RADHAZ Material Outline

Introduction and Background

Standards and Applications

Prediction of Electromagnetic Fields

Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields

Protective Devices

Procedures to Protect People

FCC Initiative in New Rule Making

Power Densities Measured Around the United States

LOCATION LEVELMicrowatt/(cm)2

Empire State Building(102nd floor) New York

32.5

Sears Tower(roof) Chicago

230

One Biscayne Tower(roof) Miami

148

Terrestrial Microwave Stations(base of Towers)

<1

Radar Emissions-PopulatedAreas (both commercial andmilitary)

50 (AVG)

Power Densities of Interest

watts/cm2 Milli Pico Watt/cm2 Receiver 1 X 10-15 Sensitivity Threshold

1 X 10-9 Nano Watt/cm2 Light from Venus

1 X 10-6 Micro Watt/cm2 Light from Full Moon

1 X 10-3 Milli Watt/cm2 IEEE LIMIT (30-300 MHz)

5 X 10-3 5 Milli Watt/cm2 FDA LIMIT On Microwave Ovens

100 X 10-3 100 Milli Watt/cm2 Sun Light NO TIME LIMIT

Conversion of SAR to Power Density

Threshold for Hazard Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) = 4 Watts/kg

Applying a Safety Factor 10 (SAR) = 0.4 Watts/kg

CONVERTING to POWER DENSITY: for HUMAN EXPOSURE

Average Man or Woman

WEIGHT = 60 kg

SURFACE AREA = 20,000 cm2

PH = POWER DENSITY for SAFETY THRESHOLD

PH = 0.4 Watts/kg

= 1.2 milli Watts/(cm)2

200,20

60

cm

kg

Band Definitions

VLF < 15 KHz LF 15 - 500 KHz MF 300 - 3000 KHz HF 2 - 30 MHz VHF 30 - 225 MHz UHF 225 - 800 MHz L-Band 800 - 1650 MHz S-Band 1650 - 3000 MHz C-Band 3000 - 7200 MHz X-Band 7200 - 10,500 MHz Ku-Band 10,500 - 16,000 MHz K-Band 16,000 - 26,000 MHz Ka-Band 26,000 - 40,000 MHz V-Band 36,000 - 52,000 MHz

Transmit Power of Various Systems

AM Radio MF - HF 500 - 50 KW

FM Radio VHF 5 - 30 KW

TV Low VHF (Channels 1-6) 3 - 10 KW

TV High VHF (Channels 7-13) 10 - 100 KW

TV UFH (Channels 14-89) 1000 - 5000 KW

Radar Peak Power (UHF-Ka-Band) 50 - 5000 KW

Radar Average Power 100 - 5 KW

Human Response to RF Levels

REFERENCE

1 Watt/kg Basal Metabolism Rate

1.4 Watt/kg Resting Metabolism Rate

5-8 Watt/kg Exercise

18 Watt/kg Maximal Exercise

Lying on Beach Sunning 80 - 100 milli Watts/cm2

Threshold of Feeling (2300 MHz) 26 milli Watts/cm2

Threshold of Feeling (infrared) 1.6 milli Watts/cm2

Occupational DistributionOCCUPATION % of POPULATION

Industrial 1.9

Medical 3.0

Military 2.1

Science & Research 1.6

Aviation 1.5

Marine 6.6

Service 8.8

Communication 73.0

Hazards Electromagnetic Radiation To

Personnel (HERP) Fuels (HERF) Ordnance (HERO)

Controlling Documentation on Safety

FCC OET Bulletin 65 FCC Report & Order 96-326 ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992 DoD Inst 6055.11 Personnel Exposure NAVSEA OP3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529 Vol I HERP and HERF Limits NAVSEA OP3565/NAVAIR 16-1-529 Vol II HERO Limits

FCC Limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)

Plane-wave Equivalent Power Density

FrequencyRange(MHz)

ElectricField

Strength (E)(V/m)

MagneticField

Strength (H)(A/m)

PowerDensity (S)(mW/cm2)

