Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry

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Series 3. High Technology - Vol. 82

Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields

edited by

B. Jon Klauenberg United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, U.S.A.

and

Damijan Miklavcic Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Springer-Scieoce+Business Media, B.V.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia 12-16 October 1998

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-0-7923-6405-4 ISBN 978-94-011-4191-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4191-8

Printed an acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ ing photocopying, record ing or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

CONTENTS

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xv

INTRODUCTION

NATO Involvement in Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) Research and Health Safety B. 1. Klauenberg ................................................................................................ 1

United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety: Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards

M. R. Murphy ................................................................................................... 11

International EMF Project M. H. Repacholi ............................................................................................... 21

SESSION A: BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DOSIMETRY CHAIR: Y. GRIGORIEV

Summary of Session A: Basics of Electromagnetics and Dosimetry Y. Grigoriev ..................................................................................................... 29

Microwave Effect on Embryo Brain: Dose Dependence and the Effect of Modulation Y. Grigoriev and V. Stepanov .......................................................................... 31

Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts w. D. Hurt ........................................................................................................ 39

Dosimetry and Densitometry of Pulsed Fields D. Simunic ........................................................................................................ 53

Biophysics Limits on the Biological Effects of Ultra wide band Electromagnetic Radiation

R. K. Adair ....................................................................................................... 63

SESSION B: DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE CHAIR: C. GABRIEL

Summary of Session B: The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 73

The Dielectric Properties of Tissues C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 75

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Investigations of Tissue Microwave and Thermal Properties for Combined Microwave and Thermal Modelling of Body Tissue Regions

D. V. Land, A. J. Gorton, and G. Hamilton ...................................................... 85

Dielectric Properties of Skin T. Lahtinen, J. Nuutinen, and E. Alanen .......................................................... 97

Dielectric Properties of Human Crystalline Lens: Cataractogenic Effects of RFR L. D. Szabo and J. Bakos ............................................................................... 103

SESSION C: THEORETICAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: O. P. GANDHI

Summary of Session C: Theoretical Dosimetry O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 109

Numerical and Experimental Methods for Dosimetry of RF Radiation: Some Recent Results

O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 111

Electromagnetic Field Calculations in an Anatomically Realistic Voxel Model of the Human Body

P. J. Dimbylow ............................................................................................... 123

Theoretical Methods of Evaluation of Absorbed Dose of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Nonuniform Media

M. L. Rudakov ............................................................................................... 133

Recent Advances in Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling P. A. Mason, J. M. Ziriax, W. D. Hurt, T. J. Walters, K. L. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, K.1. Smith, and J. A. D'Andrea .............................................. 141

SESSION D: EXPERIMENTAL DOSIMETRY CHAIR: N. KUSTER

Summary of Session D: Experimental Dosimetry N. Kuster and T. J. Walters ............................................................................ 157

Experimental and Numerical Near-Field Evaluation ofRF Transmitters K. Pokovic, M. Burkhardt, T. Schmid, and N. Kuster ................................... 159

High-Resolution Microwave Dosimetry in Lossy Media A. G. Pakhomov, S. P. Mathur, Y. Akyel, J. L. Kiel, and M. R. Murphy ...... 187

Infrared Thermography in Experimental Dosimetry of Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wavelength Radiation Exposure

E. P. Khizhnyak and M. C. Ziskin .................................................................. 199

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A Comparison of SAR Values Determined Empirically and by FD-TD Modeling T. 1. Walters, P. A. Mason, K. 1. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, and W. D. Hurt ........ 207

Exposure and Dosimetry of Low Frequency RF Fields P. Vecchia and A. Polichetti ........................................................................... 217

Molecular Dosimetry J. L. Kiel ......................................................................................................... 227

Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields in the Radiofrequency Range M. S. Markov ................................................................................................. 239

Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, G. D'Inzeo, and S. Pisa ...................................... 247

SESSION E: CONTACT AND INDUCED CURRENTS CHAIR: M. ISRAEL

Summary of Session E: Contact and Induced Currents M. Israel ..................................................................................................... 257

Exposure Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency, Radiofrequency, and Microwave Radiation: Methods and Standards for Databases

M. S. Israel ..................................................................................................... 259

Biophysical Basis for Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Application to Low Frequency Exposure Standards

1. P. Reilly ...................................................................................................... 271

Dosimetry of RF Induced Body to Ground Current and Implications on Safety Standards S. Tofani ......................................................................................................... 293

Development of Induced and Contact Current (ICC) Limits in the HF and VHF Regions 1. A. Leonowich ............................................................................................. 301

Radiofrequency Measurements and Sources P. Gajsek ........................................................................................................ 309

Induced Current Densities and SARs from Non-uniform, Near-Field Exposure to Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields

