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Project No.
EPC FOR ASAB FFD PROJECT
Document No.
PROCEDURE FOR GAMMA RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
A INITIAL DOCUMENT
REV. DATE ORIGINATOR REVIEWED APPROVED DESCRIPTION
THIS DOCUMENT IS INTENDED FOR USE BY ADCO AND ITS NOMINATED CONSULTANTS, CONTRACTORS, MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS.
SUBCONTRACT No. ITEM:
ORIGINATOR : PIL JOB No.
LTIS Doc. No.
WBS Code : 000
Contract No :
ADCO DOC No : PROJ. No : Page 1 of 24
1 WORK MAY PROCEED
2 REVISE AND RESUBMIT. WORK MAY PROCEED SUBJECT TO INCORPORATON OF CHANGES INDICATED.
3 REVISE AND RESUBMIT. WORK MAY NOT PROCEED
4 REVIEW NOT REQUIRED. FOR INFO ONLY
5 CANCELLED / DELETED
By: Date:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE................................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................3
3.0 EXTANT OF EXAMINATION................................................................................................3
4.0 SAFETY............................................................................................................................... 3
5.0 PERSONNEL....................................................................................................................... 4
6.0 EQUIPMENT........................................................................................................................ 4
7.0 MATERIALS......................................................................................................................... 4
8.0 PREPARATION...................................................................................................................5
9.0 CONSIDERATIONS.............................................................................................................9
10.0 CALIBRATION...................................................................................................................10
11.0 METHOD........................................................................................................................... 10
12.0 EVALUATION....................................................................................................................20
13.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA..................................................................................................20
14.0 REPORTS.......................................................................................................................... 20
15.0 RECORDS........................................................................................................................ 21
16.0 APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................... 21
17.0 RADIATION UNITS...........................................................................................................22
18.0 ACTIVITY.......................................................................................................................... 22
19.0 DOSE (ABSORBED).........................................................................................................22
2O.0 DOSE (EQUIVALENT)......................................................................................................22
21.0 RADIATION OUTPUT.......................................................................................................23
DOCUMENT TITLE:Project No.:
ADCO DOC. NO.
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
PAGE 2 OF 25
1.0 SCOPE
This procedure outlines the minimum requirements for the radiographic testing (RT) of process
and utility piping using gamma ray methods for detection of discontinuities in welds and Heat
effected zone in carbon steel and stainless steel in accordance with ASME Boiler & Pressure
Vessel Code, Section V.
2.0 REFERENCES
Lonestar Safety Manual
ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A ; 2001 Edition
Lonestar Written Practice.
Lonestar RT Safety
Lonestar RT Emergency
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section V Articles 2 & 22 ; Edition 2007,
2009b addenda
ASME Code for process piping B31.3 ; Edition 2008
ASTM E 94: Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 & 2 ; 2007 Edition
ADCO Specification, WS-1 Rev 2
Project Spec 14.99.37 (1704 Shop & field fabrication of metallic piping
DEP 30.10.60.18 welding of metals (Amendments) / Supplements to API RP582.
DEP 31.38.01.31 Shop & field fabrication of piping
3.0 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION
Extent of examination shall be as per client requirements
4.0 SAFETY
All personnel shall be aware at all times of hazards both of site and method in order to prevent
accident or injury to self or others.
4.1 General
Care shall be taken in using electrical items ensuring undamaged wiring, correct plug for
socket, correct voltage; for handling materials, e.g. processing chemicals, wash hands
immediately after use, flush eyes with lukewarm water in event of contamination, avoid
smoking, eating and drinking whilst using products.
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ADCO DOC. NO.
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
PAGE 3 OF 25
4.2 Radiological Protection
Radiography shall only be carried out at the area under protected conditions so that the
radiography personnel and any near-by working personnel shall not be subjected to
radiation doses exceeding the permitted levels. Precautions shall be taken when using
remote control gamma ray projectors (cameras) by way of radiation alarm instruments;
radiation surveys meters, warning boards, warning lights, and effective cordoning off of
the surrounding areas while taking radiography.
