Radiofrequency Radiation Standards Biological Effects, Dosimetry, Epidemiology, and Public Health Policy

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Series A: Life Sciences

Radiofrequency Radiation Standards Biological Effects, Dosimetry, Epidemiology, and Public Health Policy

Edited by

B. Jon Klauenberg Armstrong Laboratory Radiofrequency Radiation Division Brooks Air Force Base, Texas

Martino Grandolfo Istituto Superiore di Sanita Rome, Italy

and

David N. Erwin Armstrong Laboratory Radiofrequency Radiation Division Brooks Air Force Base, Texas

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Developing a New Standardization Agreement (STANAG) for Radiofrequency Radiation, held May 17-21, 1993, at Pratica di Mare, Italian Air Force Base, Pomezia (Rome), Italy

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© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995

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PREFACE

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has sponsored research and personnel safety standards development for exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) for over twenty years. The Aerospace Medical Panel of the Advisory Group For Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) sponsored Lecture Series No. 78 Radiation Hazards,! in 1975, in the Netherlands, Germany, and Norway, on the subject of Radiation Hazards to provide a review and critical analysis of the available information and concepts. In the same year, Research Study Group 2 on Protection of Personnel Against Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation (Panel VIIl of AC/243 Defence Research Group, NATO) proposed a revision to Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2345. The intent of the proposal was to revise the ST ANAG to incorporate frequency-dependent-RFR safety guidelines. These changes are documented in the NATO STANAG 2345 (MED), Control and Recording of Personnel Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation,2 promulgated in 1979.

Research Study Group 2 (RSG2) of NATO Defense Research Group Panel VIII (AC1243) was organized, in 1981, to study and contribute technical information concerning the protection of military personnel from the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. A workshop at the Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, U.K. was held to develop and/or compile sufficient knowledge on the long-term effects of pulsed RFR to maintain safe procedures and to minimize unnecessary operational constraints. That workshop brought together eighteen scientists from six NATO countries and resulted in Aeromedical Review 3-81; A Workshop On The Protection Of Personnel Against Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation) Also in 1981, a NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI) on Advances in Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Low Energy Electromagnetic Fields was held in Erice, Sicily, Italy (Also the fourth course of the International School of Radiation Damage and Protection of the Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture). This meeting resulted in an ASI publication; Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Non-ionizing Radiation: Radiofrequency and Microwave Energies.4

In 1984, the Research Study Group Panel VIII NATO AC1243, held another workshop in Wachtberg-Werthoven, Federal Republic of Germany with over 40 scientists from five NATO countries attending. The consensus of the participants was that the workshop provided a significant and effective update on the state-of-knowledge regarding the biological effects of RFR and current developments in the setting of new RFR safety standards. The proceedings of the second workshop were published as USAFSAM-TP-85-14: Proceedings Of A Workshop On Radiofrequency Radiation BioeJfects.5 That same year, a NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) examined the Interaction Between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells,6 in Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture, Erice, Sicily, Italy. The 1984 workshop concluded that "It is important that today's RFR bioeffects research results, emerging from many countries, continue to be disseminated as efficiently as possible for consideration and use by the NATO military organization." The theme of the most recent AGARD lecture series, presented in Italy, Portugal, and France in 1985 was The Impact Of Proposed Radiofrequency Standards On Military Operations.?

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A decade has elapsed since the last NATO sponsored RFR workshop and much research has been conducted; investigations into some entirely new areas of biological effects have developed and new guidelines and standards have been issued by several member states and by a few consensus organizations (IEEE/ANSI, IRPA, NRPB). Rapidly expanding technologies require that systems hardware and operation be integrated and compatible within NATO.

The organizing committee (see list below) and the directors developed a list of participants that met several criteria. The participants included experts with research and/or RFR standards development experience, membership on international RFR standards setting bodies, and if possible, prior experience with NATO workshops. Members of the military research and standards setting activities were solicited.

On 16-21 May 1993, a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Developing a New Standardization Agreement (STANAG) for Radiofrequency Radiation was held at the Divisione Aerea Studi Ricerche e Sperimentazioni (DASRS) at the Aeroporto Pratica di Mare Italian Air Force Base, Pomezia (Rome) Italy. An international group of 47 specialists working in the field of biological effects of electromagnetic fields and standards development attended this Workshop to make presentations and participate in discussions on developing standards for human exposures. The presentations covered a wide range of subjects reflecting the wide range of interests of the participants. It was an exciting and stimulating five days as the state of knowledge in this field of research was examined in great detail. The program was divided into three major sections: Review of Standards, Scientific Basis for New Standards, and Public Health Policy Concerns.

Although the major theme was the development of a STANAG for NATO military forces with regard to human exposure to RFR, it was apparent to the participants that there was the opportunity to begin to think about the development of a general international standard. The deliberations and discussions that emerged during the ARW naturally form a basis for further deliberations for such a standard.