P. Chadwick ................................................................................................... 321

Evaluating Partial-Body Radiofrequency Field Exposures: The Need for Better Near­Field Dosimetry

R. A. Tell ........................................................................................................ 335

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SESSION F: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS I CHAIR: E. R. ADAIR

Summary of Session F: Responses of Man and Animals I E. R. Adair ...................................................................................................... 343

Thermoregulation: Its Role in Microwave Exposure E. R. Adair ....................................................................................................... 345

Thermal Models for Microwave Heating of Tissue K. R. Foster .................................................................................................... 357

SAR Measurements in the Rhesus Monkey Ankle: Implications for Humans R. G. Olsen ..................................................................................................... 367

Microwave Dosimetry and Lethal Effects in Laboratory Animals V. G. Petin, G. P. Zhurakovskaya, and A. V. Kalugina ................................. 375

Teratologic Effects of Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation J. H. Merritt and L. N. Heynick ...................................................................... 383

SESSION G: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS II CHAIR: J. A. D'ANDREA

Summary of Session G: Responses of Man and Animals II J. A. D'Andrea ............................................................................................... 393

Effects of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiation on the Eye 1. A. D'Andrea and S. Chalfm ........................................................................ 395

Contemporary Research on the Behavioral Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation J. O. de Lorge ................................................................................................. 403

Focusing Properties of Pulsed Signals inside Biological Tissue Media K. S. Nikita ..................................................................................................... 409

900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields: Exposure Parameters and Effects on Djungarian Hamsters

A. Lerchl, H. Brendel, M. Niehaus, H. Krishnamurthy, V. Hansen, 1. Streckert, and A. Bitz ................................................................................. 419

Ligand Binding Under RF EM Exposure A. Chiabrera, B. Bianco, S. Giordano, S. Bruna, E. Moggia, and J. J. Kaufinan .................................................................................................. 429

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SESSION H: APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE CHAIR: D. MIKLA VCJ(~:

SumrnaIY of Session H: Applications of Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine D. Miklav~i~ ................................................................................................... 449

Dose Determinations in Epidemiological Studies K. Hansson Mild ............................................................................................ 451

Application of Dosimetry in Military Epidemiological Studies S. Szmigielski, R. Kubacki, and Z. Ciolek ..................................................... 459

Use of a Full-Size Human Model for Evaluating Metal Implant Heating during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Specific Absorption Rate Study

C. K. Chou ...................................................................................................... 473

Visualization of Electro Magnetic Field Exposure Using Radio-Frequency Current Density Imaging

K.. Beravs, R. Frangez, and F. Demsar .......................................................... .483

Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous-Endocrine-Immune Interactions

D. Miklav~i~, L. Vodovnik, and T. Kotnik .................................................... 493

SESSION I: STANDARDS AND APPLICATIONS CHAIR: J. M. OSEPCHUK

Summary of Session I: Standards and Applications J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 501

Radio Frequency Exposure Standards in the United States J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 503

The New ICNIRP Guidelines: Criteria, Restrictions, and Dosimetric Needs 1. H. Bernhardt ............................................................................................... 513

Requirements for the Protection of Persons and the Environment from Electromagnetic Fields of High Power Transmitters in the Federal Republic of Germany

K. W. Hofmann .............................................................................................. 523

Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure of Mobile Communications in Hungary and Evaluation Relevant EU and National Standard: Base Stations and Handy Devices

G. Thuroczy, J. Janossy, and N. Nagy ............................................................ 531

The Czech Limits and the European Prestandards J. Musil ........................................................................................................... 541

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SESSION J: THE DOSIMETRY HANDBOOK CHAIR: P. A. MASON

Summary of Session J: The Dosimetry Handbook P. A. Mason .................................................................................................... 545

Historical Perspective on the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

J. C. Mitchell .................................................................................................. 547

Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling: Interactive Presentations in the New Dosimetry Handbook

1. M. Ziriax, P. A. Mason, W. D. Hurt, 1. A. D'Andrea, M. A. Arce, and J. F. Petri III .................................................................................................. 555

Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 565

Speakers ....................................................................................................................... 571

Participants ................................................................................................................... 578

Official Photograph ...................................................................................................... 582

Index ............................................................................................................................. 585

PREFACE

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has sponsored research supporting development of personnel safety standards for exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) for over a quarter century. NATO previously recognized that one of the most important tools used in the RFR effects research laboratory is accurate dosimetry when it supported a NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI) on Advances in Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Low Energy Electromagnetic Fields held in 1981, in Erice, Sicily. That meeting resulted in a NATO ASI publication; Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Non-ionizing Radiation: Radiofrequency and Microwave Energies l .

