQI!OI'4110 tb• co...,.ate - "lao1cl1111t b,ir iao.ldetu -

.. &piaat tha "abootract .ldeololl" ot WYC'84111Q'II o the bUtorlc ev~t. qaWt

the a ll2'1£l judp .. t, "abHJ.ute ~lrlcia" .. aplnat do-tlaol, lla>otre a hl.n ll•t&OJC<I •• un,y dopaUau o• he etlaw~ But. ono, II!ICUW, :rat All•

p8l'Y&ding dopatla COllt.!nUII to be the undC'lT!nc t10tlt or ell S&rtr~~> tbiolal,

witu, does, It 111 th" dog~~~~tla ot the baolnlarc!Ae•s ot tlte -.nu, MY

Jut •• on& doe& mt M.ve to IIICIOWlt.. "'thtll'" •• !la11 to bco- ........

i 1 • i ' !.

-···-- ..

"-' aa sartre•• ella .,.vel of 11Uto17 1n l!einr !!!<! lbthil!tmep. fV

lroa AUcnd.'l! hlll to -.ll:'aeo tho h-.,. oolld1tl.clll 1n lta totall"'• elo!led 1111

e:d.ta to r~utton ot e=:=-..:!i=U...-:, = h1a ·~o" ot !U.!IWT - tho

DilliN ao lllbjt~Dt 1n the c:rJ.tlqu. Milo 1t" .boposelblo to OJMift s.v doora to

l'Wll1ut!oa. llli7t eu~ lt "uld rot be ot.b«'viil• -. ... til.• b.,._ ooad.lt!M lt(\8

uohenld 1ft pwpot.Ml i'allaro, 1'1-utP&\!Gft, CO<I~T G• aU f.la1.to o1tuatJI)""'

&lld o:Mb a -lltaatl,;r eollapalnc t!A.I.te, 1\ could not :.. otber!li"" \lh4'll "*' ""'ual. h1Dtor;r, tb- ..., llllpocod tu lllltoloQ:.I.cal tm.-,t!oa or l!'&!!t.S.!Jc-

MFP ~ oould ~ lllldo to -• ra~ OJI1,y tllrolllb au a1111W!o f- -

"tho P'01'IP 1ot'aaloa•. tho l'al't,v" (7) Ito ia true tllat>o •- 1ft HodKAD'! !lpf;b­

Meltll!!_. tbe IWiga]&r IIU &1_,. a1tJpl.v>. ltft'er vm. .. ...., •• 1Jt ,the Gnweu.. the prubl.aol •• r...,erolld. 8at t1t1a •• onJ,y U... Clp!IOD!t.o ot.l& ct tho -

., oola - a ftuilll a liatSnc of fi!OIINltH, 110t. o u.,.. *ual"• Jwt A!'• in

~-· doap1to ~· laapqe ot GiJP08U1ono 'Gil~ .... ftD llli:h_.

powd ~ rr- the aontroldloUon 1n lho lfeleli&n -•e or :r:~e.. Sill L"t

tho CL-1t1qW> there ..., NIDO 1n the IIAMdaA -• of IIIK'""'-,...,1111 l'tl'lolto and

aetaal. o:l.lln nrUQl ..... lollwo0 1o ~~·· tee Pro••• ot collap ..

•• wer.rthlnlo .Ill crU;Jquo, tho t4rrro:f or the "collect1'F11;1" 1M5 .w81'7th1ltc•

out of ne1th81' dOR8. thf;ro •ere• a aeUIO<Io a dlraot.ton. a d""eiop.etlt. It ~

bo, •• tmo h1ator.iaft put 1t.. that the Cl'1Uque 11M t.Nnl!fo.--1 "pttrp§tll&l

talllll'tl" of !le1fta and llo~ !Jtto "pcpetual. ~m<>c...,.." att the ......,

(7) '11\ltt. ,!Wlit thieo clor1t1cat1on of tho I'V"' 1e -t cbN'&C!tBd.lled llclri;re •• rooii-HaJ'x1Gt ~torlAU.ot. i!detenUallst.. "* ....U C8l.l l'tllrolu"..!on the pa.""tJ' f/11' U.o pel'IIOil 1A U.o P.'C't.r ~ .. acts intoatfoaall.v prq>ar& uh ...... ltl.1ltlono" •• Vvreto sartzoo ln f:terJ!U. p HM'olut;!eu. In the._ vq • ._ ~amot oall tho!! _.s.can ,...,..,.. ,.ol,u~ -.ro1•, thllucb t.helr 1ltt.olrtosta RST