Radiography personnel shall wear TLDs or film badges, pocket alarms and dosimeters to
monitor operations.
Radiation survey meters shall be used for any movement, including transportation,
involving the projector containing radiation sources and before, during and after exposure
Thorough physical checks shall be carried on taking any radiation producing equipment
to jobsites, when removing from and returning to, secure storage (pit) to monitor for any
physical damages and establish good working condition.
All personnel working in or near radiation areas shall observe the ALARA principle.
5.0 PERSONNEL
Personnel conducting radiography on behalf of Lonestar shall be qualified at least one of the
following,
a) Personnel conducting the test shall be qualified in Radiographic Testing in accordance with
SNT-TC-1A.
b) Personnel having other qualification such as PCN may use this procedure with specific
written approval of Client authorized representative.
5.1 Vision
Personnel performing examination shall have vision, with correction if necessary, as
follows,
a) Near vision acuity: capable of reading Jaeger J-2 or equivalent on standard chart at a
distance of not less than 300 mm (12 in). Test shall be administered annually.
b) Color contrast vision: shall be able to differentiate the contrast among shades of grey
used in method. Test shall be administered annually.
6.0 EQUIPMENT
Gamma ray projectors are, portable remote control type B(U) certified, Tech-Ops 660 rated
3.74 TBq (100 Ci) maximum, D-880 rated 5.5 TBq (150 Ci) maximum of Ir 192 and other
approved and certified models shall be used.
7.0 MATERIALS
DOCUMENT TITLE:Project No.:
ADCO DOC. NO.
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
PAGE 4 OF 25
7.1 Film
a) Selection
The films used shall conform to ASTM/ASME specification E 94/SE 94 table 2
and be of high contrastor ultra fine grain, high contrast films which qualify as
Type 1 & II ASTM 1818-96.
Class I Film : Agfa Structurix D4, Kodak MX 125, Fuji IX 50
Class II Film : Agfa Structurix D7, Kodak AA 400, Fuji IX 100
Selection of films shall be determined by material by material type and thickness,
radiation energy, source size, source to film distance and sensitivity
requirements. For gamma ray radiography of thickness less than 10 mm class 1
film shall be used.
Films, both un-exposed and exposed, shall be preserved in a place free from heat,
light, pressure, radiation, chemical fumes, smoke, excessive humidity and at
temperatures not more than 300C.
Films shall be used before expiry date as marked by the manufacturer.
b) Processing
All films shall be processed carefully in accordance with time, temperature and
chemicals parameters per ASME Section V Article 22, SE- 94.
Normal development time is 5 to 8 minutes at 200C (680F). The film shall be agitated
horizontally and vertically for few seconds to disperse any air bubbles in each minute
during development time to ensure even processing.
Radiograph presented for interpretation shall be free from process marks, artifacts,
pressure marks or any other marks at the area of interest on the film.
7.2 Intensifying Screens
a) Only lead intensifying screens of thickness 0.125 mm shall be employed for
radiography using Gamma-ray method. Where necessary, single use lead foil
associated with pre-packed film may be used.
b) Screens shall be used in pairs and placed either side of film.
c) Screens shall be free from scratches, dents, dirt or the like
8.0 PREPARATION
DOCUMENT TITLE:Project No.:
ADCO DOC. NO.
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
PAGE 5 OF 25
8.1 Surface
The weld to be examined shall be free of irregularities such as weld ripples, spatter,
grinding, chipping, other irregularities or extraneous material that may interfere with
interpretation of radiographs.
The weld reinforcement of butt welds shall not exceed the acceptable limits.
8.2 Source Selection
Gamma rays source Ir-192 and/or Se-75 shall be used for radiographic testing.
However gamma rays Ir-192 and/or Se 75 shall be utilized provided radiographic
sensitivity shall be demonstrated as required. The maximum source size shall be
3x3mm.
