Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Radiations non ionizing
• Ionizing radiation from environmental sources is called natural background radiation.
• There are three types of natural background radiations:
• Human beings are continuously exposed to sources of ionizing radiation
– Terrestrial Radiation
– Cosmic Radiation
– Internal Radiation
Cosmic Radiation• Cosmic rays are of extraterrestrial origin and result from nuclear
interactions that have taken place in the sun and other stars.
• Cosmic radiations consist predominantly of high-energy protons
• The greatest intensity occurs at high altitudes, and the lowest intensity occurs at sea level.
• The average U.S. inhabitant receives an average of 30mrem per year of extraterrestrial radiation.
INTERNAL RADIATION
• The tissue of the body contain many naturally existing radionuclides that have been ingested in minute quantities from various foods or inhaled as particles in the air.
• A radionuclide is an unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability.
• Examples of internal radionuclides are: Potassium- 40, Carbon-14, Hydrogen-3 (Tritium), and Strontium-90
• An average individual receives
approximately 67mrem per year from
combined exposure to radiations
from the earth’s surface and radiation
within the human body.
Radionuclides occur Radionuclides occur naturally in soil naturally in soil
and rocks as and rocks as a consequence of a consequence of radioactive decayradioactive decay
Estimated Population At Risk At Identified Sites:
3.3 Million PeopleEstimated Global Impact:
5 to 8 Million People
RadionuclidesRadionuclides
A TOWN AFFECTED BY RADIATION A TOWN AFFECTED BY RADIATION
FROM URANIUM MININGFROM URANIUM MINING
Types of Radiation
• The full of electromagnetic waves is known as Electromagnetic Spectrum.
• Each frequency and within the spectrum has a characteristic wavelength and range of frequencies and wavelengths energy.
• Electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into two parts: ionizing and nonionizing
THE TRANSPORT OF ENERGY ASSOCIATED
WITH THE PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVE AND 'described by the term RADIATION
RADIATION IS DIVIDED INTO
NON- IONIZING(N.I.R.)
ENERGY NOT ENOUGH SUFFICIENT TO IONIZE THE ATOM
IONIZING
THEY HAVE ENOUGH ENERGY
SUFFICIENT TO IONIZE THE ATOM
IONIZINGIONIZING
RADIATION
is divided into:Directly ionizing
Consisting of electrically charged
particles as electrons and
protons.
Indirectly ionizing
Consists of photons or
neutrons
that transfer energy from
electrons to atoms.
Different penetrating ability of radiation
IONIZING PHENOMENONIONIZING PHENOMENON
+- +Radiations are ionizing if,
++-
they are able to break the link between an electron
and nucleus of the atom and create a pair of ions
one negative - the free electron- and a positive one,
that is the atom without the electron.
When the radiation transfers enough
energy only to go from a fundamental state to a higher energy
levelThen the atom tends to return
to the ground and the difference between the
Fundamental and the excitation is re-emitted as
X Ray
Energia eV
N=1
N=2
L= 0 L= 1
photon
EXCITATION PhenomenonEXCITATION Phenomenon
X RAYSX RAYS
THEY REFER TO ENERGY TRANSITIONS BETWEEN ELECTRONIC LEVELS OF ATOMS
INDIRECTLY IONIZING RADIATION
GAMMAGAMMA RAYS RAYS
THEY ARE ENERGIESINSIDETHE ATOMIC NUCLEUS
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONRADIATION
WHAT HAPPENS TO A BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM HITBY RADIATION?
BIOLOGICAL DAMAGES ARE:
1. PHISICAL DAMAGES2. CHEMICAL DAMAGES
SECONDARY ELECTRONS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR BIOLOGICAL DAMAGES
STAGES OF PROCESS OF INTERACTIONBETWEEN
RADIATION AND BIOLOGICAL TISSUESTAGE TIME EFFECT
PHYSICS 10-13 seconds ionization-excitation
PHYSIC-CHEMISTRY 10-9-10-6 seconds free- radical formation BIOCHEMISTRY fraction on the second-week enzyme inactivation enzimi
and cellular organelles
BIOLOGICAL days-month -years inactivation, repairing, cellular and tissue and death
CLINICAL days-months- years body clinical affections
Interaction Radiation-matter
IONIZATION
INTERACTION AT ATOMIC LEVEL
electron ejected from atom
electron in an excitation state
Radiation incident
de-excitation with emission of light
EXCITATION
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH IONIZING RADIATION-DNA DAMAGE
• There is considerable evidence suggesting that DNA is the primary target for cell damage from ionizing radiation.
• Toxic effects at low to moderate doses (cell killing, mutagenesis, and malignant transformation) appear to result from damage to cellular DNA. Thus, ionizing radiation is a classical genotoxic agent.