CH~lllal<l• nth th!ln or tho ~*'"' V41cb s. -~ r .... tit• "~""' u.cm... ...,._t tho AMrJcan ~~~ aild Ul5boiD'go;o111 J..,.-,; ... ,~ !AI "" oquallt.,r or .. 1&bts lib1ah 1n .no ~ JJipll• a c!IAroee or atruetvo 111 til• prop_.t,y qataia, 'lho7 Y1lh lllJrp1.v to aharo til• pri,• Ucseo of their appree110ra , • , 'lila aUJc _v..,.• of iqon!l ""'' the -=• Qf J-. 1848, .,...., not ravolut1onar1.,. but J"!At<rG • •, 'lha .....,olut-1Ainu1oa0 on th" othor Mncl, a d<ttaod by ha !1!9Jm: beywrt tb• altuatlon 1n IIIIich bf' a placm .. •" 13274

cn"U1coal iN til• fact tllat tb• prolstadAt, n .. ..-t~>al.•lol• ill · pr-t. not.

•• .,....Udt;r, blat u ,_w!al.U.rw• AW.Oa an, the -•• ba.,. mM ot the

"'l~ diMUloll" u. .. 1nd1yjjllllld bad 1A Jr1ey !!!!I lloSb ....... ,. ..

It. lllld t.ac ilar\t'IO - 17 para " r.otam to OO!I!p<'~lwe .... u .. 1.J11 on t.lle ~-of ~· 110 ll&t\10' -t. - tballll'ht. of !!1m •!!!!l. ~ tb••,.. no deiM <dtbtr abollt lta oriKJdU.r c£ 1\a belll!l a

oaref~ ~w. ~ .......,.t; ..m:. Jill .-t\el' bow .. ,...tnlk ~U&l­

t.. ..ued 111N1A U. a'lopQ-Uk• aia~\8 ot llartJ'..a phUo~ ~ "11ii-, S. 110 ......:S. law, ltM Ja a 1111Cit.e11t1 puil!oln. LU'o S. -n•ncl••• 111• -ld

·18 a ~Uiis-..-· n.u. 111 ot11• ~· 'Dil. llm't;r<>, u.= cett ea1,. . . . '

aRe' ardueu.\T _.lc!nt& alit hlll pbUoaopld.o ta~ of IJelalotcr-1tQIOU

(liMe• ooua~U....> 811'1 · Baiaii-1D-1Wal.f' (the objecta or I!ONICuu., «' -,• ·' .

. .-~a- ,...ut,,) \a ~to that. t.he 'ltllt'T 11118 to be t'l:'ae, II> a .. rt. ot jilll'll'l tot)' u•t.ed

comociii!WI<III8o end t.h& objecta 1t •• _Ia.,. or, tho .,..Uc.zl,. •• c~ . u ln. t.M ecmtrwstat.!Dna betwm tho "fOJ' lteal.f", &111:1 t."• "lft.1tMlt:"o em~·

the .....-net t:J'WitratlonD "'!ch lidded !n "No li!dt" •• the contr.:Gt.atilln w:l'lll

•f'oroOtnwr•, ~ led to the t"eeopiticD that "Hallie Otht Peopl".~ ~

lt. 18 vu that the pr••Ull!c '121- •• that. "l"aepec~ fer Othel"1

&I b>OIIdolo

1c u 4111p'/;r ,.,,'11.• lbllt •too• sart. ... •• tbttor:r ot h,_,, ral.etJDae ISJ'e boQIIIl

hiiDd an<l tNt and contlnod to but. tw» "1'luudaaleelt.al ett1t111ea" - the eqa&ll:v

doplGI"Ilbl.e t!Ktl'- ot: Mlll>Chia and .adla - thm - law! to lll'thlag bUtp

AJII!I.Uh• lon.oolln•JII• &ultrat.Son 1n a _., or an 1nl !nl:to '"""""""• !lilt 1t

18 al• true t.hl1 t. th1a faatii•Uo aid totall.r f'llla<> theory or h1111A11 ...:LlU...S

a& 1n confllct with ;art;rele Otht!r theory, thAt ot 1n:l1ddu.J. fl'eedollo lbVo

on t.ho othllll" ban<!• thO 'lfll7 nat\11'8 o! the lnd1villt.lll.l, ao or th" .,....,., -•

13275

-~'\-'JIG' OAl,r -. 3a.-tre1:> bD th~l• - til&& ot hiiMA ral&Uollll ead

tbat ot J&lvldllll. b-...,_- ln. 1rro anollablo •-'1.11>& but, as liOrb.-t

Harcluo IIDfAdo tb<l ~ of "Fff!ll abo!oe• 1~ ~ .... ax'lli4t. t&8Cla ·­

a, -tr• Jab• a..-, *"«~-"• ..t,d... ot u.te u veU u ot.· u.a ~ 4!f1 rt'"'\ tilltlaftdolot:r ot ClfltGIGclcal. Sllctltloa&loft or &""""- ..., truet.r...

