Maxilla bone

Hamulus

Hamulus

Hamulus

Maxillary tuberosity

Maxillary tuberosity

Maxillary tuberosity

Maxillary sinus/floor of the sinus

Maxillary sinus/floor of the sinus

Maxillary sinus/floor of the sinus

Maxillary sinus

Septum of maxillary sinus

Septum of maxillary sinusThe tendency for the maxillary sinus to pneumatize and form multiple lobes may give rise to the appearance of radiopaque lines extending from the floor of the sinus into the radiolucent interior. These white lines represent cortical extensions of the wall of the sinus and represent the wall of a smaller compartment within the sinus. Because these walls subdivide the sinus they are termed sinus septa or septum (singular).

Zygomatic boneZygomatic process of Maxilla b.

Zygomatic boneZygomatic archZygomatic process of maxillaZygomatic process of temporal b.Maxilla boneTemporal bone

Zygomatic process of Maxilla b.

Zygomatic process of Maxilla b.White arrows denote the zygomatic process (generally over the first molar)Black arrows delineate the lower border of the zygomatic arch

Zygomatic arch

Zygomatic arch

Nasal fossa

Nasal fossa

Nasal fossa

Nasal fossa

Anterior nasal spine

Anterior nasal spine

Anterior nasal spine

Median palatal suture

Median palatal suture

Median palatal sutureThe mid-palatine suture appears in this central incisor periapical projection as a dark, or radiolucent, line at the midline (white arrows). You can also see the more radiopaque inverted triangle at the top of the image that represents the anterior nasal spine.

Median palatal suture

Incisive nerve foramen

Incisive nerve foramenThe incisive foramen is the opening in the midline of the palate just posterior to the central incisors.

Incisive foramen1 - Incisive Foramen2 - Nasal septum

Shadow of the nose

Shadow of the nose

Shadow of the nose

Lip line

Lip line

Lip line

Mandible

Coronoid process

Coronoid processThis is the thin triangular prominence off the upper part of the mandible

Coronoid processBlack arrows delineate margin of coronoid process

Coronoid process

Inferior alveolar canal

Inferior alveolar canalThe mandibular canal extends from the mandibular foramen, on the lingual aspect of the ramus, through the body of the mandible under the roots of the molar teeth.

Inferior alveolar canal

Inferior alveolar canalThe inferior alveolar canal or mandibular canal runs from the lingular area of the mandible to the mental foramen and radiographically. is outlined by thin opaque edges to the canal. Its contents are the inferior alveolar nerve, artery and vein.

External oblique ridge

External oblique ridgeThe external oblique ridge is a ridge of bone located along the facial of the mandible, which extends from the superior aspect of the posterior body of the mandible down to the necks of the molar teeth. It runs in the same direction as the internal oblique ridge, but is located on the facial, or external surface of the mandible To distinguish radiographically between the internal and external oblique ridges, note that the external ridge is always superior to the internal oblique ridge

Submandibular fossa

Submandibular fossaDirectly below the internal oblique ridge is a depression in the lingual aspect of the mandible called the submandibular fossa. This concavity is visible radiographically since the thickness of bone is substantially reduced in this area. The submandibular fossa is the location of the submandibular salivary gland,

Submandibular fossa

Genial tubercles

Genial tuberclesThe genial tubercles are small bony spines found on the lingual aspect of the mandible adjacent to the midline at the attachment of the geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles.

Genial tubercles

Mental ridge

Mental ridgeThe mental ridges are elevated ridges of bone located along the anterior aspect of the mandible

Mental ridge

Mental ridge

Tooth and surrounding area

Lamina dura

Lamina dura

Dentin

Dentin

Enamel

Enamel

Pulp space

Pulp space

Periodontal ligament space

Periodontal ligament space

Primary tooth

Other Anatomical Findings

Boney trabeculationNotice the whitish junk down there, chicken wire, that is trabeculation, the bony structure of most areas.

Nutrient canals

Nutrient canals

Nutrient canalsRadiographically, nutrient canals appear as uniform thin radiolucent lines. The margin of these lines is often slightly more radiopaque than the adjacent bone. Sometimes these canals can be seen running toward the apices of teeth as accessory branches of the inferior alveolar canal. Slightly dark line going up and down between teeth, nutrient canals, show up in lower anterior, also found in walls of sinuses.

Chin soft tissue

Chin soft tissue

Chin soft tissueWhite arrows delineate border of soft tissues of the chin "shelf"

Basic Pathology

Mandibular tori

Mandibular toriThe rounded protuberances on the lingual surfaces of the alveolar process are called mandibular tori, or singularly, a mandibular torus. This fairly common feature is a hard, bony enlargement of the alveolar cortex.

Mandibular tori

Mandibular tori

Occlusal caries

Anterior carries

Posterior carries

Caries

Attrition

Attrition

Cervical Abrasion

Cervical Abrasion

Periapical radiolucency

Pulp stoneSperical calcification within the dental pulp lying free or attached to the pulpal surface of the tooth.

Osteosclerosis/sclerotic boneHere an irregular radiopacity extends from the crest to the inferior alveolar canal between the molars. Two small areas of radiolucency are in it, one just below the crestal cortex.

Sclerosed SocketResidual socket has a sclerotic or radiopaque appearance relative to surrounding marrow.

Impacted teeth

Retained root tip

Foreign Objects

Surgical hardwareRetention pinPost and core

Jewelry

Calculus

Restorations

AmalgamCompletely radiopaque

PorcelainAppears slightly radiopaque with a thin out line of the tooth preparaton due to the cement securing restoration

Base/linerSome base and pulp capping materials contain Barium Sulfate or similar radiopaque materials

Endodontic treatmentGutta percha

CompositeTend to be radiolucent and simulate caries

Stainless Steel Crown

Less radiopaque than gold, contour and shape usually does not follow tooth anatomy since it is usually a temporary restoration

PFM CrownThe metal portion appears as a totally radiopaque center and the porcelain appears slightly radiopaque around the occlusal, incisal, and sometimes visible on cervical areas

Gold CrownRadiopaque approximately same density as amalgum, totally opaque, usually follows contour of teeth and smooth borders

Film orientation dotIf it bumps up, you are looking at correct orientation, but as a dimple, you are looking at backside of the film. Thats how you determine if you are looking at front or back of film, and to know if you are looking at right or left side of the mouth.

Overlapping contacts

Bend in filmBlack linear lines or artifacts or black crescent-shaped creases would be seen on the processed radiograph. These black artifacts occur because there is a break in the emulsion before the film is processed.

Cone cutIn a partial image part of the film is clear. This is due to exposure error.

Static electricityStatic electricity presents as tree-like marks.

Creditshttp://www.unc.edu/~jbl/norm-anat-start.htmlhttp://www.dent.ucla.edu/sod/depts/oral_rad/courses/DS451c/topic2/http://tunxis.commnet.edu/common/faculty/turcotte/radio_restorations.pdf