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Radio technology enablers27.1.2021
Marko E. Leinonen, Johan Torsner, MikkoValkama, Juha Erkkilä, Jari Hulkkonen
andall persons contributed to 5GForce WP3 work
Radio technology enablers27.1.2021
Marko E. Leinonen, Johan Torsner, MikkoValkama, Juha Erkkilä, Jari Hulkkonen
andall persons contributed to 5GForce WP3 work
5G Force WP3: Radio technology enablersTask 3.1: Positioning and Tracking (TAU)Ø Contributors: TAU, Aalto
Task 3.2: RAN support for aerials and non-terrestrial networks (Ericsson)Ø Contributors: Ericsson, TAU, Centria
Task 3.3: Multi-RAT Mobility and Connectivity (Ericsson)Ø Contributors: Ericsson, TAU, Centria, Aalto
Task 3.4: mmWave massive MIMO Radio (UOulu)Ø Contributors: UOulu
Task 3.5: New radio enablers for dense 5G networks (Nokia)Ø Contributors: Nokia, TAU
1.2.2021
3.1: High-accuracy NR positioning
2/1/2021
Ø 3D positioning and tracking of NR UEsØ Phones, cars, drones, glasses, … what ever
devices that have NR modemØ Can build on uplink measurements or downlink
measurements, or as third alternative on NR sidelinkmeasurements
Ø Can build on positioning reference signals but also onany other reference signals that are in the air (SSB,DMRS, CSI-RS, PTRS, SRS, …)
Ø Measurements: TOA, TDOA, DOA, DOD, (B)RSRP, …Ø Feasible in LOS and NLOSØ Possibility to also estimate orientationsØ Possibility to also estimate clock offsets and also to
establish universal network timeØ Possibility to also estimate the positions of the network
nodes, jointly along the UE positionsØ Evaluations through map-based ray tracing or
measurements
3.1: High-accuracy NR positioning
2/1/2021
Ø Example: 28 GHz network, uplink based measurements andprocessing, tracking a car on Madrid map
Ø M. Koivisto, J. Talvitie, E. Rastorgueva-Foi, and M. Valkama,“"Channel Parameter Estimation and TX Positioning withMulti-Beam Fusion in 5G mmWave Networks,”IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing (in review).
3.1: High-accuracy NR positioning
2/1/2021
Ø Example: 28 GHz network, downlink based measurements, uplinkprocessing, tracking industrial vehicles in harbor
Ø E. Rastorgueva-Foi, et al., "Networking and Positioning Co-Designin Multi-Connectivity Industrial mmW Systems",IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2021.
3.2: UAV-Aided Interference Assessment for Private 5GNR Deployments
1/02/2021SS-RSRP dBm
Motivation► Introduction of local private 5G networks for industrial applications lead to
co-existence challenges with both surrounding public (macro) networksand neighboring private 5G networks
► To control the level of both inbound and outbound interference and complywith the license rules it is beneficial to use programmable and repeatablemeasurement campaigns done with UAVs
► Here, we evaluate the feasibility of UAV-based measurements concept tocapture 3D interference picture around the factory building
Results► PoC results show high potential of UAVs to provide easilly repeatable 3D
measurent results without need for walk/drive tests or detailed modelling► Advancements in UAV and scanner HW as well as drone operation
needed to provide a practical solution► IEEE Communication Magazine publication: “UAV-Aided Interference
Assessment for Private 5G NR Deployments: Challenges and Solutions
Jorvas in June 2019
3.2: Connected Drones/UAVs – LTEReliability of UAV Connectivity in Dual-MNO Networks: A Performance Measurement CampaignJoonas Säe1, Richard Wirén2, Juhani Kauppi2, Johan Torsner2, Sergey Andreev1, and Mikko Valkama1
1Electrical Engineering, Tampere University, Finland2Ericsson Research, Finland
1.2.2021
Urban micro-cell (UMi)
Urban macro-cell (UMa)
Rural macro-cell (RMa)
MNO A MNO B
Three heights: “ground”, 15-20m, 50mThree environments: Umi, Uma, RMATwo MNOs: MNO A & MNO BConstant C&C: 125 kbps for both (script)4 flights / height / environment: 36 flights