8.3 Image Quality Indicator
a) Selection
The DIN image quality indicator (IQI) or equivalent conforming to SE 747
subject to Client’s approval shall be used.
Nominal single wall thickness plus permitted reinforcement shall be
considered for selection of applicable IQI.
For radiography involving DWDI technique the single wall thickness plus
allowable reinforcement shall be considered for selection of IQI.
Backing strips shall not be considered in selection of IQI
The selection of IQI shall be in accordance with ASME Section V Article 2, T-276 as follows:
Nominal Single-Wall
Material Thickness Range
IQI
Source Side Film Side
in mmHole-Type
Designation
Wire-Type
Essential
Wire
Hole-Type
Designation
Wire-Type
Essential
Wire
Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, incl. 12 5 10 4
Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 15 6 12 5
Over 0.25 through 0.50 Over 9.5 through 12.7 17 7 15 6
Over 0.50 through 0.75 Over 12.7 through 19.0 20 8 17 7
Over 0.75 through 1.0 Over 19.0 through 25.4 25 9 20 8
Over 1.0 through 1.50 Over 25.4 through 38.1 30 10 25 9
Over 1.50 through 2.0 Over 38.1 through 50.8 35 11 30 10
Over 2.0 through 2.50 Over 50.8 through 63.5 40 12 35 11
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RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
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Wire type image quality indicators, SE-747
SetWire no
Ø mm
Wire no
Ø mm
Wire no
Ø mm
Wire no
Ø mm
Wire no
Ø mm
Wire no
Ø mm
A 1/0.08 2/0.10 3/0.13 4/0.16 5/0.20 6/0.25
B 6/0.25 7/0.33 8/0.41 9/0.51 10/0.63 11/0.81
C 11/0.81 12/1.02 13/1.27 14/1.60 15/2.03 16/2.5
D 16/2.5 17/3.2 18/4.06 19/5.1 20/6.4 21/8.0
b) Number of IQI(s) Required
For unidirectional exposure at least one IQI shall appear on each radiograph. Should the
density of radiography vary by more than –15% to + 30% from density measured through the
body of IQI then additional IQI(s) shall be used to cover the other densities.
For panoramic exposure where one or more film holders shall be used then at least three
IQIs shall be used being placed approximately 1200 apart or as per written specification of
client.
For panoramic exposures when covering only a section of circumference at least three IQIs
as one at the center with the other two at each of the ends shall be used.
c) Placement
The IQI shall be located on the source side of the weld being radiographed except when
inaccessibility prevents hand placing of the IQI. In such case then the IQI may be located
on film side with lead marker ‘F’ shall be placed adjacent to IQI.
The plane of the IQI shall be normal to the direction of the radiation beam and identity of
the IQI shall be visible on the radiograph. The identity of IQI or ‘F’ shall not obscure the
area of interest.
Wire IQI shall be placed near to the end of film of weld being radiographed. The length of
wire shall be perpendicular to the length of weld. The lower diameter wire shall be
towards the end of the radiograph and the whole IQI shall be placed adjacent to or on the
weld.
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When size or configuration of the object prevents locating IQI on the object it may be
placed on a separate block of the same material and thickness as the part being
radiographed as close as possible to the object.
d) Identification
A system of permanent identification shall be provided on the radiographs with the
following details.
a. Client’s name and job number.
b. Drawing or spool number.
c. Joint number / welder number.
d. Date of radiographic examination.
e. Shot numbers – location markers.
f. Letter ‘R’ if it was after repair and RT for retake.
g. The location (of location markers) shall be marked on the part radiographed.
h. Location markers shall be mounted on the part under examination, not on the
exposure holder/cassette.
Location markers shall be kept on source side or film side as illustrated in figures below.
Flat component or longitudinal seam Curved components with radiation source to
(See sketch (e) for alternate) film distance less than radius of component
(a) (b)
Curved components with convex surface Curved components with radiation source to
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ADCO DOC. NO.