The most recent NATO sponsored program on RFR was an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Developing a New Standardization Agreement (STANAG) for Radio frequency Radiation" held May 1993, at the Pratica di Mare Italian Air Force Base, Pomezia (Rome) Italy. That ARW produced an ASI proceedings, published in 1995: Radio frequency Radiation Standards, Biological Effects, Dosimetry, Epidemiology, and Public Health Policy2. The Rome ARW and the Proceedings served as a springboard to the much needed revision of the NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2345 MED "Evaluation and Control of Personnel Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields - 3 kHz to 300 GHz,,3, which was subsequently promulgated in October 1998. One of the published recommendations developed by the Rome ARW was to hold this second ARW focusing on dosimetry and measurements.

The NATO Research and Technology Organization (R&T 0) Human Factors and Medicine Panel-026, Task Group 002 "Health Effects of Non-ionizing Radiation in the Military Setting" in 1998 identified Dosimetry and Measurements as a high priority topic needing review and update. Additionally, the two NATO Military Agency for Standardization (MAS) Working Groups dealing with RFR personnel safety (General Medical WG and Radio and Radar Radiation Hazards WG) both endorsed the need for further review of RFR Dosimetry.

The most cited reference on dosimetry is the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook4-7. The impetus for the Handbook was to bring together dosimetric data to guide researchers in dealing with the complex processes of absorption of RFR in biological tissue. The dosimetric data in the first Handbook4, published in 1976, was limited to the frequency range 10 kHz to l.5 GHz. The only data provided was for homogeneous spheroidal and ellipsoidal models. Subsequent editions expanded the frequency range and added data on absorption in models irradiated by plane-waves in free space and on or near ground planes. Empirical relations for calculating the rate of energy absorption, some rules of thumb, and data from the literature summarizing metabolic rates, dielectric constants, and conductivities were also included. The 3rd Edition6 contained a section on dosimetric techniques, including qualitative near-field dosimetry. The 4th Edition7 was published in October 1986 and updated much of these data to provide convenient access to the information contained in the previous editions. These Handbooks have been among the most cited references in scientific reports

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concerning the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation, indicating their usefulness to the health effects community. There have been many advances in the state-of­knowledge since 1986, as researchers have begun to understand the complexities of tissue absorption of RFR. If biological effects of exposure are to be understood, accurate dosimetry is required in the assessment of exposure to this kind of radiation. New advances in theory, technology, and computation must now be applied to the development of a new edition of the Handbook.

The expansion of NATO provides new opportunities for collaborative research and information exchange. Harmonization and alignment of standards for safety are necessary within NATO to ensure interoperability during NATO exercises. Safety standards within NATO and worldwide should be based upon the same scientific data. However, significant differences are seen between the major standards. One of the probable factors for these differences is that the variability in research results upon which standards are based is frequently due to inconsistency in measurement and dosimetry. The output of a transmitter is usually easily established, and energy densities around it can be predicted and, in free field conditions, be measured with some precision. The introduction of animals and support equipment into the field perturbs it, so that measurements or calculations of energy density become very difficult. Power deposition levels within the whole animal and in small areas of the animal are required for meaningful bioeffects research. Until laboratories adopt more standard forms of animal exposure, methods of making density measurements, and reporting experimental results, comparison between different experiments will be impossible. Continuing work is needed on phantom and animal exposure studies aimed at measuring, and then predicting power deposition in individual organs. If dosimetry is not reliable and valid, then the data upon which standards are based should be questioned. A consensus needs to be obtained on a unifonnlstandardized dosimetry methodology.

The five day Slovenian ARW had four major objectives: (1) Provide an international forum to identify and discuss new technological advances in dosimetry and measurements (2) establish working groups to evaluate these advances; (3) develop a consensus on which advances should be applied to an update of the standard reference Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook (Ed 4) ; and (4) provide a foundation for a series of lectures to disseminate [mdings and train scientists. Papers were followed by round-table discussion sessions for comment on presentations and to develop consensus recommendations. The [mal day consisted of a specialized session of working groups to plan activities to begin revision of the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook.

Our experience with international research and development programs designed to foster consensus on scientific issues has shown that inclusion and involvement are the critical to success. While a significant portion of expertise in the field of RFR research is found in the western world and is concentrated in military establishments, the expansion ofNA TO requires that experts worldwide be included. The exchange of ideas and information benefited all participants. The directors are especially grateful that scientists from Cooperation Partner and Partner for Peace countries were able to participate as key speakers, working group participants, or as observers. There is a need for international cooperation and a requirement for achieving commonality, compatibility, interchangeability, and interoperability within NATO.