Results: Distinct benefits in utilizing more than oneMNO for improved levels of connection reliabilityTampere region during summer 2019
1.2.2021
3.2: Connected Drones/UAVs – 5GAgile 5G Network Measurements with Drone Testing: Operator Benefits of Employing AerialMobilityJoonas Säe, Sergey Andreev, and Mikko Valkama (submitted to IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine)
The approach of employing a drone and asmart phone is an efficient way for theoperators to assess e.g., whether the smart5G antennas in their networks are operatingas intended and no maintenance is needed
As this can be challenging in hard to reach orlimited access locations, the so-called dronetesting can be utilized in such areas.Furthermore, mobile network operators caneasily evaluate the state of their 5G networksin the field with the help of such aerialmeasurements and reveal problematic areasor highlight those that require optimization Tampere/Hervanta in Nov 2020
3.2: Non-Terrestrial Networks in 5G & Beyond
1.2.2021
Background► Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) are expercted to
play an important role in 5G and beyond by providingeMBB, mMTC, URLLC services and coveringdifferent verticals, including transport, eHealth,energy, automotive, public safety, industrial
Main Contributions► Review the NTN wireless system and its main
features defined by 3GPP.► Understand the role of NTNs within the 5G New
Radio (NR) system.► Identify new open issues.► Provide the future vision of satellite communications
in 6G.
F. Rinaldi, H. Määttänen, J. Torsner, S. Pizzi, S. Andreev, A. Iera, Y. Koucheryavy, and G. Araniti, “Non-Terrestrial Networks in 5G & Beyond: A survey,” in IEEE Access, 2020.
3.2: 5G NR Enabled Multi-Beam Non-Terrestrial Network
1.2.2021
► The novel algorithm for MBSFN Beam Area (MBA)formation aims at increasing the aggregate data rate in amulti-beam NTN system. In each MBA, the beams aresynchronized in time to deliver the same eMBB flow toseveral NTN terminals over the same radio resources.
► The new radio resource allocation technique avoids inter-beam interference when delivering several items ofcontent. The mobility of NTN terminals , channel qualityvariations over time, and propagation delay areconsidered.
► Extensive simulation campaigns assess the effectivenessof the proposed Single-Frequency Multi-BeamTransmission (SF-MBT) approach in 5G NR and againsttwo alternative frequency re-use schemes.
F. Rinaldi, H. Määttänen, J. Torsner, S. Pizzi, S. Andreev, A. Iera, Y. Koucheryavy, and G. Araniti, “Broadcasting eMBB Services over 5G NR Enabled Multi-Beam Non-Terrestrial Networks,”in IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 2020.
MBSFN=multibeam single frequency network
3.3: Channel Tracking and Abrupt Change Detection forNon-LOS Positioning
Motivation► Positioning accuracy is highly dependent on the quality of the
channel estimate, especially in mmWave, where the channelis characterized by few multipath components
► mmWave channel with L multipaths components including ornot the line-of-sight (LOS) is considered
► Typical for vehicular scenario with high speeds, the channelpropagation environment may change fast, and the number ofmultipath components may change abruptly
► In order to estimate the channel accurately, it is crucial toestimate the number of multipath components and the anglesof departure (AoD) and the angles of arrival (AoA)
Results► The proposed channel estimation is performed based on two
main components:• Tracking of the angles of departure and angles of arrival
based on Kalman filter• Detection of abrupt changes in the channel
1.2.2021
3.3: Radio Resource Provisioning in 5G NR
1.2.2021
Ø “Characterizing Resource Allocation Trade-offs in 5G NRServing Multicast and Unicast Traffic,” IEEE Trans. Wir.Comm., 2020 Feb 19;19(5):3421-34.