'

!lo-a-. tha conalualoll that "JloblOO tha ft1bll1s»Uc lancua&• or >ZUteoti•H• llll'lat th" ltl110lug or rr.O cooopoUUon, f!"oa 1nJ.thUv~. am

aqUBl. opport..Ut.y" doae cot, lt. e...a to thl8 \a-lter, JUt ·the Mil on the biOI<'.

'lh" r.-1 tNceclr .... tb&t "bebirld" sart.r•'• w!b!llet.J.o lurko:! - nothlaco .

Jwrt notilln.co And, becaUM thare ... m paat &Ill:! m fut,.,.o, &1¥1 the Jll"""""t

'WOl"ld •• ,..baurdN IX!Qaing could, to the 1aolated .'lnto<UGootual, app..,. ae a

"oreatlve" NotbJ.nsntM!s, 11 blank IMI&" of hlstol'y on lo!blch be could wltu -t htO wUhe<!, SAI-tro, hfluelr, IIWit bave ~ _, rtoc~Uon tMt eld.oteftt!al

phllo~ blld ......,bed All 11tpuao. 11011 e1ee aocoiiQt. for the fiiOt.note IIIlich

!'Oln.\4'<1 to a po1111lbl8 "Md!ae.l eonversiM.;" 1<b!Dh "oould" r¥!!<11v11 t.1w

1rroconc1lablo con!l1c;te bet.won total. 1l¥11,Silual !r-ca lllU'eetr.lctod b7

"oth..,.", ead the 'flll¥luantal• b,_n attltwus of _,.,.,blam ..,., !1Dd1,.,"?

lierbart !larcWKo, "Jix1ot.onM•l! •" (PblloiiOpll!t ..-.! i'llcmol.oglcal ;t-rcb, Karch, 19l18)

13276

,. "•I' ,,,

I ..

I j I Bo doubt th1ll "'' a 'follllt 11h1ch the Reaiatance created for itsel! •. .lt the

- t•~-:l.t wa £1llo. a hok or 11tot.alizll.tt.an• that Sartre, ~>a ph:lloaophar I~ . . .

.telt, It 1a trUJ~ that 11hat •• "ro&~" to Sartre "AS the ontologic&l

"*-n1ud "blall rlllll.t7•, for ilbioh the author of »!Wg a.nd l!otltinr.neas

ba4 :l.lll'et.ed a II8W langil&p. But it 1a 11<> less truo that no acadlilllia

phU.OIIOJihtr. - desired 11!01'& desperatel,y, not msrel,y to interpret tho world,

but ta 0~ it.

(9) ll:the.e cOzidclar~tiollll (the ~ttitudes tending toliiU'Ii ma...,chism "=l ~) ·d/) mt !!DCOlude the l>!)BB:I.bility of a.n ·ethics of d,.U.~oe aJ!d salvation. Bllt this can bB achieved ol>ly attar " ~ C!111'18Z'&ion -..bich we cannot C1acuss hare." Being and Ji$1peps. P• 409! · .

' tl))· oiiMil a.rp'Liob_ . theSm ~~, lB£.m.r.and .MGI:orY"• Ubtor.r and. \,_. ·~ ~lit' l95J• · . . •:'"w:<71l<'·; .. · ,

,-~-·-.;; ' ' . •. ·~-- . . . • .. ~8111.ng';~e-erit~-:l.n Silent

( • 1961.) lDl"" the title,- ''Metapbysioal stal1nism" . _ !f'Jhe olicy pntity or ohar!Lcter. :l.n Sart.ro•a. S,itiaue .

. . . oan be callEd hum.an 1a thus the wl1tical group sr }JArtys· ~with :lt beth ~ivid~ ~classes bava the 1111!.Ulll&lli1<Y of BISq as sueh, Bow this is r. '!etapbysiol it should be proparl,y <le.spat.odt it is tho motapb;ysio of Stalioi_sm for its plao.es ~:lnat the horizon of Being the historio!Lll;r l.itd.tad tom of the Colat!UIWlt Part;, or the period 11b.an stalln ""'" its l.oadar." 'lhe ~UIJ of 'that ~is stemmed f'rom the fact that Abel., ~ t>n<l &114 the ll8lll& time, cloiled all the loopholes Sartre lw1 cr""ted and, above a.~ net ~aci~!lrthe IUilbiguity or the existan~aliat aathod. Indeed, he pr&1seCi ·question de Hethe>d b11t c!Uregarded it, both aa metbodclogy an:i as .an indication or the 11hole -work.; Instead, he prat:erred treating Volume I as a complete -work.