Iodio 131
atmosphere
salt
soils
rocksRainsnow
lakes
rivers
seas
Vegetablesanimals
Iodine 131
THE IODINE CYCLE
Iodine 131
The iodium (iodine)accumulated by the tyroid isinverselyproportional to its mass.
Small tyroides (like children’s ones)
accumulatemore Iodine-131
than bigger tyroidesbecause tyroides
can’t tell the difference between 131 and the normal
one.
Short-term Short-term Effects ofEffects of
Low-frequency fieldsLow-frequency fieldsMilitary lasers
present
a significant risk
to a soldier's vision.
However, the intensity threshold for this effect varies from person to person and may be less than stated above in the case of particularly sensitive individuals.
Effects by non ionizing radiations
Long-term effects to Long-term effects to low frequency fieldslow frequency fields
•Reduction on oil import•Greater political stability •A nuclear central does not emit CO2
CO2
–Consequences of Nuclear incidents
–Terrorism
–The transport of nuclear material
–Direct and indirect damage to living beings
Catastrophic accident
Serious accident
Accident with significant consequences
Accident with local results
Serious fault
FaultAnomaly
Deviation
FAULT
ACCIDENT
Faults and
accidents
• Hiroshima e nagasaki 6 and 9 of august 1945..
• USA 1976
• Chernobil in 26 of april 1986..• Fukushima 2011..
Centrale nucleare di Three Mile Island
Chernobyl in 2007 Energy sonsEnergy sons
21years after: orphans (or abandoned) with severe physical and mental handicaps,discovered by a photographer Alex Emes and Julien Běhalorphanages in Ukraine,Russia and Belarus.
Children from Chernobyl
Chernobyl: 21 years later
Officially contaminated
So far, in the affected area
5 million of people are still living withwith
high spread of malformations
Most affected are children
I 131
“The radiation destroys the functioning of kidney filtration used to eliminate toxins and congests whole system of liquids into the body, "continued the doctor.
• For ever increasing doses of radiation, you'll notice right away a reddening of the skin but the worst effects will be felt over time (days or years) depending on the severity of microscopic lesions. But increasing doses produce irreversible lesions with substance loss, ulcers, scars and frankly neoplastic formations even after tens of years.
Skin
Sebaceous glandHairTactile corpuscles
Skin papillae
Hair muscle
Hair follicleNerv Blood vessels
Hypoderm
Derma
Sweat gland
An amount of radiation dose may be responsible for embryonic or neonatal malformations through genetic modification of cellular sperm maturation. Both organs (oophorus in women and sperm follicles in men) are damaged even by extremely low levels of radiation. In women, this fact is accompanied by atrophy of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and mammary gland .
morula
and
… fetus
beforeafter
• I This radiation effect on the animals by a protein?? (mediator) still unknown.
Another category of birds particular disadvantaged seems
to be referred to insectivores hunting at ground level where
radiation is stronger. These birds are disappearing because of a consumption direct effect from
toxic insects or a particular failure of insects.
The CINCIALLEGRA
EVEN ON Insectivora
Rondini (swallows)
August 21, 2007 - Radioactive contaminationcollapses birds, both in number and in variety. These, very briefly, the results of a study carried out in'areaof the Chernobyl reactor, which was published on the Biology Letters.
The so called “Red Forest” situated about 10 km fromthe nuclear power plant of Černobyl was hit by a radioactive fallout up to 4,81 GBq/m² and changed its colour into red. The Red Forest is now one of the most contaminated terrestrial habitats. Mammals from this area carry a higher burden of radioactivity than in any other place on earth.This formerly “green area” has a 2 microSv radiation and it has become an ecological oasis and a national park.
Radioactive pollution may have different origins:INDUSTRIAL: radiations waste
MILITARY: atomic bombs experiments tanks left in the desert (depleted uranium);
ACCIDENTAL:
Cesio 137
Vienna, 15th March. (TMNews) – Radioactive material has been directly released into the air after today’s accident inside the Fukushima Japanese Central, highly damaged by the latest hearthquake: confirmed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
a commemorative statuehas been set up in the centre of Fukushima
To celebrate the alliance between MAN and ATOM
LOOKING AT THE STATUE YOU CAN’T FEEL JUST SAFETYAND JOY…
NOW
"I was walking along the road with two
friends-when the sun went down,
suddenly the sky turned blood red-
I stopped, leaned against a fence-
tired blu-black fjord and the city there was
blood and tongues of fire – My friends kept walking and I was still trembling with fear, and I felt a great screampervaded the infinite nature "
Edward Munch
HISTORY SHOULD TEACH AND MEN ,” SHOULD LEARN”
Progress and its errors
Magritte, the double-secret