Ø Unicast performance is compromised by presence ofmulticast sessions. Explicit priorities might be needed
Ø For HPBW directivities of less than ~5o, multicast isinefficient and may not be needed
Ø “Joint Use of Guard Capacity and Multiconnectivityfor Improved Session Continuity in Millimeter-Wave5G NR Systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Comm, 2021
Ø Mechanisms to improve reliability in mmWave NRØ Their joint implementation offers a flexible tool for
network operators to balance the user-centricmetrics while maintaining system performance
1.2.2021
V. Begishev, E. Sopin, D. Moltchanov, R. Pirmagomedov, A. Samuylov, S. Andreev, Y. Koucheryavy, and K. Samouylov, “PerformanceAnalysis of Multi-Band Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Operation in 5G NR Systems,” IEEE Trans. Wir. Comm, 2021
Ø Offloading mmWave sessions with strict throughput requirements onto microwave links during service outage intervals leadsto a resource capture effect by the “heavy-weight” mmWave sessions. This functionality decreases the resource utilization inmicrowave systems and negatively affects the new session drop probability
Ø The impact of dual-band operation on the applications with stringent throughput requirements is moderate and the ongoingmmWave session drop probability remains considerably high. Hence, dual-band operation must be complemented with othermechanisms that improve the session continuity in mmWave 5G NR systems, such as mmWave band multi-connectivity
3.3: Multi-Band Operation Analysis in 5G NR
M. E. Leinonen, M. Jokinen, N. Tervo, O. Kursu and A. Pärssinen, “System EVM Characterization andCoverage Area Estimation of 5G Directive mmW Links”, Trans. on Microwave Theory and Tech., 2019
Ø System level EVM has been measured in outdoors and EMC-laboratoryØ EVM can be used to predict the 5G mmW link range and cell coverage, when beam is steeredØ 800 MHz operation of 5G mmW PoC verified in laboratory measurements
1.2.2021
3.4: System EVM based link range and beam widthanalysis of 5G mmW
M. Y. Javed, N. Tervo, M. E. Leinonen and A. Pärssinen “Spatial Interference Reduction by SubarrayStacking in Large Two-dimensional Antenna Array,” Trans. on Antennas and Propagations, 2020
Ø The shape of the 2D-antenna array can be optimised to each direction to improve multi-user operationØ Side lobe level is optimised from rectangular array with triangle shapeØ Two users case studied with different shapes of antenna array, triangular shapes are performing bestØ 5G mmW radio unit measurement performed to validate simulations and improvement is shown
1/02/2021
3.4: Spatial interference reduction with antenna arrayelement optimization
Simulation
1.2.2021
M. E. Leinonen, M. Jokinen, N. Tervo, O. Kursu and A. Pärssinen“Radio Interoperability in 5G and6G Multiradio Base Station,” in Proc. 2020 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference
Ø Narrow band interference couples to the 5G mmW radio system intermediate frequency creating co-channel interferenceØ EMC-laboratory tests performed with 5G mmW proof-of-concept radio unitØ Narrow band interference from other system may stop the operation of the 5G as shown in figure besideØ Requirement for the co-channel interference within the 5G mmW unit is in range of 110 dB with 5G signal powers
3.4: Radio Interoperability in 5G and 6G Multiradio
3.5 - 5G NR new frequency bandsØ 3GPP Rel-15 5G NR supports bands up to 52.6 GHzØ In 2020, 3GPP completed Study on Supporting NR from 52.6
GHz to 71 GHz) (TR 38.808), and agreed Work Item for 2021Ø Transceiver impairments increase significantly in the higher
frequencies, and one of the most important factorsaffecting numerology and waveform design is phasenoise
Ø How to combat phase noise?Ø Increase subcarrier spacingØ CP-OFDM: phase error can be estimated and
compensated from frequency-domain PTRSØ SC-FDMA: frequently-spaced PTRSs are inserted in
time-domain before DFT spreading, allows easy ‘ICI’tracking and compensation
Ø See more results in [O. Tervo, T. Levanen, K. Pajukoski, J.Hulkkonen, P. Wainio, and M. Valkama, “5G New RadioEvolution Towards Sub-THz Communications,” IEEE 6GSummit 2020, April 2020]
1.2.2021
SC-FDMA issignificantly morerobust, 64-QAM couldbe supported with240kHz SCS (Rel-15),and further improvedwith a new PTRSdesign
3.5: CPSK, new low-PAPR modulation
2/1/2021
AllowedtransitionsC5PSK/31.5 bps/Hz
AllowedtransitionsC6PSK/42 bps/Hz
PAPR comparisonswith pulse-shapedπ/2-BPSK and QPSKØ For communications in the mmWave bands, there are
large challenges related to energy-efficiency.Ø To address the power amplifier (PA) non-linear distortion
related challenges, modulations and waveforms with lowpeak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) are needed.