·'

1327'"1

-a.

n toM Cl Ml.. d...ade, &ad tho """ ot the ~ ov, """ 'til .. apllt

ld.thla ~kntll..'tl!!l to brtll\k !t!th tta:le;B;.~ =.=:!., :ta:a :11, a _,,.__.;;

fv.~ t&.,D!I!b bla to...vd a ~._., pWD~, lbrzla, · DoAfl .b to R,y, to

.U. bla- t!l:oft:1lll· "a11 tit• ph!lo!IO~ or the P-CO"• tho pr~lll oi' ~ut1M.

!lao C&ofl, s-w, t.'!at. to tld.ll clay, outre CH<Iita, DOt t.bo "d.Staltn'•Uon"

. !ld.Uakd frGII 'boln llf' the lut G.....aa R0111lt 1A i95.3o but t.b<J dtSta111A111afi!An

.n_tol&U,r ~ tv lllrlllllehor 1m 1956. tor cr•tifta: tho OOIIIU.W.1118 tO!'

.... ,.,.,. ~- to - .. ~1- Wzat th .. o 111 /Ill) - l!vt!'e.

IIU'tre•a W --*" to h!ftar1ola baa .not llldo l:bo Ctl.Mst;e

a !111ft ~Ueal wrlco 01'1 t!ao GOft\'rSrTo ~ CJ>it.lltae 3110!'* ~.n ~ ""'~- fbl>!e

ot tllolllllt - f&oala pil:ll.oqb,T to ..,,__o, tr. Ut.enturo to an~, m. --'"• t.l ~OI!Blpill. 1l'aia alllll,JaN ot rO'JC!lntlou w tllll• ot tl!.os --- ,_- . . -- . l .,

l'l'olotu'!at·(tllo eap1No P 111 S&rti-e1a), am tna b1atorr ;0 U.. tiM Or c~a,y. lut it l.Mds' ~~~Mom-e. 1Acl Ur.o r- 111 ~tUIIll,r, the - tfll' b!Jth ~. tor dlftC'ent 8111 tho COAWato. tho lietl!6doloi:r0 or, .tt I a, dare t:;l{f !!It to a . - . '

--- or thll d1.1141ot.!D "1n 14aauace. 1n th<t 110'1111., 1n ctra.s, lllld ot !'h'..:ID301lb.Yo•

the l&ot: ot cl!51oet1o llotbodolcvo . Let •e Ollpl.'lift. 1ho 111plRo Ia Be1ng !II!!!

~~ OS'l'ind at, 1n part., 1n a flllldM-.tal JW't, llut oal,y 1n part

-erth'!l_, bOll tlailiU'OI t.t SH the !il!C!''' Jnil1vic!Qal., lila~ 111rz Nlled

the clJAlerltlo ot :W..O.aUon, 1ihetbar it •• the "qnlot" ei.YI1 ,.U. or tho 100

youo etzougl.e tw tho llbll>'taa1ng or the wrldng day, or the CIJIIO'I rwol.uti.oM

or l848 02' Par111 ~. d1dn't 8111pl,y "donarotillo" the llt:;I011an d1alsot!ll u

"M alcobra Of l'fiOll.-tion•, lt eel'Bed Rut of h1atoz7o p2'Ciletar.WI b!.etory,

tho aobllt,y or the treed011 otrllgl.ec. In a --.!, thto IW'X1an d1al.oot1o .....,

not a ..... ·~ or HosolJan philo""PbT on 1te reot, ilultcad 'Of OA 1te

head. It 1.1 fine ill hild been etand!ng OA lte hMd, and h&d to be III>Obao•ed In

raal.it.T all vell.. l!Ut llarx IIIIW lla&aaa, not ...,.el,y ae "matter~ bat u lidiOfto

It. ,. ... •t thq 1b) W>'O "praat1o1ng" llarx.laa. It. .... ~ .~ 'Nbo llU -13278

-22-

-~ thot.lr Prm<ta. For Sartre, hO-..,. • ..,...l.t.tn& 1ft l!ol57o lt .ia!!•t

thw ana!tll" tl'oa pNaU.,. ... tit• lll!!IIIU"~ 11lmliut1DA - tbllt ~~

"th• prohadl~ ot the Uw.l," Zh•- totAl or'~~~- procechll'_• ~ ,...._.,

lou cad aro--r-.ie - hU r•.-l.ed \Ut. I dl&11 ...U ~o ~undlt,y .,r

' a,. u..d.• (p, 14S)Bmt "th• protlllldlt.T or the U•ed• 111 •acC'J'ted" mt

&. ur •• ~ sr. U'tant- at. w.t, aac~, at. 'll'IINt, &ora :'alll'e q;eaalat.~.,.

tit''*'ec/ Wcbmt ,.. rl&bt. '111\M he wote "PNoinlT beOC:a. be, llar\a'ee

pa"- ipaelll&Uftl.T, tile _..._"II r~ the roardat.san. lo.• do• mt 1!.\t.dn _,..