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
PAGE 8 OF 25
towards radiation source film distance greater than radius of
curvature
(c) (d)
Source side marker alternate Curved component with radiation source
Flat component or longitudinal seam at center curvature
x = (t / D) (Mf / 2) (f)
x = additional required coverage
beyond film side location marker
t = component thickness
Mf = film side location marker interval
D = source to component distance
(e)
9.0 CONSIDERATIONS
9.1 Sensitivity
Sensitivity shall be demonstrated with a technique to achieve the required sensitivity of
2% or better as per client’s requirements
The required diameter wire shall be visible on radiograph, unless a higher or lower quality
is agreed with the Client
A radiograph shall be considered acceptable if the contour image of the specified
diameter wire is seen on the radiograph
9.2 Un Sharpness
Source to object distance shall be selected to attain a minimum geometric unsharpness.
This is given by the following formula:
Ug = Ft / d
Ug = Geometric un-sharpness
F = Size of the source
t = Distance from source side of the object to film
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RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
PAGE 9 OF 25
d = Source to object distance determined at the approximate centre
of area of interest.
The source to object distance shall be so that the resulting geometrical
unsharpness shall not exceed the following given values
WELD THICKNESS, mm MAXIMUM GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS, mm
Up to 50 0.51
Above 50 to 75 0.76
Above 75 to 100 1.02
Above 100 1.78
9.2 Density
The density adjacent to the required wire of IQI on the diagnostic area of a radiograph
shall be 2.0- 3.5 for single film viewing for radiographs made with gamma source. The
maximum density for either single or composite viewing shall be 4.0. A tolerance of 0.1
in density shall be allowed for variations between densitometer readings.
9.3 Back Scatter
A lead marker ‘B’ of 13 mm height and 1.5 mm thickness shall be fixed on the back of
each film holder to check for backscattered radiation. A white image of the letter ‘B’ on
radiograph indicates insufficient protection from backscatter and radiographs shall be
considered unacceptable, however a black image of letter ‘B’ shall not be a cause for
rejection.
10.0 CALIBRATION
The densitometer shall be calibrates by utilizing a standard step tablet having at least 05 steps
with neutral densities from 1.0 to 4.0. Step wedge calibration film shall be valid for one year upon
opening, provided it is within manufacturer stated shelf life. Calibration of the densitometer shall
be carried out in three (3) month intervals. Calibration shall meet the requirements of T-262 of
ASME Sec V, Article 2.
11.0 METHOD
The radiography technique for the different types of joints shall be selected from the details given
below.
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RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
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11.1 SWSI Technique
For radiography of long seams of larger diameter shells, test plates or for larger diameter
pipe / shell when part of circumference is radiographed keeping source outside or inside,
for panoramic technique i.e. source at the center of the axis, for pipes of lower diameter
where the placement of source is possible to keep inside and on the opposite wall
(approximately opposite to the center of the area under radiography), the SWSI
technique shall be selected.
(a) (b) (c) Exposure Arrangement for Single Wall Single Image
11.2 DWSI Technique
The DWSI technique shall be used for radiography of pipes diameter more than 88.9 mm
and for higher diameter shells (both sides closed vessels) where placement of films
inside is not possible.
Minimum three or more shots shall be taken to cover the full weld while using this technique.
(a) (b)
Double Wall Single Image
11.3 DWDI Technique
For pipes of diameter less than 88.9 mm diameter two shots at 900 to each other shall be
taken. The two weld images shall be separated in the radiograph for complete coverage
of weld evaluation. Care shall be taken to meet geometric unsharpness value is below
the acceptance level.
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Double Wall Double Image
11.4 Double Wall Superimposed Technique
When using super imposed image technique, a minimum three shots shall be taken at
600 or 1200 to each other on pipe joint.
Care shall be taken while marking repair location on the job.
