Physical Characteristics of Single-Photon Radionuclides Used in Clinical Nuclear Medicine

Radionuclide Principles of Decay Physical T 1/2 Product Method Molybdenum-99 Beta Minus 2.8 days Reactor

Technetium-99m Isomeric Transition 6 hrs Generator (molybdenum-99)

Iodine-131 Beta Minus 8 days ReactorIodine-123 Electron Capture 13.2 hrs CyclotronGallium-67 Electron Capture 78.3 hrs Cyclotron

Thallium-201 Electron Capture 73.1 hrs CyclotronIndium-111 Electron Capture 28 days CyclotronXenon-127 Electron Capture 36 days CyclotronXenon-133 Beta Minus 5.2 days ReactorCobalt-157 Electron Capture 272 days Cyclotron

Tc-99m Radiopharmaceuticals

Agent Application

Tc-99m Sodium Pertechnetate Meckel's diverticulum detection, Salivary and Thyroid Gland Scintigraphy

Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid (filtered) Lymphoscintigraphy

Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid Liver/Spleen Scintigraphy, Bone Marrow Scintigraphy

Tc-99m Pyrophosphate Acute myocardial infarction detectionTc-99m Diphosphonate Skeletal Scintigraphy

Tc-99m Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA) Pulmonary Perfusion Scintigraphy, Liver Intra-Arterial Perfusion Scintigraphy

Tc-99m Red Blood Cells Radionuclide Ventriculography, Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Hepatic Hemongioma

Tc-99m Diethylenetriamine-Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)

Renal Scintigraphy, Lung Ventilation (aerosol), Glomerular filtration rate

Tc-99m Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) Renal Dynamic ScintigraphyTc-99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) Renal Cortical ScintigraphyTc-99m Iminodiacetic Acid (HIDA) Derivatives Hepatobiliary ScintigraphyTc-99m Sestamibi (Cardiolite Miraluma) Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy, Breast ImagingTc-99m Tetrofosmin (Myoview) Myocardial perfusion ScintigraphyTc-99m Teboroxime (CardioTec) Myocardial perfusion Scintigraphy

Tc-99m Exametazine (HMPAO) Cerebral Perfusion Scintigraphy, White Blood Cell Labeling

Tc-99m Bicisate (ECD) Cerebral Perfusion Scintigraphy

Tc-99m Arcitumomab (CEA) Monoclonal Antibody for colorectal cancer evaluation

Tc-99m Apcitide (AcuTect) Acute Venous Thrombosis ImagingTc-99m Depreotide (NeoTect) Tumor ImagingTc-99m Fanolesomab (NeuroSpec) Infection Imaging

Radiopharmaceuticals for Single-Photon Imaging (Non-Tc99m)

Agent ApplicationTl-201 Thallium Chloride Myocardial Perfusion ScintigraphyGa-67 Gallium Citrate Inflammatory Disease Detection, Tumor ImagingXe-133 Xenon (Inert Gas) Pulmonary VentilationXe-127 Xenon (Inert Gas) Pulmonary VentilationKr-81m Krypton (Inert Gas) Pulmonary Ventilation

I-131 Sodium IodideThyroid Cancer Scintigraphy; Thyroid Uptake Function Studies; Treatment of Grave's Disease; Toxic Nodule, and Thyroid Cancer

I-123 Sodium Iodide Thyroid Scintigraphy, Thyroid Uptake Function Studies

I-131 Hippuran Renal Imaging and Function StudiesI-123 Hippuran Renal Imaging and Function StudiesIn-111 Oxine Leukocytes Inflammatory Disease / Infection Detection

I-131, I-123 Meta-iodobenzyl Guanidine (MIBG) Adrenal Medullary Imaging, Neural Crest Tumor Detection

I-131, NP-59 (6Biodomethyl-19 norcholesterol) Adrenal Cortical ScintigraphyIn-111 Pentetreotide (OctreoScan) Somatostatin Receptor Tumor ImagingIn-111 Capromab Pendetide (ProstaScint) Monoclonal Antibody for Prostate Ca ImagingSm-153 Lexidronam (Quadramet) Bone Pain PalliationSr-89 Chloride Bone Pain PalliationIn-111 Satumomab Pentetretide (OncoScint) Monoclonal Antibody for Colorectal CancerI-131 Tositumomab (Bexxar) B-cell Lymphoma Imaging and TherapyIn-111 Ibritumomab (Zevalin) B-cell Lymphoma Scintigraphy Prior to Therapy

PHYSICAL Characteristics of Positron-Emitting Radionuclides used in Nuclear Medicine

Radionuclide Physical T1/2(min)

Positron Energy (MeV)

Range in Soft Tissue (mm)

Production Method

Carbon-11 20 0.96 4.1 CyclotronNitrogen-13 10 1.19 5.4 CyclotronOxygen-15 2 1.73 7.3 CyclotronFlourine-18 110 0.635 2.4 Cyclotron

Gallium-68 68 1.9 8.1 Generator (Germanium-8)

Rubidium-82 1.3 3.15 1500 Generator (Strontium-82)

Positron Emission Tomography Selected Radiopharmaceuticals

Perfusion AgentsOxygen-15 Carbon DioxideOxygen-15 WaterNitrogen-13 AmmoniaRubidium-82 Chloride

Blood VolumeOxygen-15 Carbon DioxideCarbon-11 Carbon DioxideGallium-68 EDTA

Metabolic AgentsFluorine-18 Sodium FluorideFluorine-18 FluorodeoxyglucoseOxygen-15 OxygenCarbon-11 AcetateCarbon-11 PalmitateNitrogen-13 Glutamate

Tumor AgentsFluorine-18 FluorodeoxyglucoseCarbon-11 MethionineFluorine-18 Fluorothymidine

Receptor-Binding AgentsCarbon-11 CarfentanilCarbon-11 RacloprideFluorine-18 Fluoro-L-dopaFluorine-18 Spiperone