In keeping with NATO objectives for ARWs, this working meeting was designed to assess the state-of-the-art in a given scientific area (RFR) and to formulate recommendations for future. Several recommendations were issued by the ARW working groups and are attached as an Appendix. This ARW continues the NATO program goal to enhance security through scientific dialogue and to encourage peaceful exploitation of scientific skills and discoveries. We believe that the NATO Science Program objective of enhancing scientific and technological capabilities of Alliance countries was fulfilled. We hope that this proceedings will stimulate interest and support development of a unified NATO standard for control and evaluation of personnel exposure to radiofrequency fields.

Directors and Editors

B. Jon K1auenberg, Martino Grandolfo, David N. Erwin

Organizing Committee

G. Mariutti, P. Vecchia, G. Pecci, C. Gabriel, J. Leal, B. Servantie

REFERENCES

1. AGARD. Radiation hazards, Lecture Series AGARD-LS-78 (1975). 2. NATO STANAG 2345 (MED). Control and recording of personnel exposure to radiofrequeucy radiation,

MAS (ARMY) 2345 (79) 060, (Edition 1), (16 Feb. 1979). 3. "Proceedings of a Workshop on the Protection of Personnel against Radiofrequency Electromagnetic

Radiation," Researc~ Study Group 2, Panel VIII, Defence Research Group, NATO, John C. Mitchell,

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(ed.) at the Royal Air Force Establishment, Farnborough, U.K., 6-8 April, 1981, USAFSAM-TR-81-28, (Sept. 1981)

4. M. Grandolfo, S.M. Michaelson and A. Rindi, (eds.) "Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation: Radiofrequency and Microwave Energies," Plenum Press, New Y ark and London (1983).

5. "Proceedings of a Workshop on Radiofrequency Radiation Bioeffects," Defense Research Group, Panel VIII, NATO AC1243, J.C. Mitchell, (ed.), Research Establishment for Applied Science, D-5307 Wachtberg-Werthoven, Federal Republic of Germany, 11-13 Sept 1984, USAFSAM-lP-85-14, (April 1985).

6. A. Chiabrera, C. Nicolini and H.P. Schwan (eds.) "Interactions between Electromagnetic Fields and Cells." Plenum Press, New York and London (1985).

7. AGARD. The impact of proposed radiofrequency radiation standards on military operations, Lecture Series AGARD-LS-138 (1985).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This NATO Advanced Research Workshop would not have been possible without the personal commitment and attention of numerous organizations and individuals. We are indebted to the following sponsoring organizations: NATO Scientific Affairs Division; Armstrong Laboratory, United States Air Force; European Office of Aerospace Research and Development, United States Air Force; Divisione Aerea Studi Ricerche e Sperimentazioni (DASRS), Italian Air Force; National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Italy; and the Istituto Superiore di SanitA, Rome, Italy.

The organizers and participants of this ARW are deeply indebted to numerous individuals for their outstanding contributions that made the ARW such a success. Brigadier General Gianfranco Pecci and his staff at the DASRS provided support that exceeded all expectations. The beautiful facilities at the Pratica di Mare Air Force Base and the gracious hospitality of the Italian Air Force personnel made the conference extremely pleasant and the long working days enjoyable. The conference center is truly outstanding. Similarly, the contributions of the Istituto Superiore di SanitA, and the local arrangements committee (Drs Gianni Mariutti and Paolo Vecchia) and technical assistants (Marco Sabatini and Mimmo Monteleone) are greatly acknowledged. The thorough editing of Ms. Janet Trueblood of Systems Research Laboratory is gratefully acknowledged. Three individuals should be singled out for particular thanks for their untiring work both in preparation for and during the ARW: Ms Alma Paoluzi of the Istituto Superiore di SanitA and Staff Sergeant Patrick 1. Karshis and Mrs. Minnie Marconi of the Armstrong Laboratory. Lastly, the careful and scholarly efforts of each of the participants is recognized and evidenced in these Proceedings.

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CONTENTS

SESSION A: STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES: PRESENT AND PROPOSED

CHAIR: D. ERWIN

The Standardization Agreement (STANAG) on the Protection of NATO Personnel against Radiofrequency Radiation ................................ ...................... .................... 3

Martino Grandolfo

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Progress towards Radiofrequency Field Standards ............................................................................. 15

Michael H. Repacholi

European Communities Progress towards Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Standards in the Workplace ..................... .................. ........................................ ...................... 23

Gianni F. Mariutti

ANSIJIEEE Exposure Standards for Radiofrequency Fields.............................................. 31

James C. Lin

Radiofrequency Radiation Safety Guidelines in the Federal Republic of Germany.......... 35

Klaus W. Hofmann

SESSIONB: CONSIDERATIONS FOR NATO STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENT

CHAIR: G. F. MARIUTTI

New Technologies for Dosimetry: Slow Luminescence..................................................... 43