Double Wall Superimposed Technique
12.0 EVALUATION
12.1 Viewing Conditions
The radiograph shall be evaluated / viewed in a room with a subdued background lighting
of intensity such that no reflections, shadows or glare appear on the radiograph. The
illuminator shall provide sufficient variable light intensity to evaluate any radiograph
having 2.0 to 4.0 density range.
12.2 Quality
Radiographs shall be free from all mechanical, chemical or other blemishes. Such
blemishes may include storage, processing and / or handling faults.
DOCUMENT TITLE:Project No.:
ADCO DOC. NO.
RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
PAGE 12 OF 25
12.3 Interpretation
Only certified RT level-2 personnel shall interpret the radiographs and evaluate the
testing results. A copy of the contracted code / standard criteria shall be available for
reference during the interpretation.
12.4 Diagnostic Film Length
It is essential to ensure full coverage of area of interest by overlap with individual
radiographs. Consideration shall be given to each exposure regarding thickness of the
material penetrated at the extremities of the readable area of interest. This area shall be
measured in the direction of the incident beam at that point shall not exceed 10% of the
thickness being examined.
13.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Imperfections revealed in Radiographic testing shall be
accepted or rejected in accordance with the Reference
Code as applicable. Some typical imperfections and the
acceptance criteria is given below:
Typical Weld Imperfections
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RADIOGRAPHY INSPECTION PROCEDURE REV. A DATE :
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13.4 Table-3: ASME B31.3 table 341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria
for Welds and Examination Methods for
Evaluating Weld Imperfections
Criteria (A to M) for Types of Welds and for Service Conditions (Note (1) )
Examination Method
Normal and Category M
Fluid Service
Service Cyclic
Conditions
Category D Fluid Service
Weld Imperfection Radiography
Type of Weld Type of Weld Type of Weld
Girth, Miter Groove & Branch
Connection (Note (4) )
Longitudinal Groove (Note
(2) )
Fillet (Note (3) )
Girth, Miter Groove & Branch
Connection (Note (4) )
Fillet (Note (3) )
Girth, Miter Groove
Longitudinal Groove (Note
(2)
Fillet (Note (3) )
Branch Connection (Note
A A A A √ A A A A A Crack √
A A A A √ A C AN/A
A Lack of fusion √
B A N/A A √N/A
C AN/A
B Incomplete penetration √
E E N/A D √N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Internal porosity √
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G G N/A F √N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Internal slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication
√
H A H A √ A I A H H Undercutting √
A A A A - A A A A ASurface porosity or
exposed slag inclusion (Note (5) )
-
N/A N/A N/A J - JN/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Surface finish -
K K N/A K √N/A
K KN/A
KConcave root surface
(suck up)√
L L L L - L M M M MWeld reinforcement or internal protrusion
-
GENERAL NOTES:
a) Weld imperfections are evaluated by one or more of the types of examination methods given, as specified in paras. 341.4.1, 341.4.2, 341.4.3 and M341.4, or by the engineering design.
b) “N/A” indicates the Code does not establish acceptance criteria or does not require evaluation of this kind of imperfection for this type of weld.
c) Check (√) indicates examination method generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection.
d) Ellipsis (-) indicates examination method not generally used for evaluating this kind of weld imperfection.
13.4.1 Criterion Value Notes for Table 341.3.2 CriterionSymbo
lMeasure
Acceptable Value Limits ( Note (6) )
A Extent of imperfection Zero (no evident imperfection)
BDepth of incomplete penetrationCumulative length of incomplete penetration
≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤ 0.2 Tw ≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) In any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
C
Depth of lack of fusion and incomplete penetration cumulative length of lack of fusion and incomplete penetration ( Note (7) )
≤ 0.2 Tw
≤ 38 mm (1.5 in.) in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
DSize and distribution of internal porosity
See BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 4
ESize and distribution of internal porosity
For Tw ≤ 6 mm (1/4 in.) limit is same as DFor Tw ≤ 6 mm (1/4 in.) limit is 1.5 x D
F
Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indicationIndividual lengthIndividual widthCumulative length
≤ 2Tw /3≤ 2.5 mm (3/32 in.) and ≤ Tw /3≤ Tw in any 12 Tw weld length
G Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indicationIndividual lengthIndividual width
≤ 2Tw
≤ 3 mm (1/8 in.) and ≤ Tw /2≤ 4 Tw in any 150 mm (6 in.) weld length
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Cumulative lengthH Depth of undercut ≤ 1 mm (1/32 in.) and ≤Tw/4
I Depth of undercut≤ 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) and ≤ [Tw/4 or 1mm (1/32 in.)]