._ 1'....,-w.• (l,f) lliator7 thwe u ""' o.lll.1 ~w Qo •telocv

't;Q ala l'Cleed dtlatr to. 'lmmoplH11 (Ill' "anolosr11 "-'ie tloltthU •tfd I

"APtN'II h~ doa'" -.. .... tit, they - throlo1l ~· 01'., llll lltt P~ ' a-••J?..t' ... 'lllWI h_,. Jllltol!!l'a ill llbo114 .,. a lltatlt of atf'o!H dd.ah bau'e

, s aaWd ral · bl•na<> .to A con<!oGra~ .....;., ~f(ll.j~ , .. ',

'lloT.WrQI" lt .1.1, tala\ llartr•, ·th!t -.ltted 14&wlleotml., 1o1M pr~ '

l,r olaW ao Adh_... or l!arxUia., bell- 14 and baaq h.l.l actl'flU.. 011,

svtore, th" &d.lltcr:lU&l. )lbk110,phe:-, ·is Col.low1t!r.t & sb'al&bt ll11e itt 1>e1.q

IJ'OIIIIIi<!d in dll•t.. and onl,.y· d•t•w. Jut as, 14 the 19;10'.,, it .. lllei.thlll'

t1t10 dt.clona lltrilrt11 111 FNnc• 1tt.tch deft1"clfd the sreterur.l.oo1s or tuota:r.a

1ft b1l ,.tt,.,. lud, lllr 'Ja• llp&n.l.lh ~8't0l!ltlcn in tho othar ~" t>ut :Ml\hfl'

th• Ff'Oletar.2aai dot-.tl by a-a.t and 8psnlsh f'IIOOla!i tbat Get the IIIOa4 £91'

.ll!!!M and lhtb1n!f1!!!!•• 110 1t 1s """'• 14 tbe 1950'•• lt •• aelthM' tho H~qlRIA:'I Revolut!on trw. OO.IIIIiat t.otalJ.t.v1&11111!1 nor the Afr.l.can li<IIVOlut1ona troa.

WO&tern 1siPM'laUas that nt the -..d,t., M 'i«• a.u. .... , lt 1a the atallia

or tho llld.8Uo; c:o.un1at totlll.itariania that l8t the IIIDOd for ~"

13279

I I I (

11>• ..,~alQJir, ~1tlll.Ur, NVet:ialllfR7 ~tJ-bouraeo111 il!tal•

1 ... ~ •. ~ thli Y1cti!l of tlta ab.Glute .U.Yla!Ain ~ -~ <tAd lilftllmJ.

Ja!loN·, the nllMx of catw-1• or iil1riel.oft 11<1~ ph11c4oplu.<ra w 'lll>l'k_.a a--..1

&1:.-,. te blml ...,.. rQ~Jr to i>oa:2 .,...,. the ro1a ot V'.4ic81'a' HU-Spa~ lnt9

tl:ie lwldll of Ntbe fVV" CIII'C tho~ ite "'oodlg&OJIIIT" -uat,gcl to Ol!'d04'lq the ....._

bra till -'t liard Ulf llar¢Wo In tho ~!!!. llartrlll """'tee Q . YW1tabllo ro,Jft.!I!LIW •

about aw t "' .t. te-l'OJ' •inc• it 1a a1,..,. "th• pollt!ba1 pap• *lah 1!1 the

"""Uoll 11'0 ... 8 tllat OY..._,.8 the "J.HloU•• Of the iiU ... I 11tije _,.,] freoiGII

crrew. ltaelf ae ~.·

Ina wllld ~e thoa&t.t. tl>At IIU't>'e '!ll!.o returaMid to a w:r11: ot pbilr,iiCIIPb1c

ripr IDS:, h• .,_ Ali ·GdJ,..t ~~~~n•a m.tor.t<s.:l. llat.-Jal.Sa, 'lllllild, at. lAIAafl !a

