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RADIOBIOLOGY HUMAN BIOLOGY

Radio Biology

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Page 1: Radio Biology

RADIOBIOLOGY

HUMAN BIOLOGY

Page 2: Radio Biology

RADIOBIOLOGY:

THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON

BIOLOGIC TISSUE

Page 3: Radio Biology

EARLY EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS

• HEMATOLOGIC SYNDROME

• G.I. SYNDROME

• CNS SYNDROME

• TISSUE DAMAGE-ERYTHEMA, DESQUAMATION

• HEMATOLOGIC DAMAGE

• CYTOGENIC DAMAGE

Page 4: Radio Biology

LATE EFFECTS

• LEUKEMIA• BONE CANCER• BREAST CANCER• THYROID CANCER• LOCAL TISUE DAMAGE• LIFESPAN SHORTENING• GENETIC DAMAGE• CYTOGENIC DAMAGE

Page 5: Radio Biology

FETAL IRRADIATION EFFECTS

• PRENATAL DEATH

• NEONATAL DEATH

• CONGENITAL MALFORMATION

• CHILDHOOD MALIGNANCY

• DIMINISHED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Page 6: Radio Biology

RADIATION EFFECTS IN HUMAN POPULATIONS

• AMERICAN RADIOLOGISTS

• URANIUM MINERS• RADIUM WATCH DIAL

PAINTERS• PATIENTS TREATED WITH

I• PATIENTS WITH

ANKYLOSIS SPONDYLITIS• THOROTRAST

TREATMENT PATIENTS

• CYCLOTRON WORKERS

• LEUKEMIA, LIFE SHORT.

• LUNG CANCER

• BONE CANCER

• THYROID CANCER

• LEUKEMIA

• LIVER CANCER

• CATARACTS

Page 7: Radio Biology

RADIATION EFFECT CELL RADIATION EFFECT CELL THEORYTHEORY

• RADIATION INTERACTION AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL CAN PRODUCE MOLECULAR CHANGE, AS A RESULT, CELL WILL BE PRODUCED DEFICIENT

IN NORMAL GROWTH AND METABOLISM

Page 8: Radio Biology
Page 9: Radio Biology

ATOMIC COMPOSITION OF ATOMIC COMPOSITION OF BODY:BODY:

• 80%• 25.7%• 10.7%• 2.4%• 0.1%• O.1%• 0.8%

• 02

• H2

• C

• N2

• P• S• TRACE ELEMENTS

Page 10: Radio Biology

MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF THE BODY

• 80%• 15%• 2%• 1%• 1%• 1%

• WATER• PROTEIN• LIPIDS• CARBOHYDRATES• NUCLEIC ACID• OTHER

Page 11: Radio Biology

WATER –HWATER –H2200

Page 12: Radio Biology

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES

VERY LARGE MOLECULES CONSISTING OF MANY ATOMS- SOMETIMES

THOUSANDS

Page 13: Radio Biology

MACROMOLECULES

• PROTEINS

• LIPIDS

• CARBOHYDRATES

• NUCLEIC ACIDS

Page 14: Radio Biology

MITOSIS

Page 15: Radio Biology

RADIATION DAMAGE

ANALYZED DURING METAPHASE

Page 16: Radio Biology

CELL RESPONSE TO RADIATION

• LYNPHOCYTES• SPERMATOGONIA

• OSTEOBLASTS• SPERMATIDS• MUSCLE CELL

• NERVE CELL

RADIOSENSITIVE

RADIORESISTANT

Page 17: Radio Biology

Radiation Biology

Page 18: Radio Biology

LAW OF BERGOINE AND TRIBONDEAU

Have a long mitotic future

1906 Bergonie and Tribondeau realized that cells were most sensitive to radiation when they are:

   Rapidly dividing

   Undifferentiated

  

Page 19: Radio Biology

RADIATION ENERGY TRANSFER DETERMINANTS

• LET

• RBE

• OER

Page 20: Radio Biology

LET-LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER

• THE AVERAGE ENERGY DEPOSITED PER UNIT LENGTH OF TRACK

keV/ μm

Page 21: Radio Biology

LET

α

X-RAYS

Page 22: Radio Biology

LETLET

• GAMMA RAYS

• X-RAYS

• ALPHA PARTICLES• IONS OF HEAVY

NUCLEI• CHARGED

PARTICLES• LOW ENERGY

NEUTRONS

LOW LET HIGH LET

Page 23: Radio Biology

LOW LET RADIATION DAMAGE TO BIOLOGIC

TISSUE:

INDIRECT ACTIONINDIRECT ACTION

Page 24: Radio Biology

HIGHT LET RADIATION DAMAGE TO BIOLOGIC

TISSUE:

DIRECT ACTIONDIRECT ACTION

Page 25: Radio Biology

DIRECT & INDIRECT ACTION

Page 26: Radio Biology
Page 27: Radio Biology

INDIRECT ACTION

Page 28: Radio Biology

RBE –RELATIVE BIOLOGIC EFFECTIVENESS

• RELATIVE CAPABILITIES OF OF RADIATION WITH DIFFERING LETs TO PRODUCE PARTICULAR BIOLOGIC RESPONSE

Page 29: Radio Biology

RBE

DOSE IN Gy FROM 250 KVP X-RAYS

DOSE IN GRAY OF TEST RADIATION

Page 30: Radio Biology

LET RBE

Page 31: Radio Biology

RBE QF (QUALITY FACTOR)

Page 32: Radio Biology

OER-OXYGEN ENHANCEMENT RATIO

• THE RATIO OF THE RADIATION DOSE REQUIRED TO CAUSE A PARTICULAR BIOLOGIC RESPONSE OF CELLS OR ORGANISMS IN AN OXYGEN DEPRIVED ENVIRONMENT TO THE RADIATION DOSE REQUIRED TO CAUSE AN IDENTICAL RESPONSE UNDER NORMAL OXYGENATED CONDITIONS

Page 33: Radio Biology

LET OER

Page 34: Radio Biology

DOSE FRACTIONATION&

PROTRACTION

LOWER THE EFFECT OF THE RADIATION DOSE

Page 35: Radio Biology

HORMESIS?