Ø A new modulation approach is proposed, calledconstrained phase-shift keying (CPSK).
Ø CPSK builds on the traditional PSK constellations, andthe PAPR is reduced by constraining the time-domainsymbol transitions, i.e., avoiding zero-crossings.
Ø 2 modes are presented, one with spectral efficiency of1.5 bps/Hz (CXPSK/3) and another with 2 bps/Hz(CXPSK/4), with X denoting the size of the underlyingconstellation. For the second case an extra π/X radrotation is applied to every other symbol for furtherreduction of the PAPR.
Ø See more results in: I. Peruga Nasarre, T. Levanen andM. Valkama, "Constrained PSK: Energy-EfficientModulation for Sub-THz Systems," in Proc. 2020 IEEEInternational Conference on Communications (ICC 2020)
3.5: Freq. Domain Spectral Shaping (FDSS)
1.2.2021
OBO comparison forQPSK, QPSK + FDSSand π/2-BPSK
Link level comparisonfor QPSK, QPSK +FDSS and π/2-BPSKin FR2 with same SE
Ø Network coverage is one of the most important factorsin cellular communication networks.
Ø Network coverage is mostly limited by the uplink (UL).Ø Low PAPR allows for larger PA output powers for the
UE, resulting in improved UL coverage.Ø Rel-15 spectral shaping covers only BPSK without
spectral extension.Ø FDSS with spectral extension (not studied earlier in
3GPP) for DFT-s-OFDM has considerable potential toimprove UL coverage in FR1 and FR2Ø Results show up to 1.7 dB gain for QPSK
Ø FDSS with spectral extension was selected by Nokiaas a DRIVE topic for Rel-18.
Ø More information in: I. Peruga Nasarre, T. Levanen, K.Pajukoski, A. Lehti, E. Tiirola and M. Valkama,“Enhanced Uplink Coverage in 5G NR: FrequencyDomain Spectral Shaping Through Spectral Extension,”IEEE OJ-COMS, in review.
3.5: Advanced Filtered CP-OFDM Waveform
1.2.2021
Top: processingstructure for onefiltered sub-band
Right: example linkperformance with3 multiplexed sub-bands
Ø NR standard allows for additional windowing and/or filtering ontop of the baseline CP-OFDM waveform
Ø This facilitates better band-limitation of the waveform, both atcarrier BW level and inside the carrier BW atsub-band levelØ enhanced mixed-numerology supportØ enhanced tolerance to timing offsets between frequency
multiplexed signalsØ enhanced spectral efficiency due to reduced guard bands
Ø We have developed new advanced fast-convolution (FC)based processing structure allowing discontinuous andsymbol-synchronized FC processingØ Large implementation benefits with short transmissions,
narrow subbands, etcØ More information: J. Yli-Kaakinen, A. Loulou, T. Levanen, K.
Pajukoski, A. Palin, M. Renfors, and M. Valkama, “Frequency-Domain Signal Processing for Spectrally-Enhanced CP-OFDMWaveforms in 5G New Radio,” IEEE Trans. WirelessCommunications (in review).
CP-OFDM: Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