~. e~tept to .MlC! tho bituraat.lon betc•an aubjacfl &ali Objoce, Wluld ·~

~ pi'OjiiCt or•ao~llll" .•• the Subjnat. IIFJil'OPI!'1&t1nc obJactid.t.f~ 110t. Ylaa "'"1'••11 ~~~ b&Tlq J.&1d a :i:olllldat.ioJI for a-~ Gf fitaUn<•, Siu'iN ·-too-'

. ta1l,r .WMiaMciou of the faot. til&t b,. aatbodol.o17 111 at tba o,ppoa1to pol8. not·.

troa ~. hut rz- the llarx1aa of .llano Deep1te llll. rhetoric al>out.. p~ ·

BU~e0• L'ltlthodolog 111 n0 upaurge ftocooa" pl'axiao Fa!' troa boli.nc U11 ·~ cf ~110 ..

lut1on", BartraM a~odoloc- 1e the abatnot1on 11hieh ~ hllltcl"y to W...tzoa-

tiona ...s aoel6SY, 'lbe "JII'Osr•••1Y_.tlll'"IIB1Ya" 11111tbod u MI. \\her Hlii.U.... liar or a _

Jlal>x1an0 na~ ...,.. that ot the p~~~~~r Lett Hapl'JJ&u/'IIIJJ:s/~. 1n 'lh• J!el.r_

lr!!•"r wot4oa "B1awy, llke truth, ~oaea a p81'aon llp&l't., a ••t&Pl!Jll1oa1 eub.I~>Ct,

of d!J.ch the real 1od1v1dt~ale are asr~ tit" bea.rer••"

It .,..., not. ba talr to jtd.:e sartre by the ~l.terl Cs-1t1que, eap,..

o1&1l,y as ha anaounalid that the aubjoot of hllltoJT Pt'OJI"'' ilould !i:tat be ~lid

1ll Vol~:~o IIo Bllt ve ocneentratsd on the queation of aathc:>d pHlOiael,r b&oAue 1t ill

C!OIIp].•t• 1n 1tself a.'ld """ been reoocnised by Sartre hiselt u bd.onslnl at tb!J

end or the 'Whole work since there 1e 110 otbo6 proof or d.!.al.l1Dt1o ae>!~Gdolog tro~t

the 111\ole contot~t or -t preoed!ld 1t. Un1'ortunatol,y. SIU"tra a1ao aaolll't&d that

Vol11111e I, rootod 1n acuc1t.y and the pr&ct.1oo-1n81't, conta!n ~tlta !on>al elalent.a

13280

-24-

ot ...., bi»too7o"wbloh lao !DdH:I, the old,p_.tlali1al. .,..., ot ii..,l "'iob 14• ohaftO.. .

ta-!Md a11 the ~thlltlc ••tiled ot abatraot !dent!To llh!rc np.,.llq>olle:l abat!Ut

w .. atu:llilg 011 the ...,...rot.. lll&!l1t'Dld ot actual hlll~ 'id!lch hu bwa trona!~

bto objato in ';he teobn1Ml. aeur. · i:l -.1o~ Bap]. dopiote:l u "rrl'llllled b 1Welt u a

t..t tota!1v w illdlff.,. .. t to datwa!naUor. tv wth_.H, (IJ)m ........ t m lUll · IW.

-. po .. 1bl.e tllllf.51t tllroacll/outtlt.da, al1eD tOI'C!••

!"or llartZ'e, th..., wt.sada, to oae dele, tile abst!iaoUon-el'cn&l ""-tB ot fUIT ~. to tho Othll'o llAr:dao t!la o1ftn ~. tho t:Aaia ~

but -'""' alalll!.aillc 1a a -., tbat a tra1U11Uoll arlaN tree it, &lld mt npor.brpoiHd .·

IIPOillt., IV "the pollt.ioal. VGilp•" !"or llllrx, 011 the otll.,. bWIII• tb- 111t • ...,h npra.o . . ' ';

· ld.atorloal abatraotloa u "the tlllWl el.amta ot &q hlatory,• 211- ia Cl!!l,)> oae

hil~WJ7• · tbti oOIIOHte; th<~~ acwl, and cit u.&t proo-, 11il1ch aaftw.u =~ like · blatorlaal' lllld lopcal davel.a,r-.,t, tho alua ~aal• u toooa :uxl u loaioe theore ' ';

ill a bl:rat1q ot the. alaaa atruot_ure, . lle<Ja118o aertre a..,. ~•torio, proo- u ··· ·

an abdraot!ollo lll mta.la, 1t bu r.aiaed ..,tion-lUBo Pi-eoiale),y ."-~~~~e Bartre 11;)

llllabl8 to coneti1VCI the !p"'!U'io OOilt..t _bav.l"lr f!!OC1t1o {,..... ot ..,!!GI!to bD 1li. Ill- .