J Surface roughness ≤ 500 min. Ra per ASME B46.1
K Depth of root surface concavityTotal joint thickness, incl. weld reinf., ≥ Tw
L
Height of reinforcement or internal protrusion ( Note (8) ) in any plane through the weld shall be within limits of the applicable height value in the tabulation at right, except as provided in Note (9). Weld metal shall merge smoothly into the component surfaces.
For Tw mm (in.)≤ 6 (1/4)> 6 (1/4), ≤ 13 (1/2) > 13 (1/4), ≤ 25 (1)> 25 (1)
Height mm (in.)≤ 1.5 (1/16)≤ 3 (1/8 ≤ 4 (5/32≤ 5 (3/16)
MHeight of reinforcement or internal protrusion ( Note (8) ) as described in L. Note (9) does not apply.
Limit is twice the value applicable for L above
Table 341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds and Examination Methods for
Evaluating Welds Imperfections (Cont’d)
NOTES:(1) Criteria are given for required examination. More stringent criteria
may be specified in the engineering design. See also paras. 341.5 and 341.5.3
(2) Branch connection weld includes pressure-containing welds in branches and fabricated laps.
(3) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Criteria are not intended to apply to welds made in accordance with a standard listed in Table A-1 or Table 326.1. Alternative Leak Test requires examination of these welds; see para. 345.9.
(4) Fillet weld includes socket and seal welds, and attachment welds for slip-on flanges, branch reinforcement, and supports.
(5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds ≤5mm (3/16 in.) in nominal thickness.
(6) Where two limiting values are separated by “and,”_ the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by “or”, the larger value is acceptable. Tw is the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.
(7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.(8) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from
the surfaces of the adjacent components; both reinforcement and internal protrusion are permitted in a weld. For fillet welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat, Fig. 328.5.2A; internal protrusion does not apply.
(9) For welds in aluminum alloy only, internal protrusion shall not exceed the following values:
(a) 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) for thickness ≤ 2 mm (5/64 in.) (b) 2.5 mm (3.32 in.) for thickness >2 mm and ≤ 6 mm (1/4 in.) For external reinforcement and for greater
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thickness, see the tabulation for symbol L.
e) Rounded Indications
The rounded indications characterized as imperfections shall not exceed that
shown in the charts (Fig 4-1 to 4-8 as referred in ASME Sec viii Div.1). The charts
in Figs. 4-3 through 4-8 illustrate various types of assorted, randomly dispersed
and clustered rounded indications for different weld thicknesses greater than 1/8
in. (3 mm). These charts represent the maximum acceptable concentration limits
for rounded indications. The charts for each thickness range represent full-scale
6 in. (150 mm) radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The
distributions shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the
radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and size of indications permitted.
TABLE 4-1
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Fig. 4-1: ALIGNED ROUNDED INDICATIONS
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Thickness t, Maximum Size of Maximum Size of mm Acceptable
Rounded Nonrelevant
Indication, mm Indication, mm Random Isolated
Less than 3
1/4t 1/3t
1/10t
3
0.79 1.07
0.38
5
1.19 1.60
0.38
6
1.60 2.11
0.38
8
1.98 2.64
0.79
10
2.31 3.18
0.79
11
2.77 3.71
0.79
13
3.18 4.27
0.79
14
3.61 4.78
0.79
16
3.96 5.33
0.79
17
3.96 5.84
0.79
19.0 to 50, incl. 3.96 6.35
0.79
Over 50
3.96 9.53
1.60
GENERAL NOTE: This Table contains examples only.