AveragingTime E 2,

or H 2 or S(minutes)

0.3-3.0 614 1.63 (100)* 6

3.0-30 1842/f 4.89/f (900/f2)* 6

30-300 61.4 0.163 1.0 6

300-1500 ------ ------ F/300 6

1500-100,000 ------ ------ 5 6

f=frequency in MHz

* Plane-wave equivalent power density

FCC Limits for Occupational/Controlled Exposure

FCC Limits for General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure

FrequencyRange(MHz)

ElectricField

Strength (E)(V/m)

MagneticField

Strength (H)(A/m)

PowerDensity (S)(mW/cm2)

AveragingTime E 2, H 2 or S(minutes)

0.3-1.34 614 1.63 (100)* 30

1.34-30 842/f 2.19/f (180/f2)* 30

30-300 7.5 0.073 0.2 30

300-1500 ------ ------ F/1500 30

1500-100,000 ------ ------ 1.0 30

f=frequency in MHz

* Plane-wave equivalent power density

IEEEMaximum Permissible Exposure for Controlled

Environments

Part A Electromagnetic Fields

1 2 3 4 5

Frequency Electric Field Magnetic Field Power Density (s) Averaging Range Strength (E) Strength (H) E = Field, H-Field Time (MHz) (V/m) (A/m) (mW/cm 2) |E|2, |H|2 or S (minutes)

0.003 - 0.1 614 163 (100, 1 000 000) 6 0.1 - 3.0 614 16.3/ (100, 10 000/2) 6 3 - 30 1842/ 16.3/ (900/f2, 10 000/f2) 6 30 -100 61.4 16.3/ (1.0, 10 000/f2) 6 100 - 300 61.4 0.163 1.0 6 300 - 3000 /300 6 3000 - 15000 10 6 15000 - 300000 10 616 000/f 1.2

IEEEMaximum Permissible Exposure for Uncontrolled Environments

Part A Electromagnetic Fields

1 2 3 4 5

Frequency Electric Field Magnetic Field Power Density (s) Averaging Range Strength (E) Strength (H) E = Field, H-Field Time (MHz) (V/m) (A/m) (mW/cm 2) |E|2, S or |H|2 (minutes) 0.003 - 0.1 614 163 (100, 1 000 000) 6 6

0.1 - 1.34 614 16.3/ (100, 10 000/2) 6 6 1.34 -3.0 823.8/ 16.3/ (180/f2, 10 000/2) f2/0.3 6 3.0 - 30 823.8/ 16.3/ (180/f2, 10 000/2) 30 6 30 - 100 27.5 158.3/1.668 (0.2, 940 000/3.336) 30 0.0636

1.337 100 - 300 27.5 0.0729 0.2 30 30 300 - 3000 /1500 30 3000 - 15000 /1500 90 000/ 15000 - 300000 10 616 000/ 1.2

Near Field and Transition ZoneDistance Calculation

Where,

N = Extent of Near Field Zone, Meters T = Extent of Transition Zone, Meters D = Antenna Diameter, Meters = Wavelength, Meters

4

2DN

2*6.0 DT

Near Field Calculation

Where,

PD = Near Field Power Density, Watts/(meter)2

P = Power Output of System, Watts E = Antenna Efficiency, Number (one or less) A = Antenna Area, (meter)2

A

PEPD

**4

Transition Zone Calculation

Where, (PDT) = Transition Zone Power Density,Watts/(meter)2

(PD) = Power Density in Near FIeld, Watts/(meter)2

R = Distance to Point of Interest, Meters N = Near Field Zone Distance, Meters

R

NPDPDT

))(()(

Far Field and Off-Axis Calculation

Where, PDF = Power Density in the Far Field or Off-Axis in the Near Field or

Transition Zone, Watts/(meter)2

P = Power Delivered to the Antenna, Watts G = Gain of the Antenna Relative to an isotropic in the direction of

Interest, Number R = Distance to the Point of Interest, meters

2*4

*

R

GPPDF