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In keeping with NATO objectives for ARWs, this working meeting was designed to assess the state-of-the-art in a given scientific area (RFR dosimetry) and to formulate recommendations for future. Several recommendations were issued by the ARW working groups and are attached as the Appendix. This ARW continues the NATO program goal to enhance security through scientific dialogue and to encourage peaceful exploitation of scientific skills and discoveries. We believe that the NATO Science Program objective of enhancing scientific and technological capabilities of Partner for Peace countries was fulfilled. We hope that this proceedings will stimulate interest and support coordinated research and development in RFR Dosimetry. This ARW proceedings is expected to be a valued resource for developing wider international consensus. No single nation can provide the overarching framework necessary. The consensus developed should be as multi-national as possible including Partner for Peace and other nations as well as NATO member nations. The International EMF Dosimetry Project first organized at this ARW is expected to bring a multinational effort to bear on this topic. We hope that this proceedings will stimulate this effort.

Directors and Editors

B. Jon Klauenberg, Damijan Miklavcic

Organizing Committee

Peter Gajsek, Paolo Vecchia, Stanislaw Szmigielski, Laszlo Szabo

References

\. Grandolfo, M., Michaelson, S.M., and Rindi, A. (eds.) (1983) Biological Effects and DOSimetry of Nonionizing Radiation: Radiofrequency and Microwave Energies, Plenum Press, New York and London.

2. Klauenberg, B. J., Grandolfo, M. and Erwin, D. N. (eds.) (1995) Radiofrequency Radiation Standards: Biological Effects, DoSimetry, Epidemiology, and Public Health Policy. NATO ASI Series Volume 274, Plenum Press Publishing Corp, New York and London.

3. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military Agency for Standardization. (1995) Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2345 MED (Edition 2), Evaluation and Control of Personnel Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields - 3kHz to 300 GHz, , (ARMY)372-MEDf2345.

4. Johnson, C. C., Durney, C. H., Barber, P. W., Massoudi, H., Allen, S. J., and Mitchell, J. C. (1976) USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Radiofrequency Radiation DOSimetry Handbook-1 st Edition, USAFSAM­TR-76-35.

5. Durney, C. H., Johnson, C. C., Barber, P. W., Massoudi, H., Iskander, M. F., Lords, 1. L., Ryser, D. K., Allen, S. J., and Mitchell, J. C. (1978» USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook - 2nd Edition, USAFSAM -TR -78-22.

6. Durney, C. H., Iskander, M. F., Massoudi, H., Allen, S. J., and Mitchell, 1. C. (1980) USAF School of Aerospace Medicine Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook- 3'd Edition, USAFSAM-TR-80-32.

7. Durney, C. H., Massouodi, H., and Iskander, M. F. (1986) USAF School of Aerospace Medicine Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook - 4,h Edition, USAFSAM-TR-85-73.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This NATO Advanced Research Workshop would not have been possible without the personal commitment and attention of numerous organizations and individuals. We are indebted to the following sponsoring organizations: NATO Scientific Affairs Division, High Technology Area; NATO Research and Technology Organization, United States Air Force Research Laboratory; United States Air Force Security Assistance Command; United States Air Force European Office of Aerospace Research and Development; the European BioElectromagnetics Association, the Bioelectromagnetics Society, Elletra 2000, Holaday Industries Inc., the University of Ljubljana and the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia. The support and participation of the following Republic of Slovenia Ministries is gratefully acknowledged: the Ministry of Science and Technology; the Ministry Foreign Affairs; the Ministry of Defense; the Institute of Public Health; the, Ministry of Health; and the Ministry of Environment . The beautiful facilities at the Hotel Spik, Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia, made the conference extremely pleasant and the long working days enjoyable. The directors and the participants of this ARW are deeply indebted to numerous individuals for their outstanding contributions that made the ARW such a success. Similarly, the contributions of the local arrangements committee headed by Peter Gajsek of the Institute of Public Health, and technical assistants Marko Puc, David Cukjati, Mojca Pavlin, and Natasa Kitak are greatly acknowledged. The social events and tours are memories of "The Slovene miracle" and "The Land of Green Tourism" that will be treasured. The meeting would not have occurred had not Ms Nancy Schulte, Program Director, High Technology Program given personal attention to our proposal. Her support was invaluable. Two individuals should be singled out for particular thanks for their untiring work before, during, and after the ARW. Ms Debra Jurek, Veridian, for her tireless efforts as executive secretary, ensuring all the many administrative details were accomplished smoothly, especially registration, travel, and accommodations arrangements. All in attendance will fondly remember her personal attention to each individuals needs. Ms Stephanie Miller, Radio Frequency Branch, USAF Research Laboratory, for cheerfully and diplomatically obtaining all the required paper work from the authors, reformatting and editing grammar and syntax of each paper (a gargantuan task) and "coaxing" the senior editor to fmish his editorial tasks. Each of the session chairs provided valuable editing suggestions to the papers in their sessions and prepared a summary of the session. Lastly, the careful and scholarly efforts of each of the participants is recognized, appreciated, and clearly evidenced in the Proceedings.

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