GENERAL NOTE: Sum of L1 to Lx shall be less than t in a length of 12t
Fig. 4-2: GROUPS OF ALIGNED ROUNDED INDICATIONS
GENERAL NOTE: Sum of the group lengths shall be less than t in a length of 12t
Maximum Group Length Minimum Group Spacing L = ¼ in. (6 mm) for t less than ¾ in. (19 mm) 3L where L is the length of the L = 1/3t for t ¾ in. (19 mm) to 2¼ in. (57 mm) longest adjacent group being L = ¾ in. (19 mm) fir t greater than 2¼ in. (57 mm) evaluated
Fig. 4-3: CHARTS FOR t EQUAL TO 1/8 in. (3 mm to 6 mm), INCLUSIVE
a) Random Rounded Indications ( See Note (1) )
b) Isolated Indication ( See Note (2) ) c)
Cluster
NOTES:
(1) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. (150 mm) length of weld
(2) Maximum size per Table 4-1.
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Fig. 4-4: CHARTS FOR t OVER ¼ in. TO 3/8 in. (6mm to 10 mm), INCLUSIVE
(a) Random Rounded Indications ( See Note (1) )
b) Isolated Indication ( See Note (2) ) (c) Cluster
NOTES:
(1) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. (150 mm) length of weld.
(2) Maximum size per Table 4-1.
Fig. 4-5: CHARTS FOR t OVER 3/8 in. to ¾ in. (10 mm to 19 mm), INCLUSIVE
(a) Random Rounded Indications ( See Note (1) )
a. Isolated Indication ( See Note (2) )
NOTES:
a) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. (150 mm) length of weld.
b) Maximum size per Table 4-1.
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Fig. 4-6: CHARTS FOR t OVER ¾ in. to 2 in. (19 mm to 50mm), INCLUSIVE
(a) Random Rounded Indications ( See Note (1) )
a. Isolated Indication ( see Note (2) )
NOTES:a) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. (150 mm)
length of weld.b) (2) Maximum size per Table 4-1.
Fig. 4-7: CHARTS FOR t OVER 2 in. to 4 in. (150 mm to 100 mm), INCLUSIVE
(a) Random Rounded Indications ( See Note (1) )
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(b) Isolated Indications ( See Note (2) )
NOTES:
a) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. (150 mm )
length of weld
c) Maximum size per Table 4-1.
Fig. 4-8: CHARTS FOR t OVER 4 in. (100 mm)
d)
Random Rounded Indications ( See Note (a) )
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
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m)
(b) Isolated Indication ( See Note (2) )
NOTES:
a) Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. (150 mm) length
of weld.
b) Maximum size per Table 4-1.
13.2 The “burn through” detected shall be evaluated as a lack of penetration or internal cavity
14.0 REPORTS
Radiography report shall contain the following information as minimum, as described in Annexure
– 1 of this document.
Report no
Client
Job no./ work order no.
Item description
Acceptance criteria
Length of weld / diameter of weld
Thickness and reinforcement
Welder No.
Welding process
Testing procedure
Testing technique
Number of radiographs (exposures)
Source type and activity (GBq)
Source size (focal spot)
Source to object distance
Distance from source side of object to film
Screen type & thickness
Film type and class
No of films per cassette
IQI identity & type
Sensitivity
Density
Date of test with technician name and signature
Date of evaluation (if different) with name and signature
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15.0 RECORDS
Where radiographs not handed to Client, all radiographs shall be stored for five years
minimum or for duration specified by the Client at location free from potential damage and in a
dry area to avoid fading and staining, with proper identity details on the package, refer to item
6.1.2 above.
16.0 APPENDIX -1
Radiographic Inspection Report Form
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DOCUMENT TITLE:Project No.:
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