WJ'II dr1v• to acoopt &n outllida toroa aa the 11ediator, t"....,lt. h1<1 natrr. f<l!' tll&t

'IIOJ'd, drl.YIIlo Bal-tl'a s-. a1~&;ys to obq it. diotatlls, to 1188 catagorlaa at • loweo

ord..,. llke illlll't praot1ca11eyo 'lfllob h• hJualt hae or•ted Md lilich ......,lilllt &lalt­

IIOV•AIIlto Jwst ••• 1a Baing !9'l l!otbilllln••· tba 1!a1na-!,n...i.tueU end ~to .... 1t=alt

,_tl!!!d •• apart at tile end aa at tb• riart, ao, ill CJ:l.Ug,.o, thC'a 111 lilt Hlr­

de\'eMp!!et tboU&h the 1Dd1v1dua1 1a 11011 aoo!Al Ullo 40'1 the p:&at 1a llilt l'ttjilOted

but r-I!Qiled aa Jl1ator.r v1tb a oap1ta1 Ji,

'JhroQiht 9Ueat1on da !!etllod!- Bal'tra indeed aota u 1t tha "dtJtault ot llilrzia.; doea not tors!ve "toda.r'• ~til• r .... thllt d•rault0 Md :

had beiUD with Jllrx, It b trua h•/•- to torc1Ye 1tiu-x b-ua it wid•tl,r i oould 110t have l)een cothOMd.ao ill blo p<riod >tl8l'a th• ai>jaots.v• aitl!at11111 -.:Ia lt

1

, , And h• 111 tull or pz:aixe or l!al'x t1

naceall&l'T fol' Kal'X to lhdt billaol1' to 1'dlal'11'1catioll" of ~.lild!itjcr•Uos 1 "the el.•011ta" ·

the "MMdilllanb"/111¥1 "•uuaat1ono11 for Gthara to d<Welop theor,y, K..,artlleleaa. Mn ) I

leaQJ~tlatir.~NJdill~tld••lttU:1tlienftlql • h&s lett theor.r 1.'1 1U "it.t.'l.ftD7" liJacl •en r

13281

-zs-

~tro lltarU tl.itlu1a« 1~ ldtt. l!lcbtant'•"•• th.,. all tva ~ut to be~

'ldi•o Mti fla1.\J' iiiiUollt.n!an, Sh!ae lloO 1f1sllm CO hard to beoM11 A JWox!•to •I!.OV

CI01Ild \liU llaYIII - abnt;J Hotbodoloaiaa).],r, lti all tlow f'Na h1JI abolt>'AOUollllo

llb total ~ ot 'llbSt .it 111 ** kn.•el!lt b;lr FU:ko &ad hla .ti!W

~ hall JIOiM!q: ..-torr_. to do 111U. Mt ~ a'"" flto IWilfW .ian, llill& ~ to do with h1JI 1llol&tioft ""' 1 'rd=f'Yt-1/tfta tbo ~1at

a* tho '""'7 I"'JAt -- G.u'fn tliJaU that Jll:rlr, 'boo&WIO loll I!!!! Sp to

t-to~· pNOtiaoo bad .tc;>p«l cl•ohp~ag tbCG17o Jfa1'S 11M b'dz-.

'with tbe bcztv•it CIUOtiJit ot tb_.,, araVJd bill .oat lll'Jaioal -.t <>f tb~W~7

< ~.£.,. &ad ita prooeae-t ~ 14 tho olaa Rrua7- 'l!llta!iAo tllo faotA1to7 . ~· iD the friotcll7,. at. tb• TflrT pcdat "t. prtid.aott-., he oil v1 U. tao •illltclliatoa• ·

. ~ Ida ~ lnlt u ~. lllr..c'a \ltiiL!A peat,_ ~t. ··· toh1Cb. =a ~Uai !Wae/r~ lila lal:o¥·~Gi·*ii'''" tb• l'llldU:uo w. . ,. . ..

