RADAR (radio detection and ranging)
RADAR (radio detection and ranging) Radar is an electromagnetic
system for the detection and location of reflecting objects such as
aircraft, ships, spacecraft, vehicles, people and natural
environment. It operates by radiating energy into space and
detecting the echo signal reflected from an object or target. By
comparing the received echo signal with the transmitted signal its
location can be determined. It can operate in darkness, haze, fog,
rain and snow. Radar range equation is
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RADAR
A transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal that is
radiated into space by an antenna. A transmitter generates an
electromagnetic signal that is radiated into space by an
antenna.
A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target
and reradiated in many directions.
The reradiation directed back towards the radar is collected by
the radar antenna, which delivers it to a receiver.
There it is processed to detect the presence of the target and
determine its location.
A single antenna is usually used on a time-shared basis for both
transmitting and receiving when the radar waveform is a repetitive
series of pulses.
The range, or distance, to a target is found by measuring the
time it takes for the radar signal to travel to the target and
return back to the radar.
CONTINUOUS WAVE RADAR
Figure 1.Simple CW radar block diagram that extracts the Doppler
frequency shift from a moving target and rejects stationary clutter
echoes
. The block diagram of very simple CW radar that utilizes the
Doppler frequency shift to detect moving targets. Unlike pulse
radar, CW radar transmits while it receives. Without the Doppler
shift produced by the movement of the target, the weak CW echo
signal would not be detected in the presence of the much stronger
signal from the transmitter. Filtering in the frequency domain is
used to separate the weak Doppler-shifted echo signal from the
strong transmitter signal in CW radar.
The transmitter generates a continuous (unmodulated) sinusoidal
oscillation at frequency which is then radiated by the antenna. On
reflection by a moving target, the transmitted signal is shifted by
the Doppler Effect by an amount fd, The plus sign applies when the
distance between radar and target is decreasing (a closing target);
thus, the echo signal from a closing target has a larger frequency
than that which was transmitted. The minus sign applies when the
distance is increasing (a receding target). To utilize the Doppler
-frequency shift radar must be able to recognize that the received
echo signal has a frequency different from that which was
transmitted. This is the function of that portion of the
transmitter signal that finds its way (or leaks) into the receiver,
The transmitter leakage signal acts as a reference to determine
that a frequency change has taken place. The detector; or mixer,
multiplies the echo signal at a frequency ft fd with the
transmitter leakage signal.
The Doppler filter allows the difference frequency from the
detector to pass and rejects the higher frequenciesPULSE RADAR
Figure 2.Block diagram of a simple pulse radar that extracts the
Doppler frequency shift of the echo signal from a moving target.
Pulse Radar That Extracts the Doppler Frequency-Shifted Echo Signal
One cannot simply convert the CW radar to pulse radar by turning
the CW oscillator on and off to generate pluses.
Generating pulses in this manner also removes the reference
signal at the receiver, which is needed to recognize that a Doppler
frequency shift has occurred.
The output of a stable CW oscillator is amplified by a
high-power amplifier.
The amplifier is turned on and off (modulated) to generate a
series of high-power pulses.
The received echo signal is mixed with the output of the CW
oscillator which acts as a coherent reference to allow recognition
of any change in the received echo-signal frequency.
By coherent is meant that the phase of the transmitted pulse is
preserved in the reference signal.
The change in frequency is detected (recognized) by the Doppler
filter.
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