Page 36: Radio Biology

RADIATION DOSE

RESPONSE

Page 37: Radio Biology

CANCER, LEUKEMIA, &

GENETIC EFFECTS FOLLOW:

LINEAR NON-TRESHOLD DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

Page 38: Radio Biology

SKIN EFFECTS DURING FLUORO FOLLOW:

SIGMOID DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP

Page 39: Radio Biology

DIRECT & INDIRECT ACTION

• DIRECT ACTION, BIOLOGIC DAMAGE OCCURS AS A RESULT OF THE IONIZATION OF ATOMS ON MASTER

OR KEY MOLECULE

• INDIRECT ACTIONEFFECTS PRODUCED BY

REACTIVE FREE RADICALS CREATED BY THE INTERACTIONOF RADIATION WITH WATER MOLECULE

Page 40: Radio Biology
Page 41: Radio Biology

DIRECT ACTION

• THE IONIZATION OR EXCITATION OF THE ATOMS OF BIOLOGIC MACROMOLECULES RESULTS IN THE BREAKAGE OF MACROMOLECULES’

CHEMICAL BONDS- MACROMOLECULE BECOMES ABNORMAL STRUCTURE

Page 42: Radio Biology

INDIRECT ACTION- RADI0LYSIS OF WATER

• HOH + RADIATIONRADIATION HOH + + e • HOH + e HOH -

• HOH + H + + OH *

• HOH - OH - + H *• H + + OH - HOH ( NO DAMAGE)

• OH * + H * HOH ( NO DAMAGE)

• OH * + OH * H2O2

• H * + O2 HO2

Page 43: Radio Biology
Page 44: Radio Biology

X-RAY PHOTON

FAST ELECTRON

ION RADICAL

FREE RADICAL

CHEMICAL CHANGE

BIOLOGIC EFFECT

Page 45: Radio Biology

MOST DAMAGE COMES FROM OH * RADICAL

Page 46: Radio Biology

INDIRECT ACTION ON MACROMOLECULE

Page 47: Radio Biology

EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON DNA

• BASE DAMAGE

• SINGLE STRAND BRAKE

• DOUBLE STRAND BRAKE

• CROSSLINKING

Page 48: Radio Biology

BASE DAMAGELOSS OR CHANGE OF A BASE ON DNA RESULTS IN ALTERATION OF THE

BASE SEQUENCE. SEQUENCE OF THE BASE STORES GENETIC INFO-

SERIOUS CONSEQUENCE TO THE CELL

CLASSIFIED AS:

MUTATION MUTATION

Page 49: Radio Biology

SINGLE STRAND BRAKESRELATIVELY

INCONSEQUENTIAL IN TERMS OF CELL KILLING. WILL BE

EFFICIENTLY REPAIRED , WITH LITTLE, IF ANY,

LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES TO

THE CELL

Page 50: Radio Biology

DOUBLE STRAND BRAKESVERY DIFFICULT FOR

THE CELL TO BE REPAIRED. CAN LEAD TO CELL KILLING. IF

REPAIR DOESN’T TAKE PLACE, THE DNA

CHAINS CAN SEPARATE. SERIOUS

CONSEQUENCE TO CELL LIFE.

Page 51: Radio Biology

DOUBLE STRAND BRAKES

Page 52: Radio Biology

CROSSLINKING

Page 53: Radio Biology

EARLY EFFECTS

• PRODROMAL

• LATENT

• HAMATOLOGIC

• GI

• CNS

• > 100 RAD

• 100-10,000 RAD

• 200-1,000 RAD

• 1,000-5,000 RAD

• 5,000 RAD

Page 54: Radio Biology

EARLY EFFECTS TRESHOLD DOSES

• DEATH (WB)

• HEMATOLOGIC DEPRESSION

• SKIN ERYTHEMA

• EPILATION

• GONADAL DYSFUNCTION

• 200 RAD

• 25 RAD

• 200 RAD (600 RAD)

• 300 RAD (700 RAD)

• 10 RAD

Page 55: Radio Biology

LYMPHOCYTES AND SPERMATOGONIA

MOST SENSITIVE

Page 56: Radio Biology

LD50/60

• DOSE OF RADIATION TO THE WHOLE BODY THAT WILL 50% OF IRRADIATED OBJECTS TO DIE WITHIN 60 DAYS.

Page 57: Radio Biology

LD50/30

• DOSE OF RADIATION TO THE WHOLE BODY THAT WILL 50% OF IRRADIATED OBJECTS TO DIE WITHIN 30 DAYS.

Page 58: Radio Biology
Page 59: Radio Biology

LATE EFFECTS RESPONSE

• CATARACT

• LEUKEMIA

• SKIN CANCER

• NONLINEAR TRESHOLD

• LINEAR NON-TRESHOLD

• TRESHOLD RELATIONSHIP

Page 60: Radio Biology

FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY THE MOST

RADIOSENSITIVE PERIOD

Page 61: Radio Biology

FIRST 2 WEEKS OF PREGNANCY

ALL-OR-NOTHING RESPONSE

Page 62: Radio Biology

RADIATION MONITORING

• OSL

• POCKET DOSIMETER

• TLD

• GEIGER-MULLER DETECTOR

• CUTIE PIE

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