~Uozl· to the Qodo t:tt lalloi- bt:lt ~.IICI~ &ad lilr orcatilic """ ~ f4

•trva:le and liOii Ia-.. 1'8latl.om> v1tb hie t.no...'IIDI'k&'So ..,_, !A lfllno ldato:>; ' . .

aoH. allnt lMcaue tbe au• haYe been pnrpar.t hr th~ sW.l.r .trtpir1r;.•at. •W ot l!ft!C!""k to burllt out spcm"-ual,y• tn'o;aU.vely •to •t<>na ·the lt"'lv-• q

t:lOT ¥II dcme 1n the Pas-is CO:..Une, 1n l:arire l'r&ctice app..:-e u ibri p!'A<It1c&lif<y

bcNirt of all ltilltor!a 11111aa AM lfq' COIIIICioWIIlwa ot coll!leqa-.n. 11\wo, !a IIIL"'Xo

Indiddlllllt,y itself ar11•• thl"OI!f!b hbtozo,., ill sartro B1&tor7 ,._ IIIIINI'Ilillatw

of 1nc!1rlclual to Cl'OIIpooin-tllllion 'llhO &Jono k.no1f .. Cil'li the f\CtiGII 1B/ lllil't>'O t110

~ Wled, r1&t>tl,r, to lallllh at eo.unata r .... ~ 111111 - btn>a -:111.

h1B nnt ,.., dq, Sart1'o •tn• 11Arx11t• •- ev., .. 110l'ld...tlalci.ol& an went u

tho R...a!aa Revolut1cn, 1>0t at ita eelt--ipatory .,.cnt o:r b1l'th v1th ite

oreatlen ~~ totall,y II"" r- of wt-k.,.."' rlll....SOvi"ta-Out ...,th.,.. at Uloo -t

when it 'II&S tzanatOl'IIOd into opposite 111th stalla•• •1el.orn the toi&Utvkn 1ntt11ij

tl.on of th .. FiYO !GCSr Plsna ldth their fcrcecl labo:- CUjllo lloi'C6V l"NNato-~q> ll'tale

And yet 1t 1D the 8AIIB phlloiWI>h"" •ose theor.Y or \J>.llv.l.dlllll f....,..,Gil •6tecl •• •

poladain& force for a .-.ole ll""""'ation of #l)uth ill the .laul:l!&te poat-· pcr1ocl

13 2 8 2 1n the West, and for ll).ot &~rope 1n th• IW.I·l9S01 •• lt 1e no Moid<Mt,M"'"BZ'•

ti.Lt;, ·Jut; t.tleo& he developed b.u OIXUt.rt•e1 taed ~ u "'1!4 be lor.; ctat. bo~ W1th Hai:'Xlfta illld ~e"'ltnt Wt•, or a P'•t I>U't ot U, t:l:at '1& llf>rillc to.s.l

a - Nl.attontf!tp o1. u_, &Ad .Pi'""'Ua• that;, 1ou1na 1tult 011 a ...,~ -., JWI!!t&as. wvalci pb!le'"Bi!o•Pt lleet; tllo.t abotll..,.. &ad Mke rr..sa. • i'alib-

0

at

111tla c 'illite . ae bGU.au-. ra a -. it 1e 2111t coo .._ t~a• poU.Uoal £•llow ~aUl.,./u.&t. l!q ..a-...t tO ~ t!ae a:peU or aar.Ute!atialt., 1ntt the tact tlii&t; he bu a:. ~~L .... ftUed tile thewouo wid e1aee .teairi•a d•th tMQ ll&ve tho0 cc ""'••

•e lletbodolo~ et1111Q' u the onp~ absQ-aaUooa ddalt ba8 ~., oonr "' 1111111'011 l'tWOli!Uou illld 1IU1ed "' dtgalo .. cw :raa6a to :I'Glftl!l~Uoa fi'CIQ. !c

. . .· . ,, . . . ' . ·: . a.-,., 1111Gb l.Ne ill taot, tor the oaote.- or ~Dd.ater!tt•l!• au ~'IDJII ~ pe~,~·

-· ' ' •• • • J• •

-•:n.,..e are tillles When Ssrtra him3elf felt so, :lhus, although one· interv1w, h~ ref'll'red to matters he proposed to deal with in Volume n, he al.!lo oald it w.o

"interest.l.ng that the reasons Wh,y I w.s to write ex.actl,y the contrnry to what I wanted to write, But that is another oubjent altogether-·tha relationship cf " llllln ~o the history of his tl.>!e, :lhus, what I will write Olle doy is a political testament,"(New !Bft Reviaw,_ll-l2/69l Interview with Je:1n Paul. Sa:-tra; 11Itinsrat•y ' ot: a :lhougbt, n) :!he following month, January 1970, Le Tamoa Mod erne p~intlld sri . i!tterviaw Sartre had with ItaJ.isn !!Arxists to whom, in statlng that the a:>AJ,ysia ot: the Soviet Unl.Cin under Stalin "belongs to the second of my Q:lllaue dB dialeot1(:! · raaeon, but thla volume will probably never be published, 11

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