Johnathan L. Kiel, John G. Bruno, and William D. Hurt

Biological Effects of High-Peak-Power Microwave Energy .............................................. 51

Edward C. Elson

Some Recent Applications of FDTD for EM Dosimetry: ELF to Microwave Frequencies... ................ ...... ................ ................................................................ .... 55

Om P. Gandhi

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Microwave Exposure Limits for the Eye: Applying Infrared Laser Threshold Data ......... 79

David H. Sliney and Bruce E. Stuck

New IEEE Standards on Measurement of Potentially Hazardous RadiofrequencylMicrowave Electromagnetic Fields .............................................. 89

Ron C. Petersen

Risk Assessment of Human Exposure to Low Frequency Fields ....................................... 10 1

Jiirgen H. Bernhardt

SESSIONC: MILITARY OPERATIONS AND RFR STANDARDS

CHAIR: L. COURT

Navy Issues Surrounding Department of Defense Electromagnetic Radiation Safety Standards.. ...... ........ ........ ...... .......... ...... .......... ............ .................. .... ...... ...... 115

John de Lorge

An Overview of the Proposed Industrial Hygiene Technical Standard for Non-Ionizing Radiation and Fields for the U.S. Department of Energy................. 119

John A. Leonowich and T. Edmond Hui

Radiofrequency Safety Practice in the UK Ministry of Defence ...... ............ .... ...... ............ 133

Bob Gardner

Practical Control of Non-Ionizing Radiation Hazards ........................................................ 139

Rick Woolnough

DOD Implementation of New ANSIlIEEE Personnel Radiofrequency Standard .............. 147

David N. Erwin and John Brewer

SESSIOND: EVALUA TION OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATABASE

CHAIR: P. VECCHIA

Epidemiology and What It Can Tell Us ............................................................................. .

Leeka Kheifets 155

Evaluation of Reproductive Epidemiologic Studies ........................................................... 165

Teresa M. Schnorr and Barbara A. Grajewski

Epidemiology of Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer......................................................... 171

Charles Poole

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SESSIONE: EVALUATION OF THE BIOEFFECTS DATABASE I:

CELLULAR CHAIR:A.CHIABRERA

The Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials .............................................................. 187

Camelia Gabriel

Interaction of Calcium in Biological Systems with Electromagnetic Fields ...................... 197

James H. Merritt

Effects of Weak High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Biological Systems ............ 207

Robert Adair

Effects of Radiofrequency Radation on Neurophysiological Stress Indicators .................. 223

G. Andrew Mickley

Biological Effects Versus Health Effects: An Investigation of the Genotoxicity of Microwave Radiation .............................................................................................. 235

Martin L. Meltz

SESSIONF: EVALUATION OF THE BIOEFFECTS DATABASE II:

SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY CHAIR: B. VEYRET

Thermal Physiology of Radiofrequency Radiation Interactions in Animals and Humans............................................................................................................. 245

Eleanor R. Adair

Effects of Microwave Radiation Exposure on Behavioral Performance in Nonhuman Primates ............................................................................................ 271

John A. D'Andrea

Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation Electromagnetic Field Exposure on PineallMelatonin ........ ...... ........ .......... ................ ........ .......... ...... ...... .......... .... .... 279

Peter Semm and T. Schneider

Cardiovascular Responses to Radiofrequency Radiation. ........ ........ .................... ........ ...... 291

James R. Jauchem

Frequency and Orientation Effects on Sites of Energy Deposition .................................... 295

Melvin R. Frei

Extrapolation of Animal Radiofrequency Radiation Bioeffects to Humans....................... 303

Michael R. Murphy

xiii

SESSIONG: EVALUATION OF THE BIOEFFECTS DATABASE ill:

OVERVIEW CHAIR: E. ADAIR

Bioeffects of Long-Tenn Exposures of Animals ................................................................ 311

Arthur W. Guy

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine .... .................................... 327

Maria A. Stuchly

Overview of the Radiofrequency Radiation Bioeffects Database .. .................. .................. 337

Peter Polson and Louis N. Heynick

SESSIONH: PUBLIC HEAL m POLICY --RISK COMMUNICATION

CHAIR: E. GRANT

How New RFR Standards Will Impact the Broadcast and Telecommunications Industries .............................................................................. 391

Richard A. Tell

How the Popular Press and Media Influence Scientific Interpretations and Public Opinion ............................... .................... .............................................. 409

Clifford J. Sherry

Impact of Public Concerns about Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields on Interpretation of Electromagnetic FieldslRadiofrequency Database .................... 415

John M. Osepchuk

Communicating Risk of Electromagnetic FieldslRadiofrequency Radiation ..................... 427

B. Jon Klauenberg

Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 439

Attendance List ..................... .................... ...................... .................... .......................... ...... 443

Participants ......................................................................................................................... 441

Index.................................................................................................................................... 451

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